Yadda ake gano gazawar SSD tare da ci-gaban umarnin SMART

Idan kun damu da lafiyar ma'ajiyar ku, kuna a daidai wurin: tare da Fasahar SMART Kuna iya tsammanin gazawar SSD da HDD mai mahimmanci kuma ku adana bayanan ku cikin lokaci. Wannan labarin ya bayyana. Yadda ake gano kurakurai a cikin SSD ta amfani da umarnin SMART.

Bayan son sani kawai, saka idanu akan yanayin diski shine mabuɗin tabbatar da samuwar bayanai da kuma shirin iya aiki da aiki. Hard ɗin da ya gaza ba zato ba tsammani zai iya ɓata sabis, lalata sunan ku, kuma ya kashe ku kuɗi. Kuma yayin da SSD ba ya yin hayaniyar HDD, alamun sa sun wanzu: saurin raguwa, kurakuran bugawa ko asarar bayanai saboda lalacewa ta salula.

Menene SMART da abin da zai iya (kuma ba zai iya) yi ba

SMART gajarta ce ga Kula da Kai, Nazari da Fasahar Ba da rahotoJerin ayyukan yau da kullun a cikin firmware suna lura da masu canjin diski na ciki kuma suna ba da gargaɗi lokacin da suka gano haɗarin gazawa. Manufar su a bayyane take: don ba ku lokaci don adana bayananku da maye gurbin tuƙi kafin bala'i ya afku.

Don amfani da shi wajibi ne a yi amfani da shi motherboard (BIOS/UEFI) kuma drive ɗin kanta yana goyan bayan kuma yana kunna SMART. A yau kusan duniya ne a cikin SATA, SAS, SCSI da NVMe, kuma tsarin aiki na zamani yana hulɗa da shi ba tare da matsala ba.

Siffofin da yake aunawa sun haɗa da komai: zafin jiki, sassan da aka sake sanyawa, kurakurai CRCLokacin juyar da injin, kurakuran karantawa/rubutu da ba za a iya gyarawa ba, ƙidayar sashe mai jiran gado, neman gudu, da ƙarin halaye da dama. Kowane masana'anta yana ƙayyadaddun da daidaita teburinsa, tare da ƙofa da ƙimar karɓa.

Muhimmi: SMART baya yin sihiri. Yana yi muku gargaɗi kawai. gazawar da ake iya faɗi (sawa, matsalolin injina na ci gaba, ɓarnawar NAND tubalan). Ba zai iya tsammani ba abubuwan ba zato ba tsammani kamar hawan wutar lantarki ko lalacewar lantarki kwatsam. Nazarin kamar na Google da Backblaze sun nuna cewa wasu fasalulluka suna da amfani, amma Ba sa rufe 100% na gazawar.

Linux: smartmontools, umarni masu mahimmanci da gwaje-gwaje

A cikin Linux, kunshin smartmontools ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: smartctl (console Tool for queries and tests) da mai hankali (daemon da ke sa ido da faɗakarwa ta hanyar syslog ko imel). Yana da kyauta kuma yana dacewa da SATA, SCSI, SAS da NVMe.

Shigarwa (misali Debian/Ubuntu): sudo apt install smartmontoolsA cikin sauran rabawa, yana amfani da mai sarrafa daidai; samuwa a cikin Linux da BSD ya yadu kuma Bai kamata ya haifar muku da matsala ba..

Da farko gano sassan. Kuna iya lissafin majalisai da df -h ko gano faifai da partitions tare da sudo fdisk -lKa tuna: smartctl yana aiki akan na'urar, ba akan bangare ba; wato akan /dev/sdX ko /dev/nvmeXnY.

Mahimman umarni tare da smartctl don fara don aiki tare da SMART akan takamaiman faifai:

• Duba goyon bayan SMART da matsayi: sudo smartctl -i /dev/sda
• Kunna SMART Idan an kashe: sudo smartctl -s on /dev/sda
• Duba duk sifofi da rajistan ayyukan: sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda
• Gajeren gwajin kai (sauri): sudo smartctl -t short /dev/sda
• Dogon gwajin kai (m): sudo smartctl -t long /dev/sda
• Takaitacciyar Lafiya: sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda

Jadawalin gajeren gwajin kowane mako da dogon gwajin kowane wata tare da cron zuwa rage tasiri kuma ku sami bayanan tarihiGudanar da gwaje-gwajen a farkon safiya ko lokacin lokutan ƙananan kaya; a lokacin dogon gwaji za ku lura ƙara latency da raguwa a cikin IOPS.

Yarjejeniyar sanya suna na'ura a cikin Linux

Dangane da mai sarrafawa da dubawa, zaku ga hanyoyi daban-daban. Wasu misalan gama-gari don gane direbobi da masu sarrafawa: /dev/sd, /dev/nvmen, /dev/sg*Baya ga takamaiman hanyoyi akan 3ware ko masu kula da HP (cciss/hpsa), fahimtar ainihin hanyar yana hana. bincika na'urar da ba daidai ba.

Kurakurai na yau da kullun da rajistan ayyukan (ATA/SCSI/NVMe)

SMART yana adana rajistan ayyukan kurakurai na baya-bayan nan kuma yana nuna su a sigar da aka yanke. ATA Za ku ga kurakurai biyar na ƙarshe tare da matsayi da lambobi; in SCSI An jera ma'aunin gazawar karatu, rubuta, da tabbatarwa; in NVMe Ana buga shigarwar rajistar kuskure (ta tsohuwa 16 na baya-bayan nan).

Gajarce na gama gari a cikin abubuwan da aka fitar na kuskure (mai amfani ga saurin ganewa): ABRT, AMNF, CCTO, EOM, ICRC, IDNF, MC, MCR, NM, TK0NF, UNC, WPIdan sun bayyana akai-akai, akwai a matsalar ta jiki ko alaka a yi bincike.

Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a gano mahimman halaye ta ID, waɗanda galibi suna da alaƙa da gazawar da ke gabatowa: 05, 10, 183, 184, 188, 196, 197, 198, 201, 230Ƙaruwa mai ɗorewa a cikin kowane ɗayan su mummunar alama ce.

Halayen SMART: yadda ake karanta su da waɗanne ne ya kamata ku kula da su

Shirye-shiryen suna nuna kowane siga tare da filaye da yawa. Yakan haɗa da Mai ganowa (1-250), Ƙofar, Ƙimar, Mafi Muni, da Raw Data, ban da tutoci (ko yana da mahimmanci, ƙididdiga, da sauransu). Ƙimar da aka daidaita tana farawa da girma kuma yana raguwa tare da amfaniWucewa bakin kofa yana jawo faɗakarwa.

Daga cikin sifofin da suka fi amfani don gano lalacewa ko lalacewa, duba: Sashin_Ct (sassan da aka sake sanyawa), Bangaren_Yanzu (bangarorin da ba su da tabbas), Offline_Ba a iya gyarawa (kurakurai ba tare da gyaran layi ba), Ƙaddamarwa_Event_Count (abubuwan sake tsarawa) kuma, akan HDD, Juya_Sake gwadawa (injin fara sake gwadawa). Waɗannan sun dace akan SSDs. Sawa Leveling Count y Shirin / Goge gazawar.

Yanayin zafi yana da rikici, amma kiyaye naúrar a ƙasa 60°C Wannan yana rage yuwuwar kurakurai. Bincika kwararar iska na chassis kuma, idan ya cancanta, ƙara heatsinks NVMe zuwa faifan M.2. kauce wa matsi da tabarbarewa.

Windows: WMIC, PowerShell da CHKDSK

Don saurin dubawa akan tsarin Windows zaka iya amfani da na'urar wasan bidiyo ta gargajiya tare da WMIC ko PowerShell, ba tare da shigar da ƙarin wani abu ba, sannan ƙari tare da ƙarin kayan aikin SMART mafi mahimmanci idan an buƙata.

Tare da Command Prompt a matsayin mai gudanarwa, gudanar: wmic diskdrive get model, statusIdan ya dawo OK, matsayin SMART daidai ne; idan kun gani Pred KasaAkwai sigogi masu mahimmanci kuma yana da dacewa Yi kwafi kuma kuyi tunani game da maye gurbin..

A cikin PowerShell, fara azaman mai gudanarwa kuma ƙaddamar: Get-PhysicalDisk | Select-Object MediaType, Size, SerialNumber, HealthStatus. Filin Matsayin Lafiya zai nuna maka Lafiya, Gargadi ko Mara lafiya, mai amfani ga gano matsaloli a kallo.

Don bincika da gyara kurakuran tsarin fayil na ma'ana, yi amfani da CHKDSK. Gudun umarni mai zuwa a cikin na'ura wasan bidiyo tare da manyan gata: chkdsk C: /f /r /x don magance kurakurai, gano wuraren da ba su da kyau, da kuma wargaza tuƙi idan ya cancanta; idan kana bukatar jagora zuwa Gyara Windows bayan kamuwa da cuta mai tsananiDuba shi yanzu. A cikin NTFS, zaka iya amfani da shi chkdsk /scan don nazarin kan layi.

macOS: Disk Utility da Terminal

A kan Mac, kuna da hanyoyi guda biyu masu sauƙi. A gefe guda, Amfani da Disk (Aikace-aikace> Abubuwan amfani): Zaɓi faifan zahiri kuma latsa Taimakon gaggawa don gyara tsarin fayil; Bugu da kari, za ku ga Halin SMART kamar Verified ko Failing.

Idan kun fi son Terminal, gudu diskutil info /Volumes/NombreDeTuDisco kuma nemi layin Matsayin SMART. Idan an jera Tabbatarwa, numfashi; amma, madadin nan take kuma la'akari da yin canji.

Karin Linux: dmesg, /sys da GUI tare da GSmartControl

Baya ga smartctl, yana da taimako don bincika log ɗin kernel don kowane ɗayan masu zuwa: Kurakurai I/O ko lokacin karewa mai sarrafawa. Tace mai sauri zai kasance: dmesg | grep -i errorkuma ya cika shi da sharuddan kamar failed o timeout.

Don cikakkun bayanan na'urar zaku iya karanta hanyoyin tsarin kamar /sys/block/sdX/device/model ko kididdiga na /sys/block/sdX/statMai amfani lokacin da kuke so tabbatar da aiki da model ba tare da kayan aikin waje ba.

Idan kun fi son dubawar hoto, shigar GSmartControl (misali: sudo apt install -y gsmartcontrol) da kuma gudanar da shi tare da gata mai gudanarwa. Yana ba ku damar Duba halayen, gudanar da gajerun gwaje-gwaje, da rahotannin fitarwa tare da dannawa sau biyu.

Nasihar kayan aikin ɓangare na uku

Don wuce abubuwan yau da kullun lokacin gano kurakurai a cikin SSD ɗinku tare da umarnin SMART, kuna da wasu shahararrun abubuwan amfani:

• Bayanin CrystalDisk (Windows) kyauta ne, bayyananne kuma mai jituwa tare da SATA na ciki da na waje da NVMe; yana nuna halayen SMART, yanayin zafi da sa'o'in amfani.
• Waƙar HD Yana ƙara taswirorin yanki da gwaje-gwajen sauri (yana da sigar biya).
• Tsaron Hard Disk Yana mai da hankali kan ci gaba da saka idanu, faɗakarwar ci gaba da rahotanni; sigar sa na kyauta yana da iyaka amma yana da ƙarfi sosai wajen fassara SMART.
• GSmartControl Yana da kyauta kuma yana ba ku damar gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da duba halayen tare da ƙirar hoto.

Alamomin cewa SSD ko HDD ɗinku suna kan ƙafafu na ƙarshe

Jerin alamomin gama gari: Farawa a hankali, rufewar da ba a zata, shuɗi na mutuwa (BSoD ko firgita kwaya)Fayilolin da ba za su buɗe ko ɓata ba, rashin iya shigarwa ko sabuntawa, da tuƙa wancan bace daga tsarin ko BIOS / UEFI.

A kan HDDs, hayaniyar injina (latsawa, ƙugiya, buzzing) alama ce mara kyau. A kan SSDs, bincika kurakuran rubutu. kurakurai lokacin hawa juzu'i da karuwa a cikin sassan da aka sake sanyawa ko ƙidaya. Idan matsalolin sun kasance tsaka-tsaki, kada ku damu: Yi kwafi yanzu.

Siyan wayo: abin da za ku nema lokacin zabar sabbin rikodin

Yana da daraja iri tare da kyakkyawan suna (Seagate, WD, Toshiba, Samsung), da nau'in naúrar (SSD don gudun, HDD don iya aiki), dubawa (SATA, NVMe a cikin M.2/PCIe), cache, da zafi mai zafi. iyawa Yana da kyau a kimanta shi kadan fiye da ainihin bukatunku.

Duba ayyana karko (TBW akan SSD, garanti, MTBF tare da taka tsantsan), da Amfanin da ake tsammani (samfurin NAS sukan yi da kuma kula da RAID mafi kyau) da kasafin kuɗi: wani lokacin biyan kuɗi kaɗan yana ba ku kwanciyar hankali da rayuwa mai amfani.

Iyaka na SMART: mahallin da karatu

SMART yana da amfani amma ajizi: akwai rashin daidaituwa tsakanin masana'antun A cikin ma'anoni da ma'auni, wasu halayen suna da daraja sosai (sake sanyawa, jiran aiki, rashin daidaituwa), yayin da wasu ke ba da gudummawa kaɗan. Backblaze ya nuna cewa kawai kadan daga cikin halaye Yana da alaƙa da gazawa, kuma Google ya nuna lokuta na kasawa ba tare da sanarwa ba.

Menene ma'anar wannan? Yana nufin cewa SMART yana taimakawa hango matsaloli da yawa, amma dole ne dabarun ku ya haɗu saka idanu, redundancy (RAID), madadin da dawo da. Kada a amince da hasken ababen hawa kawai.

Idan kayan aiki ko tsarin yayi rahoton Gargaɗi/ gazawar da za a iya tsinkaya/rashin lafiya1) Kwafi kamar yadda zai yiwu yanzu, 2) Tabbatar da wani mai amfani don tabbatarwa, 3) Jadawalin jadawalin maye gurbin nan da nanBayan yin canjin, duba RAID idan ya cancanta don kaucewa kasadar sake ginawa.

Tsayawa ga mahimman abubuwan yana taimakawa: SMART yana yi muku gargaɗi game da yawancin matsalolin da ke tafe.Amma ba duka ba; hanyar da ta dace don yin aiki ita ce haɗa shi tare da gwaje-gwajen da aka tsara, da kyaututtuka masu kyau, da kuma tsarin maye gurbin bayyananne lokacin da alamun mahimmanci suka fara motsawa.