Auna saurin processor Wani muhimmin al'amari ne a fagen fasahar sadarwa. Lokacin da muke neman siyan sabuwar na'ura, ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ce, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ko ma wayar salula, daya daga cikin halayen da muke kimantawa sosai shine saurin na'urar. Amma ta yaya ake auna wannan saurin a zahiri? A cikin wannan labarin za mu bincika hanyoyi daban-daban da ake amfani da su don ƙididdigewa da kwatanta saurin mai sarrafawa, yana ba ku cikakken bayanin fasaha na wannan muhimmin tsari a cikin masana'antu. na na'urorin kayan lantarki.
Gudun na'ura mai sarrafawa muhimmin ƙima ne don aikin sa. Yana ƙayyade yadda mai sarrafawa zai iya aiwatar da umarni da ayyuka cikin sauri, da kuma yadda zai iya aiwatar da ayyuka masu rikitarwa. Dangane da buƙatun kowane mai amfani, babban saurin sarrafawa na iya zama mahimmanci don gudanar da shirye-shirye da ayyuka waɗanda ke buƙatar babban matakin aiki. Saboda wannan dalili, yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda ake auna wannan gudun da kuma abubuwan da ke tasiri.
Akwai dabaru daban-daban don auna saurin processor. Ɗayan da aka fi amfani da shi shine ma'auni a cikin Hertz, wanda ke nuna adadin da'irar sarrafawa da mai sarrafawa ya kammala a cikin dakika daya. A wasu kalmomi, mafi girman lambar Hertz, mafi girman saurin mai sarrafawa. Koyaya, lambar Hertz ita kaɗai ba ta ba da cikakken hoto game da saurin na'ura ba, saboda baya la'akari da abubuwa kamar na'ura mai sarrafawa ko ingancin wutar lantarki. Don haka, masana'antun da masana fasaha sun ɓullo da ingantattun hanyoyi don auna saurin na'ura.
Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun hanyoyin shine aunawa a MIPS (Miliyoyin umarni a sakan daya).. Wannan ma'aunin ya dogara ne akan adadin umarnin mai sarrafawa zai iya aiwatarwa a cikin dakika ɗaya. Mafi girman adadin umarnin da na'ura mai sarrafawa zai iya aiwatarwa a cikin dakika daya, mafi girman saurinsa dangane da MIPS. Koyaya, kamar yadda ake aunawa a cikin Hertz, wannan hanyar ba ta la'akari da wasu mahimman abubuwan da za su iya yin tasiri ga ainihin aikin mai sarrafawa.
A ƙarshe, saurin na'ura mai sarrafa kansa shine abin da ke tabbatar da aikin na'urorin lantarki. Fahimtar yadda ake auna wannan saurin da kuma hanyoyin daban-daban da ake amfani da su don yin hakan Yana da mahimmanci don kimantawa da kwatanta aikin na'urori daban-daban. A cikin wannan labarin, mun bincika ra'ayoyi kamar ma'auni a cikin Hertz da MIPS, suna ba da cikakken hangen nesa na fasaha kan tsarin auna saurin mai sarrafawa. A sashe na gaba, za mu ci gaba da zurfafa cikin wasu mahimman abubuwan da za mu yi la’akari da su yayin nazarin saurin na’ura mai sarrafawa.
1) Gabatarwa: Menene saurin processor kuma yaya ake auna shi?
Gudun na'ura mai sarrafawa Abu ne mai mahimmanci don yin la'akari yayin kimanta aiki na kwamfuta. Yana nufin ikon sarrafa na'ura don aiwatar da umarni da yin lissafi a cikin wani ɗan lokaci. Ana auna saurin gudu a cikin Hertz (Hz), wanda ke wakiltar adadin zagayowar agogo da mai sarrafawa zai iya kammalawa a cikin sakan daya. Mafi girma da sauri, mafi inganci mai sarrafawa.
Auna saurin sarrafawa Ana aiwatar da shi ta takamaiman gwaje-gwaje irin su benchmarking, waɗanda suka haɗa da ayyuka iri-iri da ƙididdigewa don kimanta aikin mai sarrafawa a cikin yanayi na ainihi. Ana iya gudanar da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ta amfani da software na musamman, wanda ke aunawa da kwatanta saurin mai sarrafawa da sauran samfuran da ake da su. a kasuwa. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da ma'auni dangane da agogon cikin gida don ƙididdige saurin sa.
Yana da muhimmanci a tuna cewa Gudun processor ba shine kaɗai ke ƙayyade aikin kwamfuta ba. Sauran abubuwa kamar Ƙwaƙwalwar RAM, shi rumbun kwamfutarka kuma katin zane kuma yana tasiri ga aikin tsarin gabaɗaya. Mai sarrafawa mai sauri zai iya aiwatar da ƙarin umarni a cikin ƙasan lokaci, amma idan sauran abubuwan da aka gyara ba su da inganci, saurin na'urar ba zai fassara zuwa cikin ƙaramin lokaci ba. ingantaccen aiki. Don haka, ya zama dole a tantance dukkan abubuwan da aka gyara tare domin samun cikakken hoton aikin kwamfuta.
2) Ma'aunin mitar agogo: tushe don tantance saurin sarrafawa
Ma'aunin mitar agogo: tushe don tantance saurin sarrafawa
A cikin duniyar da ke ƙara haɓaka dijital, saurin na'ura mai sarrafawa shine maɓalli don aiki da inganci kowace na'ura fasaha. Mitar agogo, wanda aka auna a cikin hertz (Hz), yana ƙayyade saurin da ake aiwatar da umarnin sarrafawa. Yana da mahimmanci a sami cikakkiyar fahimtar yadda ake auna saurin na'ura don zaɓar na'urar da ta dace don bukatunmu ko inganta aikin da ke akwai.
Ma'aunin mitar agogo ya dogara ne akan oscillator crystal, muhimmin sashi a kowace na'ura lantarki na zamani. The crystal oscillator yana haifar da bugun jini na yau da kullun wanda ke tafiyar da mai sarrafawa. Ana auna waɗannan bugun jini a cikin hawan keke a sakan daya, ko hertz. Mafi girman mitar agogo, ƙarin umarni mai sarrafawa zai iya aiwatarwa a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci, wanda ke fassara zuwa saurin sarrafawa. Mitar agogo mafi girma yana ba masu sarrafawa damar yin ƙarin ƙididdiga ko ayyuka a lokaci ɗaya, haɓaka haɓakawa sosai da ƙwarewar mai amfani gabaɗaya.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ba mitar agogo ba shine kawai abin da ke ƙayyade saurin na'ura ba. Wasu dalilai kamar tsarin gine-ginen microprocessor, adadin muryoyi, cache da RAM Suna kuma yin tasiri ga aikin na'ura mai kwakwalwa gaba daya. Koyaya, mitar agogo yana ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su don ƙididdige saurin na'ura da kwatanta nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban. Tare da ci gaban fasaha, na'urori masu sarrafawa na zamani sun kai haɓaka mafi girma, suna ba da damar haɓaka ƙarfin sarrafa na'urorin lantarki.
3) Ƙimar aiki: ma'auni don auna ikon sarrafawa
Ƙarfin sarrafawa muhimmin abu ne lokacin da ake kimanta aikin mai sarrafawa. Yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da jerin ma'auni don aunawa yadda ya kamata gudun mai sarrafawa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ma'auni shine mitar agogo, wanda ke ƙayyade saurin da na'ura mai sarrafawa ke aiwatar da umarni. Mafi girman mitar agogo, mafi girman ƙarfin sarrafa na'urar. Wani ma'auni mai dacewa shine girman da adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar cache, tunda wannan bayanin yana jagorantar samun damar bayanai kuma yana hanzarta sarrafa bayanai.
Wani muhimmin al'amari yayin auna ikon sarrafa na'ura shine tsarin gine-gine, wanda ke bayyana yadda ake tsara na'urar a ciki. Gine-ginen yana tasiri kai tsaye da inganci da iya aiki, tunda ya kayyade adadin ayyukan da na’urar ke iya aiwatarwa a lokaci guda da kuma saurin tafiyar da su. Tsarin gine-gine mafi ci gaba da inganci zai ba da damar mai sarrafawa don yin ayyuka cikin sauri da inganci.
Yawan muryoyi da zaren na'ura kuma muhimmin sifa ce da za a yi la'akari da su.. Cores raka'o'in sarrafawa ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda zasu iya aiwatar da umarni lokaci guda kuma a layi daya. Yawan nau'in na'ura mai sarrafawa, mafi girman ƙarfin sarrafa shi. A gefe guda, zaren suna ba da damar mai sarrafawa don gudanar da ayyuka da yawa da kyau ta hanyar raba albarkatu. Saboda haka, na'ura mai sarrafawa mai ƙididdige zaren zaren shima zai yi aiki mafi kyau ta fuskar sarrafa iko.
A takaice, Ƙimar ikon sarrafa na'ura ta ƙunshi la'akari da ma'auni kamar mitar agogo, girman cache da adadin, gine-gine, da adadin muryoyi da zaren.. Waɗannan abubuwan suna ƙayyade saurin sarrafawa da ƙarfin sarrafa na'ura, kuma suna da mahimmanci don kimanta aikin na'ura mai mahimmanci. Ta hanyar fahimtar waɗannan sharuɗɗa da kuma nazarin su tare, za mu iya zaɓar mafi dacewa processor bisa ga bukatunmu da ayyukanmu.
4) Alamomi: kayan aiki don kimanta aikin mai sarrafawa
A duniya na fasaha, auna aikin na'ura yana da mahimmanci don kimanta ƙarfinsa da ingancinsa. Kayan aikin benchmarking suna ba mu damar yin wannan aikin daidai da dogaro. Ma'aunin Matsayi Ana iya bayyana shi a matsayin tsarin kwatanta aikin wani tsari ko sashi zuwa daidaitaccen tsari, kuma al'ada ce ta gama gari a cikin masana'antar fasaha don auna aikin na'urori masu sarrafawa.
Akwai da yawa kayan aikin benchmark samuwa a kasuwa wanda ke taimaka mana kimanta saurin mai sarrafawa. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna gudanar da jerin gwaje-gwajen da aka tsara musamman don auna aikin na'ura mai sarrafawa a fannoni daban-daban, kamar lissafin lissafi, sarrafa hoto, canja wurin bayanai, da ikon aiwatar da ayyuka a layi daya. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suna haifar puntuaciones wanda ke ba mu damar kwatanta aikin mai sarrafawa tare da sauran samfuran akan kasuwa.
Daya daga cikin mafi yawan amfani da kayan aikin benchmark shine PassMark Benchmark. An san wannan shirin don daidaito da amincin sa wajen kimanta aikin sarrafawa. Wani mashahurin zaɓi shine Geekbench benchmark, wanda ke ba da maki bisa la'akari da aikin na'ura mai sarrafawa a cikin ayyuka guda-core da multi-core. Bugu da kari, akwai takamaiman kayan aikin benchmark don tsarin daban-daban aiki, kamar PCMark don Windows ko UnixBench don tsarin Unix.
A taƙaice, kayan aikin benchmark suna da mahimmanci don tantancewa da kwatanta aikin na'urori masu sarrafawa. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suna ba mu damar kimanta aikin mai sarrafawa a wurare daban-daban kuma mu sami maki waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe kwatancen sauran samfuran. Ko muna siyan sabon na'ura mai sarrafawa ko kimanta aikin na'ura mai gudana, ta amfani da kayan aikin ma'auni yana ba mu haske da haƙiƙa game da aikin na'ura.
5) Tsarin gine-ginen sarrafawa: mahimman la'akari don kimanta saurin sa
Tsarin gine-ginen sarrafawa: mahimman la'akari don kimanta saurin sa
La Tsarin sarrafa na'ura Yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke ƙayyade saurin na'ura. Wannan gine-ginen yana nufin yadda aka tsara abubuwan da ke cikin na'urar sarrafawa da yadda suke aiki tare don aiwatar da umarni. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su shine mitar agogo, wanda ke nuna saurin da na'ura zai iya aiwatar da umarni. Mai sarrafawa tare da mitar agogo mafi girma zai yi ayyuka da sauri fiye da wanda ke da ƙananan mitar agogo.
Wani muhimmin al'amari na tsarin gine-gine shine número de núcleos. Mai sarrafawa tare da muryoyi da yawa yana da ikon aiwatar da umarni da yawa. a lokaci guda, wanda ke ƙara saurinsa sosai. Bugu da ƙari, masu sarrafawa tare da Rago 64 Suna iya sarrafa bayanai masu yawa a cikin kowane zagayowar agogo, wanda ke ƙara inganta saurin su.
La ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya Hakanan yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin saurin processor. Cache yana da sauri, ma'auni mai sauƙi mai sauƙi wanda ke adana bayanai da umarnin da aka fi yawan amfani da su. Idan mai sarrafawa yana da adadin cache mai yawa, zai sami damar samun damar bayanai da umarni da sauri, wanda ke fassara zuwa haɓaka aiki. Haka kuma, da latency memory Yana da wani abu da za a yi la'akari da shi, tun da ƙarami, da sauri mai sarrafawa zai iya samun dama ga babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
Don kimanta saurin na'ura mai sarrafawa, wajibi ne a yi la'akari da duk waɗannan mahimman la'akari da gine-ginensa. Haɗuwa da mitar agogo mai girma, mafi girman adadin ƙira da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai karimci za su ba da gudummawa ga sauri da ingantaccen aiki. Ta hanyar fahimtar yadda aka tsara na'ura mai sarrafawa a cikin gida da kuma yadda abubuwan da ke tattare da su ke hulɗa, yana yiwuwa a yanke shawara mai mahimmanci lokacin siyan sabon processor da inganta aikinsa don ayyukan da ake buƙata.
6) Fasahar masana'anta: tasiri akan aikin sarrafawa
La tecnología de fabricación na processor yana da a impacto directo a cikin aikinsa. Kamar yadda ci gaban fasaha, na'urori masu sarrafawa sun zama sauri da inganci. A halin yanzu, yawancin masu sarrafawa suna amfani da fasahar kere kere na 7 ko 10 nanometer, suna ba da damar ƙirƙirar ƙananan kwakwalwan kwamfuta tare da ƙarfin sarrafawa. Koyaya, ci gaba a cikin fasahar kere kere kuma yana ba da ƙalubale, kamar haɓaka yawan zafi da yuwuwar rage rayuwar sarrafa kayan aiki.
Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan wanda ke shafar aikin processor shine saurin agogo. Gudun agogo yana nufin adadin zagayowar agogo a sakan daya cewa processor iya kammala. Mafi girman saurin agogo, da sauri mai sarrafawa. Duk da haka, ba wai gudun agogo ne kaɗai ke tabbatar da aiki ba, domin sauran abubuwa kamar adadin muryoyi da ingancin sarrafa kayan aikin su ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa.
Wani babban al'amari don la'akari lokacin auna saurin processor shine gine-gine amfani. Gine-gine yana nufin ƙirar ciki na mai sarrafa bayanai kuma yana ƙayyade yadda ake sarrafa bayanai. Mafi yawan gine-ginen gine-ginen su ne RISC (Rage Instruction Set Computer) da CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer). Gine-ginen RISC galibi sun fi inganci da sauri saboda suna amfani da umarni mafi sauƙi kuma ana iya aiwatar da su a cikin ƙaramin zagayowar agogo. Koyaya, gine-ginen CISC suna ba da haɓaka mafi girma kuma suna iya ɗaukar ƙarin hadaddun umarni.
7) Ƙimar ingancin makamashi: maɓalli mai mahimmanci don saurin sarrafawa mafi kyau
Ƙimar ingancin makamashi: maɓalli mai mahimmanci don saurin sarrafawa mafi kyau
A cikin binciken akai-akai don inganta aikin na'urori masu sarrafawa, kimanta ingancin makamashi ya zama mahimmin mahimmanci don ƙayyade mafi kyawun saurin waɗannan na'urori. Ingantaccen makamashi yana nufin alakar da ke tsakanin adadin kuzarin da ake cinyewa da aiki ko aikin da mai sarrafa ya yi. Don auna ƙarfin kuzarin na'ura mai sarrafawa, ana amfani da ma'auni da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban waɗanda ke kimanta aikin sa ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.
Daya daga cikin hanyoyin gama gari da ake amfani da su wajen tantance ingancin wutar lantarkin na’ura mai kwakwalwa ita ce Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE), wanda ke kididdige ma’auni tsakanin jimlar wutar da tsarin ke amfani da shi da kuma karfin da na’urar ke amfani da shi da kansa. Ƙananan PUE yana nuna ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi, ma'ana mai sarrafawa yana amfani da mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin da zai yiwu don yin aikinsa. Wani ma'auni mai mahimmanci shine Thermal Design Power (TDP), wanda ke wakiltar matsakaicin adadin kuzarin da tsarin sanyaya na'ura mai sarrafa dole ya iya bazuwa don ci gaba da aiki da kyau. Ƙananan TDP yana nuna ingantaccen ƙarfin wuta. Waɗannan ma'auni suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa na'urori masu sarrafawa suna da ƙarfin kuzari kuma suna rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki ba tare da lalata aikinsu ba.
Baya ga ma'auni da aka ambata, akwai kuma takamaiman gwaje-gwaje waɗanda ke kimanta aikin makamashin na'ura. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, kamar SPECpower, suna kwaikwayi ainihin nauyin aiki don auna ingancin sarrafawa a yanayin amfani daban-daban. Yin la'akari da ingancin wutar lantarki na na'ura yana bawa masana'antun da masu amfani damar yanke shawara game da zabar na'ura mai mahimmanci don bukatun su, daidaita aikin da ake so tare da ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Don haka, mafi kyawun saurin na'urar ba wai kawai ta hanyar iya sarrafa shi ba, har ma da adadin kuzarin da yake amfani da shi don cimma wannan aikin.
Ni Sebastián Vidal, injiniyan kwamfuta mai sha'awar fasaha da DIY. Bugu da ƙari, ni ne mahaliccin tecnobits.com, inda nake raba koyaswar don sa fasaha ta fi dacewa da fahimtar kowa ga kowa.