Rarraba Electronic shine ainihin ra'ayi a cikin ilmin sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi, kuma sarrafa shi yana buƙatar ingantaccen fahimtar ƙa'idodin tushe. Domin gwada ilimin ku da kuma ƙarfafa ƙwarewar ku, mun shirya jerin darussan rarraba lantarki guda 12. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bincika kowane ɗayan waɗannan darasi dalla-dalla, tare da mai da hankali kan aikace-aikacen su da kuma ba da cikakkun bayanai da ƙayyadaddun bayani don ƙudurinsu. Shirya don ƙalubalanci fahimtar ku game da wannan mahimmin batu kuma inganta ƙwarewar rarrabawar lantarki!
1. Gabatarwa ga rarrabawar lantarki a cikin ka'idar adadi
Rarraba electron a cikin ka'idar kididdigar ƙididdigewa shine ainihin ra'ayi don fahimtar yadda ake tsara electrons a kusa da tsakiya a cikin zarra. A cikin wannan sashe, za mu bincika ainihin ƙa'idodin wannan batu kuma mu koyi yadda ake amfani da su a lokuta daban-daban.
Mataki na farko na fahimtar rarraba wutar lantarki shine fahimtar ƙa'idar keɓancewa na Pauli, wanda ya bayyana cewa babu wasu electrons guda biyu a cikin zarra ɗaya da za su sami daidaitattun adadin lambobi iri ɗaya. Wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne electrons su mamaye matakan makamashi daban-daban da ƙananan abubuwa a cikin zarra.
Na biyu, yana da kyau a san ka'idar Aufbau, wacce ke bayyana tsarin da ake cika orbitals a cikin kwayar zarra. Wannan doka tana taimaka mana sanin tsarin da ake rarraba electrons a cikin matakan makamashi daban-daban da ƙananan abubuwa. Misali, mun san cewa matakin 1 ya cika kafin matakin 2, da sauransu.
2. Ka'idodin asali na rarraba lantarki a cikin sunadarai
Rarraba lantarki a cikin sinadarai kayan aiki ne na asali don fahimtar tsari da halayen kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta. Wannan rarrabawa yana tabbatar da yadda ake tsara electrons a kusa da tsakiya na atomic, bin wasu dokoki da ka'idoji. A cikin wannan sashe, za mu bincika wasu mahimman ra'ayoyi game da rarrabawar lantarki a cikin sinadarai.
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ra'ayoyi a cikin rarrabawar lantarki shine ka'idar Aufbau, wadda ta bayyana cewa ana ƙara electrons zuwa ƙananan makamashin lantarki da farko kafin cika mafi girma makamashi orbitals. Wannan yana nufin cewa electrons suna cike ne ta hanyar haɓaka makamashi, suna bin tsarin orbital da kuma mutunta ka'idar Hund, wanda ya nuna cewa electrons suna cika orbitals a daidaiku kuma a layi daya kafin a haɗa su.
Don wakiltar rarraba wutar lantarki na zarra, ana amfani da tsarin lantarki, wanda ke nuna yadda ake rarraba electrons a cikin matakan makamashi daban-daban da ƙananan abubuwa. Misali, tsarin lantarki na oxygen atom shine 1s² 2s² 2p⁴, wanda ke nuna cewa yana da electrons 2 a matakin 1s, 2 electrons a matakin 2s, da kuma 4 electrons a matakin 2p.
3. Menene ayyukan rarraba lantarki kuma me yasa suke da mahimmanci?
Darasi na rarraba lantarki kayan aiki ne na asali a cikin sinadarai don fahimtar yadda ake tsara electrons a cikin zarra. Wadannan darussan suna ba mu damar gano tsarin lantarki na kowane nau'i kuma mu fahimci yadda orbitals ke cika da electrons.
Rarraba lantarki yana da mahimmanci saboda yana ba mu damar tsinkayar sinadarai da halayen jiki na abubuwa. Ta hanyar sanin tsarin na'urar lantarki na wani abu, za mu iya tantance aikin sa, da ikonsa na samar da haɗin gwiwar sinadarai da halayensa a wurare daban-daban.
Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don magance waɗannan darasi, amma duk suna bin jerin matakai na gama gari. Na farko, dole ne ku san ka'idojin cika orbitals, kamar mulkin Aufbau, ka'idar cirewa Pauli, da mulkin Hund. Sannan ana tsara tsarin na'urar lantarki akan zane ko ta amfani da bayanin harafi da lamba. A ƙarshe, an bincika cewa rarraba ya bi ka'idodin cikawa kuma adadin adadin electrons daidai ne.
4. Kalubalanci ilimin ku: 12 motsa jiki rarraba lantarki don gwada ƙwarewar ku
A cikin wannan sashe, mun gabatar da darussan rarraba lantarki guda 12 masu ƙalubale waɗanda zasu gwada ƙwarewar sinadarai. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan darussan zai ƙalubalanci ku don amfani da ilimin ku game da rarraba electrons a cikin matakai daban-daban da ƙananan ƙwayoyin zarra. Ba wai kawai za su taimaka muku yin bitar abubuwan da suka dace ba, amma kuma za su ba ku aikin warware matsalolin rarraba lantarki. yadda ya kamata.
Ga kowane darasi, za mu samar muku da wani mataki zuwa mataki dalla-dalla yadda za a magance matsalar. Bugu da ƙari, za mu ba ku shawarwari da misalai don sauƙaƙe fahimtar ku. Idan kuna buƙatar yin bita cikin sauri na tushen rarraba lantarki, zaku iya amfani da koyaswar mu na mu'amala, wanda zai ba ku cikakken bayani kan batun.
Bugu da ƙari, muna ba da shawarar yin amfani da kayan aiki kamar tebur na lokaci-lokaci da zane-zane na Lewis don ganin rarrabawar lantarki a sarari. Waɗannan kayan aikin za su taimaka maka daidai gano adadin electrons a kowane matakin da sublevel. Ka tuna cewa mabuɗin magance waɗannan darussan shine a hankali bincika tsarin lantarki na kowane zarra tare da bin ƙa'idodin da ka'idar Aufbau ta kafa, Dokar Hund da ƙa'idar matsakaicin matsakaicin juzu'i.
5. Darasi na 1: Rarraba lantarki ta atomatik na hydrogen
A cikin wannan darasi, za mu koyi sanin yadda ake rarraba wutar lantarki ta hydrogen atom. Rarraba lantarki yana gaya mana yadda ake rarraba electrons a cikin nau'ikan makamashi daban-daban da ƙananan atom. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar kaddarorin da halayen hydrogen.
Don ƙayyade rarraba lantarki na hydrogen atom, dole ne mu bi wasu matakai. Da farko, dole ne mu san adadin atomic na hydrogen, wanda shine 1. Bayan haka, zamu iya amfani da tsarin Aufbau, wanda ya bayyana cewa electrons suna cika mafi ƙarancin makamashi da farko, bin ka'idar Hund na matsakaicin girma.
Za mu fara da cika matakin 1, wanda zai iya ƙunsar har zuwa 2 electrons. Mataki na gaba shine matakin 2, wanda kuma zai iya ɗaukar har zuwa 2 electrons. A ƙarshe, matakin 3 zai iya ƙunsar har zuwa 8 electrons. Yin amfani da wannan bayanin, za mu iya ƙayyade cikakken rarraba lantarki na hydrogen atom.
6. Darasi na 2: Rarraba lantarki na carbon atom
Atom ɗin carbon yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai na halitta. Rarraba ta lantarki yana ƙayyade yadda carbon atom ɗin ke haɗuwa da wasu abubuwa. Don ƙayyade rarraba lantarki na carbon atom, wasu dole ne a bi su key matakai.
Da farko, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa carbon atom yana da 6 electrons. Ana rarraba waɗannan electrons a matakan makamashi daban-daban da ake kira shells. Matsayin makamashi na farko, ko harsashi 1, zai iya ƙunsar har zuwa 2 electrons. Matsayin makamashi na biyu, ko harsashi 2, zai iya ƙunsar har zuwa 8 electrons. Don ƙayyade rarraba wutar lantarki na carbon carbon, waɗannan harsashi dole ne a cika su don haɓaka makamashi.
Atom ɗin carbon yana da rarrabawar lantarki kamar haka: 1s2 2s2 2p2. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana samun electrons 2 na farko a cikin harsashi 1, a cikin 1s orbital. Ana samun electrons 2 na gaba a cikin harsashi 2, a cikin 2s orbital. Ana samun electrons 2 na ƙarshe a cikin harsashi 2, a cikin 2p orbital. Wannan rarrabawar lantarki yana gaya mana yadda ake tsara electrons a cikin wurare daban-daban na carbon atom.
7. Darasi na 3: Rarraba lantarki na ion chlorine
Domin sanin yadda ake rarraba wutar lantarki na ion chlorine, dole ne mu fara tuna cewa chlorine ion, Cl-, ya sami electron. wanda yake nufin cewa Yanzu yana da ƙarin caji mara kyau. Wannan yana rinjayar yadda ake rarraba electrons a cikin matakan makamashin atom. Da ke ƙasa akwai mataki-mataki yadda ake warwarewa wannan matsalar:
1. Gano lambar atomic na chlorine akan tebur na lokaci-lokaci. Lambar atomic na Chlorine shine 17, ma'ana yana da electrons 17 a yanayin tsaka tsaki na asali.
2. Bayan samun electron daya, chlorine yanzu yana da electrons 18. Don tantance rarrabawar lantarki, ku tuna cewa electrons suna cika matakan makamashi a cikin takamaiman tsari: 2, 8, 8, 1. , 2 na gaba sun cika matakin makamashi na 1 kuma na ƙarshe na lantarki ya mamaye matakin makamashi 8. Lura cewa matakan makamashi mafi girma sun fi girma daga tsakiya kuma suna da damar da za su iya ɗaukar electrons.
3. Saboda haka, rarraba lantarki na ion chlorine zai kasance kamar haka: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6. Wannan sakamakon ya gaya mana cewa chlorine yana da adadin electrons 18 da aka rarraba a matakan makamashi daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, ta zama ion tare da cajin -1, yana samun kwanciyar hankali mafi girma saboda cikakken cika matakin ƙarfinsa.
8. Darasi na 4: Rarraba lantarki ta atomatik na oxygen
Atom ɗin oxygen yana da lambar atomic lamba 8, wanda ke nuna cewa yana da electrons 8 a cikin tsarinsa na lantarki. Don ƙayyade rarraba lantarki na atom na oxygen, dole ne mu bi mataki-mataki tsari. Da farko, dole ne mu tuna cewa ana rarraba electrons a matakan makamashi daban-daban, wanda aka sani da harsashi. Harsashi na farko mafi kusa da tsakiya zai iya ƙunsar har zuwa 2 electrons, na biyu har zuwa 8 electrons, kuma na uku har zuwa 8 electrons.
Don atom ɗin oxygen, zamu fara da cika harsashi mafi kusa da tsakiya, wanda shine harsashi na farko. Muna sanya electrons 2 a cikin wannan harsashi. Sa'an nan, mu matsa zuwa harsashi na gaba da kuma sanya sauran 6 electrons. Wannan yana ba mu rarraba electron na 2 a farkon Layer da 6 a Layer na biyu. Hanya ɗaya don wakiltar wannan ita ce rubuta tsarin lantarki na oxygen a matsayin 1s2 2s2 2p4.
Ana iya ganin tsarin rarraba wutar lantarki na oxygen atom a matsayin tsari wanda electrons ke cika bawoyi daban-daban da ƙananan ƙananan kamar yadda Aufbau ya tsara. Yana da mahimmanci a ambaci cewa wannan rarrabawar lantarki yana taimaka mana mu fahimci yadda aka tsara mummunan cajin electrons a cikin atom na oxygen da kuma yadda suke hulɗa da sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin haɗin sunadarai. Samun wannan bayanin yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar hanyoyin sinadarai da kaddarorin oxygen a cikin halayen sinadarai daban-daban.
9. Darasi na 5: Lantarki Rarraba Iron ion (Fe2+)
A cikin wannan darasi, za mu koyi sanin yadda ake rarraba wutar lantarki na ƙarfe ion (Fe2+). Iron sinadari ne na canji kuma ana iya tantance tsarin sa na lantarki ta amfani da ka'idar aufbau da ka'idar cire Pauli.
Don farawa, dole ne mu tuna cewa ƙarfe yana da lambar atomic 26, wanda ke nufin yana da 26 electrons. Ta hanyar rasa electrons guda biyu don samar da Fe2+ ion, rarraba wutar lantarki zai canza.
Mataki na farko shine rubuta tsarin lantarki na atom ɗin ƙarfe mai tsaka tsaki. Ana yin wannan ta amfani da zanen matakin makamashi ko tsarin Aufbau. Tsarin lantarki na tsaka tsaki Fe shine 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6. Yanzu, dole ne mu yi la'akari da cewa baƙin ƙarfe (II) ion ya yi asarar electrons guda biyu, don haka dole ne mu kawar da mafi kyawun electrons, bin ka'idar cirewa na Pauli. Sakamakon rarraba lantarki zai zama 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6. Wannan rarrabawar lantarki shine rarraba lantarki na ƙarfe (II) ion..
10. Darasi na 6: Rarraba Lantarki na Calcium ion (Ca2+)
A cikin wannan darasi, za a bincika rarraba wutar lantarki na calcium ion (Ca2+). Don magance wannan matsala, wajibi ne a fahimci tsarin lantarki na alli da yadda ake canza shi zuwa ion mai kyau.
Calcium yana da lambar atomic na 20, ma'ana yana da electrons 20 a cikin tsaka-tsakinsa. Tsarin lantarki na calcium a cikin yanayin ƙasa shine 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2. Koyaya, lokacin da calcium ya rasa electrons guda biyu don samar da Ca2+ ion, rarrabawar lantarki ta canza.
Lokacin da muka rasa electrons guda biyu daga harsashi 4s, rarraba lantarki na calcium ion ya zama 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6. Wannan yana nufin cewa calcium ion yana da tsarin lantarki mai kama da na argon mai daraja. Ta fahimtar wannan rarrabawar lantarki, za mu iya fahimtar ɗabi'a da kaddarorin sinadarin calcium ion a cikin halayen sinadarai da kuma mu'amalarsa da sauran nau'ikan sinadarai.
11. Darasi na 7: Rarraba lantarki ta atomatik na nitrogen
Don magance motsa jiki na rarraba lantarki don atom na nitrogen, dole ne mu bi wasu matakai masu mahimmanci. Na farko, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa atom ɗin nitrogen yana da lambar atom ɗin 7, ma'ana yana da electrons 7.
Mataki na gaba shine tantance tsarin da ake cika orbitals. Don yin wannan, muna amfani da ka'idar aufbau, wadda ta ce orbitals suna cike da tsarin hawan hawan. Sannan ana rarraba electrons a cikin orbitals bin ka'idar aufbau har sai electrons sun kare.
Game da nitrogen, za mu fara da cika 1s orbital, wanda zai iya ɗaukar iyakar 2 electrons. Bayan haka, mun cika 2s orbital tare da ƙarin electrons 2. Bayan haka, mun cika p orbitals uku (2px, 2py da 2pz) tare da sauran 3 electrons. A ƙarshe, mun bincika cewa mun yi amfani da na'urorin lantarki guda 7 da ake da su kuma mun cika dukkan halittu daga mafi ƙasƙanci zuwa mafi girma makamashi.
12. Darasi na 8: Rarraba lantarki ta atomatik na sulfur
Sulfur wani sinadari ne mai lamba 16 da kuma alamar S. Don sanin tsarin rarraba atom na sulfur, wajibi ne a san tsarin atom da tsarin lantarki. Ana samun nau'in sulfur na lantarki ta hanyar bin ka'idar zane na Aufbau, wanda ke nuna cewa electrons na atom suna cike da haɓakar tsarin makamashi.
Mataki na farko don ƙayyade rarrabawar lantarki na sulfur atom shine sanin lambar atomatik, wanda a cikin wannan yanayin shine 16. Daga can, dole ne a sanya electrons zuwa matakan makamashi daban-daban: matakin 1 zai iya ƙunsar har zuwa 2 electrons, matakin 2. har zuwa 8 electrons da matakin 3 har zuwa 6 electrons. Bayan wannan doka, ana sanya electrons daga mafi girma zuwa mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi har sai an kai lambar atomic.
A cikin yanayin sulfur, ana iya wakilta rarraba lantarki kamar haka: 1s22s22p63s23p4. Wannan yana nuna cewa matakin 1 ya ƙunshi 2 electrons, matakin 2 ya ƙunshi electrons 8, matakin 3 ya ƙunshi 2 electrons a cikin s sublevel da 4 electrons a cikin p sublevel. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa adadin electrons a kowane matakin dole ne ya zama daidai da lambar atomic na kashi.
13. Darasi na 9: Rarraba lantarki na magnesium ion (Mg2+)
Da zarar an samar da magnesium ion (Mg2+), yana da mahimmanci a san rarraba wutar lantarki don ƙarin fahimta Kaddarorinsa sunadarai. Rarraba na lantarki yana bayyana yadda ake rarraba electrons a cikin harsashi daban-daban da ƙananan ƙananan zarra ko ion. A cikin yanayin ion magnesium, zamu iya ƙayyade rarraba lantarki ta amfani da ka'idar ginawa ko samun tsarin lantarki.
Magnesium ion (Mg2+) yana da ingantaccen caji na 2+, ma'ana ya rasa electrons guda biyu idan aka kwatanta da tsaka-tsakin magnesium atom. Wannan yana nuna cewa yanzu yana da electrons 10 maimakon na asali 12. Don ƙayyade rarraba lantarki na Mg2+, dole ne mu sanya waɗannan 10 electrons zuwa daban-daban harsashi da subshells bisa ga ka'idar gini.
Za mu fara da sanya electrons zuwa harsashi na ciki, wanda shine farkon (n = 1). Tun da electrons sun cika tsarin makamashi mai hawa, ana sanya na'urar lantarki ta farko zuwa 1s sublevel. Bayan haka, ana sanya na'urori takwas na gaba zuwa harsashi na biyu (n = 2), zuwa 2s da 2p sublevels. Duk da haka, tun da magnesium ion ya rasa electrons biyu, muna da electrons guda biyu kawai don rarrabawa. Ana sanya waɗannan a cikin 2s sublevel, barin 2p sublevel fanko. Saboda haka, rarraba lantarki na magnesium ion (Mg2+) shine 1s2 2s2.
14. Darasi na 10: Rarraba lantarki na zarra na lithium
Atom ɗin lithium yana da ƙayyadaddun tsarin lantarki wanda ke ƙayyade yadda ake rarraba electrons ɗinsa a cikin matakan makamashi daban-daban da ƙananan abubuwa. Don ƙayyade wannan rarrabawar lantarki, za mu iya amfani da tsarin Aufbau da ka'idojin Hund da matsakaicin adadin daidaitattun ka'idojin makamashi.
Za'a iya ƙayyade tsarin lantarki na zarra na lithium ta bin matakai masu zuwa:
1. Ƙayyade adadin atomic na lithium, wanda shine 3. Wannan yana nuna mana cewa lithium atom yana da electrons guda uku.
2. Nemo electrons a cikin matakan makamashi daban-daban da ƙananan abubuwa. Matsayin makamashi na farko, wanda aka fi sani da matakin K, yana iya ƙunsar iyakar 2 electrons, yayin da makamashi na biyu, wanda aka sani da matakin L, zai iya ƙunsar iyakar 8 electrons.
3. Sanya electrons a matakin K farko. Lithium yana da electron guda ɗaya a matakin K.
4. Sanya sauran electrons a matakin L. Lithium yana da electrons guda biyu a matakin L.
5. Rarraba lantarki na zarra na lithium shine 1s² 2s¹. Wannan yana nuna cewa lithium yana da electron guda ɗaya a matakin K da electrons guda biyu a matakin L.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa rarraba wutar lantarki na atom na lithium ya bi ka'idodin injiniyoyin ƙididdiga, wanda ke gaya mana yadda matakan makamashi daban-daban da ƙananan abubuwa ke cika. Tsarin lantarki na lithium yana ba mu bayanai game da rarraba electrons da kwanciyar hankali a cikin yanayinsa.
A taƙaice, darussan rarraba lantarki da aka gabatar sune kayan aiki na asali don gwadawa da ƙarfafa ilimin ku a cikin wannan muhimmin fanni na sinadarai. Ta hanyar su, kun sami damar sanin ƙa'idodin da ke tafiyar da rarraba electrons a cikin matakai daban-daban da ƙananan ƙwayoyin atom.
Ta hanyar warware waɗannan darussan, kun sami damar gwada ikon ku na amfani da mahimman ƙa'idodin rarraba lantarki, kamar mulkin Aufbau, ƙa'idar cirewa Pauli, da mulkin Hund. Bugu da ƙari, kun koyi yin amfani da tebur na lokaci-lokaci don ƙayyade adadin electrons a kowane mataki da ƙananan.
Yana da mahimmanci a haskaka cewa rarraba lantarki yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar kaddarorin da halayen abubuwan sinadaran. Ta hanyar ƙware dabaru da ƙwarewar da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan darasi, za ku kasance cikin shiri don haɓaka fahimtar tsarin atomic da sunadarai gabaɗaya.
Ka tuna cewa yin aiki akai-akai da kuma magance motsa jiki shine mabuɗin ƙarfafa ilimin ku. Muna ba da shawarar ku ci gaba da bincika irin wannan atisayen kuma ku zurfafa cikin wasu abubuwan da suka shafi rarraba lantarki. Wannan zai ba ku damar haɓaka ƙwarewar ku da haɓaka ingantaccen tushe a fagen da mahimmanci kamar kimiyya.
A ƙarshe, warware waɗannan darussan rarraba lantarki ya ba ku damar gwada ilimin ku da ƙwarewar ku a cikin wannan muhimmin fanni na sinadarai. Ta ci gaba da yin aiki da kuma bincika wannan batu, za ku kasance a kan hanyar ku don zama gwani a cikin rarraba lantarki da ƙarfafa tushen ku a cikin ilmin sunadarai gaba ɗaya.
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