Fasaloli da fa'idodin kwamfutocin ARM: duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani

Wannan labarin yana gayyatar ku don nutsad da kanku a cikin sararin samaniya mai ban sha'awa na Kwamfutocin ARM. Za mu yi nazari sosai kan tarihinsu, yadda suke aiki, amfaninsu na zahiri, bambance-bambance da sauran gine-gine (kamar Intel da AMD's x86), da kuma ƙarfi da rauninsu.

Kamar 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, idan wani ya ambaci kalmar "processor", abu na farko da ya zo a hankali shine irin su Intel o AMD, tare da sanannun kwakwalwan kwamfuta na PC. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wani sabon dan wasa ya yi suna a fannin, ya canza yadda muke fahimtar kwamfuta, wayar hannu da kowane nau'in na'urorin dijital: Masu sarrafa ARM. Amma menene ainihin bayan wannan gine-ginen? Menene fa'idodinta na gaske akan sauran na'urori masu sarrafawa na gargajiya?

Ta yaya mai sarrafa ARM ke aiki? Babban ka'idoji da bambance-bambance tare da x86

Makullin gine-ginen ARM yana cikin sauki da inganci na saitin koyarwa. Kasancewa bisa falsafar RISC, ARM CPUs suna aiwatar da ayyuka na asali (ƙari, ragi, motsin bayanai, tsalle, da sauransu) a cikin zagayowar agogo ɗaya, maimakon hadaddun umarni masu tsayi kamar CISC (na al'ada x86 daga Intel da AMD). Wannan yana nufin cewa guntu ARM na iya samun ƙananan transistor, wanda kuma yana nufin:

• Ƙananan amfani da makamashi.
• Rage zafi da aka haifar.
• Ƙananan farashin masana'antu.

A cikin sabbin ƙira (kamar ARMv8 da ARMv9), Mai sarrafawa na ARM na iya aiki a cikin yanayin 32-bit da 64-bit., daidaitawa kuma wani lokacin ya zarce ikon sarrafawa na abokan hamayyarsa na x86 a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun. The core customization yana ba kowane masana'anta damar ƙara takamaiman raka'a, faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar cache, ƙara masu sarrafa hoto ko bayanan wucin gadi, da sauransu.

Hakanan akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na aiki:

• Yanayin ARM: umarnin 32-bit, matsakaicin iko da aiki
• Yanayin Yatsan Yatsa: 16-bit umarnin matsawa, ƙananan amfani da wutar lantarki da mafi girman adadin lambar, manufa don na'urori tare da iyakokin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya

Sauƙi ba yana nufin rashin ƙarfi ba: Sifofin ARM na yanzu suna da bututun ci gaba, bututun mai, tsinkayar reshe, da muryoyi masu yawa., yana zuwa kusa da aikin mafi kyawun kwakwalwan kwamfuta x86, musamman a cikin ayyuka inda ingantaccen makamashi yana da mahimmanci.

Babban fasali na kwamfutocin ARM

Don cikakken fahimtar abin da ke sa kwamfutar da ke da injin sarrafa ARM ta musamman, dole ne mu kalli dukkan abubuwan da ke cikinta. halaye na fasaha, duka a matakin hardware da na ma'ana:

• RISC gine: umarni mai sauƙi, saurin kisa, ƙarancin transistor
• Ƙimar mahimmanci: Masu sana'a na iya canza zane, haɗa hotuna, AI, tsaro, da dai sauransu.
• Ultra low makamashi amfani: manufa don na'urori masu ɗaukuwa da kayan aiki ba tare da tsarin sanyaya aiki ba
• 32 da 64 bit karfinsu: Sabbin tsararraki suna tallafawa duka biyu, haɓaka saurin gudu da ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwa.
• Cache da ingancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya: Haɗuwa da ingantaccen cache L1/L2 da bas ɗin bayanai
• Ƙwararren tallafi na koyarwaYanayin yatsan hannu, tallafin SIMD (NEON), raka'a masu iyo da haɓaka don bayanan wucin gadi a cikin sabbin samfura
• Bude Lasisi: Kowa zai iya haɓaka kwakwalwan kwamfuta na tushen ARM ta hanyar biyan lasisin ƙira. Wannan ya haifar da ɗimbin samfura da gasa tsakanin masana'antun.
• Faɗin dacewa tsarin aiki: Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, macOS (akan sabbin Macs), da dai sauransu

A matakin amfani, Yaɗuwar kwakwalwan ARM bai iyakance ga wayoyin hannu da kwamfutar hannu ba.; Akwai ƙarin kwamfutoci na ARM, kwamfyutocin kwamfyutoci, mini PCs, sabobin har ma da manyan kwamfutoci waɗanda suka dogara da ingancinsu da haɓakarsu.

Amfanin kwamfutocin ARM akan Intel da AMD

Fa'idodin gine-ginen ARM akan na'urori na x86 na gargajiya (Intel da AMD) a bayyane suke. Daga cikin batutuwa masu karfi akwai:

• Ingancin makamashi mara ƙima: amfani da wutar lantarki ya fi karami, wanda ke fassara zuwa Ƙarin rayuwar baturi don kwamfyutoci da ƙananan kuɗin wutar lantarki don sabobin. Wasu kwakwalwan kwamfuta na zamani na ARM suna cinye 1W kawai, idan aka kwatanta da 15-45W don kwakwalwan kwamfuta na x86 na al'ada.
• sanyaya mai sauƙi: ta hanyar samar da ƙarancin zafi, Ba sa buƙatar magoya baya masu ƙarfi ko tsarin tarwatsawa masu rikitarwa. Wannan yana ba da damar ƙira mara kyau, slimmer kuma mafi natsuwa.
• Farashin masana'anta mafi ƙasƙanci: ƙarancin transistor da silicon, sauƙin samarwa akan babban sikelin, rage farashin da ba da damar ƙirƙirar kwamfutoci masu araha.
• Sassauci da gyare-gyareMasu kera za su iya ƙirƙirar kwakwalwan kwamfuta na al'ada don kowace buƙata, daga ƙananan na'urorin IoT zuwa kwamfutoci masu inganci.
• M sabuntawa: Gasa tsakanin masana'antun (Apple, Qualcomm, Samsung, MediaTek, NVIDIA, da sauransu) yana tafiyar da ƙirƙira da ci gaba da haɓaka aiki da inganci.
• Taimakon Multiplatform: An saba ganin kwamfutocin ARM masu dacewa da Android, Linux, Chrome OS, Windows 10/11 da macOS, wanda ke ba da babban versatility ga masu haɓakawa da masu amfani.

Waɗannan fa'idodin sun bayyana Me yasa ARMs suka ci duniyar wayar hannu kuma yanzu suna fafatawa sosai a fagen kwamfyutocin kwamfyutoci, masu canzawa, mini PCs da sabobin.. Zuwan Apple Silicon chips a Macs ya nuna cewa za a iya samun daidaito mai girma tsakanin wutar lantarki da rayuwar batir, wanda ya ba da hanya ga sauran masana'antun su bi sawu.

Babban rashin lahani da iyakancewa

Tabbas, ba duk fa'idodin ba ne. Hakanan kwamfutocin ARM suna da iyakoki waɗanda ke buƙatar yin la'akari.:

• Daidaitawar software mai iyaka: aikace-aikace da yawa (musamman waɗanda aka tsara don x86) Ba sa aiki na asali akan ARM. Ko da yake akwai tsarin kwaikwayo (kamar Apple's Rosetta 2 ko Prism akan Windows), aikin na iya tasiri.
• Ƙarƙashin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi a wasu al'amuran: A cikin ayyuka masu buƙata (ƙwararrun gyare-gyaren bidiyo, matsananciyar wasan kwaikwayo, CAD, haɓaka haɓakawa), kwakwalwan ARM Yawancin lokaci suna faɗuwa a bayan mafi kyawun x86.
• Dogara akan ingantawa: don samun mafi alherin sa, dole ne masu haɓakawa su ƙirƙiri takamaiman nau'ikan aikace-aikacen su don ARM.
• Ƙananan samar da kayan aiki da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa: ko da yake yana canzawa cikin sauri, a halin yanzu akwai Ƙananan zaɓuɓɓuka don 100% abubuwan haɗin ARM masu jituwa da na'urorin haɗi akan kasuwa, musamman a Turai da Amurka.
• Iyakoki a cikin caca da keɓancewa: Kwamfutocin caca galibi suna buƙatar keɓaɓɓun GPUs, ƙarin RAM, da haɓakawa, waɗanda ma sun fi ƙuntata akan ARM fiye da dandamali na x86.

Halin, duk da haka, shine don rage waɗannan iyakoki akan lokaci, kamar yadda masana'antun da masu haɓakawa ke ƙara dogaro ga ARM.

Nau'in masu sarrafa ARM da juyin halitta na fasaha

Tsarin halittu na ARM yana da bambance-bambancen da iyalai da yawa, daga farkon kwakwalwan kwamfuta 16- da 32-bit zuwa sabbin namun daji 64-bit da ke nufin sabobin, tebur, da kwamfyutocin manyan kwamfyutoci. Mu kalli manyan:

• ARM1, ARM2, ARM3: majagaba na tarihi, ana amfani da su sosai a cikin kwamfutoci na farko da na'urorin da aka saka
• ARM6, ARM7, ARM9, ARM11: ci gaba da juyin halitta a cikin iko da inganci, tare da haɗaɗɗen cache, tallafin multimedia da bayyanar SIMD da umarnin Thumb
• StrongARM da XScale: kwakwalwan kwamfuta masu lasisi daga DEC da Intel, sun shahara sosai a cikin 2000s a cikin PDAs, wayoyin hannu da na'urorin masana'antu
• Cortex-A, Cortex-R, Cortex-M: iyalai mafi dacewa a yau. Cortex-A don aikace-aikace na gaba ɗaya (wayoyin wayoyi, allunan, kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka), tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan guda-da-da yawa, NEON, TrustZone, da damar multimedia. Cortex-R don tsarin lokaci na ainihi (motoci, aiki da kai), da kuma Cortex-M don ƙananan iko, ƙananan masu sarrafawa masu tsada.
• Apple silicon: Chips na tushen ARM na Apple, daga M1 zuwa M3, tare da bambance-bambancen Pro, Max, da Ultra, waɗanda ke jagorantar hanyar aiki akan kwamfyutocin kwamfyutoci da kwamfutoci masu gudana macOS.
• Snapdragon: Kewayon flagship na Qualcomm, ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin wayoyin hannu kuma yanzu a cikin ultrabooks da kwamfyutocin tare da Snapdragon X Elite da sabon Copilot+ PC.

Labari mai dangantaka:

Sabuwar na'urar Surface Pro ta bayyana a cikin takaddun shaida na Sinanci, tana ba da wartsakewa mai ƙarfin ARM.

Tsarin aiki da daidaituwar software akan ARM

Wani mahimmin al'amari shine dacewa da software, musamman a tsarin aiki da aikace-aikacen tebur:

• Android da iOS: Tsarin da aka tsara daga farko don ARM, tabbatar da dacewa da aiki mai kyau akan wayoyin hannu da Allunan.
• Linux: Babban tallafi don rarrabawa kamar Ubuntu, Debian, Arch Linux, Kali, Gentoo, Oracle Linux da ƙari masu yawa, da kuma BSD (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD).
• macOSTun daga 2020, Macs tare da Apple Silicon kawai suna gudana akan ARM, tare da yawancin aikace-aikacen da aka aika ko kwaikwaya ta amfani da Rosetta 2.
• Windows 10 da 11 don ARM: Ingantattun nau'ikan da ke tallafawa aikace-aikacen asali da kwaikwayo x86, musamman godiya ga Windows 11 Copilot+ da injin sa na Prism.

Babban kalubale ga kwamfutocin ARM a yanzu ya kasance dacewa da aikace-aikacen tebur. Duk da yake yawancin shahararrun ƙa'idodin sun riga sun sami nau'ikan ARM na asali, har yanzu akwai software na musamman waɗanda ke buƙatar kwaikwaya ko ba a inganta su ba.

Kasuwa da mafi mahimmancin masana'antun kwamfuta na ARM

A yau, kamfanoni da na'urori da yawa sun fice a matsayin masu tasowa a cikin kasuwar ARM don kwamfutoci:

• apple: tare da MacBook, iMac, Mac Mini da Mac Studio bisa Apple Silicon. Hakanan, iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, da Apple TV suna amfani da ARM.
• Microsoft: Kwamfutocin ARM da ke cikin Surface Pro X da Surface Copilot+ suna wakiltar sadaukarwar Redmond, tare da goyon bayan gida don Windows da ƙoƙarin ingantawa.
• Qualcomm: jagora a cikin wayoyin hannu tare da Snapdragon, kuma a halin yanzu a cikin ultrabooks da kwamfyutoci tare da Snapdragon X Elite da Copilot+ PC.
• Google: Chrome OS akan Chromebooks, tare da babban rayuwar baturi da kuma dacewa da aikace-aikacen Android.
• Samsung, HP, Acer, Lenovo: Suna ba da kwamfyutocin kwamfyutoci, allunan, da masu canzawa tare da kwakwalwan kwamfuta na ARM kuma an riga an shigar dasu Windows 11 ARM, suna ba da fifikon cin gashin kai da ƙira mara nauyi.
• Rasberi Pi: dandalin ƙera wanda ya kawo ARM ga miliyoyin masu amfani, haɓaka shirye-shirye, robotics, da IoT.

Babban bambance-bambance tsakanin ARM da x86 (Intel/AMD)

Ga mutane da yawa, babbar tambayar ita ce: ta yaya na'ura mai sarrafa ARM ya bambanta da na'ura mai sarrafa Intel ko AMD x86?

• Nau'in umarni: ARM yana amfani da RISC, tare da umarni masu sauƙi da gajere; x86 shine CISC, tare da hadaddun umarni masu tsayi.
• Ayyukan kowace watt: ARM ya fi dacewa da ingantaccen makamashi, manufa don batura da tsarin m; x86 raw iko don buƙatun ayyuka.
• Gine-gine: ARM na zamani ne kuma ana iya daidaita shi, x86 ya fi rufe da kamanni.
• Yarjejeniyar Softwarex86 yana da shekarun da suka gabata na software na asali, amma ARM yana tafiya da sauri tare da ƙa'idodi da dandamali.
• Kasuwar manufa: ARM ya mamaye wayar hannu, IoT kuma yana girma a cikin kwamfyutocin kwamfyutoci da sabobin; x86 akan PC, wasa da gado.

Makomar kwamfutocin ARM: menene zamu iya tsammani?

El makomar ARM Yana fitowa azaman madaidaicin zaɓi don kwamfyutocin kwamfyutoci, masu canzawa, ƙananan kwamfutoci da, ƙara, kwamfutoci da sabobin. Makullin zai kasance don ƙarfafa masu haɓakawa don haɓaka aikace-aikace da haɓaka kwaikwaya, yayin da suke riƙe da ƙima a cikin iko da inganci.

Apple ya ci gaba da jagorantar hanya tare da Silicon da rufaffiyar muhalli, yayin da Microsoft, Google, da sauran masana'antun ke yin fare akan faɗaɗa daidaituwa da aiki akan ARM. Halin yana zuwa ga ƙarin na'urori masu sauƙi, tare da babban ikon cin gashin kai da isasshen aiki don 90% na amfanin yau da kullun., barin danyen ikon x86 a bango.

ARM na canza yanayin aikin kwamfuta, wanda ya tafi daga zama mai gogayya a cikin wayoyin hannu zuwa zama babban zaɓi akan kwamfutoci da sabar sabar. Zaɓin na'ura tare da ainihin ARM yana yin alƙawarin inganci, haɓakawa, da kuma gaba mai cike da ƙira.

Daniel Terrasa

Edita ya ƙware a fannin fasaha da al'amuran intanet tare da gogewa fiye da shekaru goma a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na dijital daban-daban. Na yi aiki a matsayin edita da mahaliccin abun ciki don kasuwancin e-commerce, sadarwa, tallan kan layi da kamfanonin talla. Na kuma yi rubutu a shafukan yanar gizo na tattalin arziki, kudi da sauran fannoni. Aikina kuma shine sha'awata. Yanzu, ta hanyar labarai na a ciki Tecnobits, Ina ƙoƙarin bincika duk labarai da sababbin damar da duniyar fasahar ke ba mu kowace rana don inganta rayuwarmu.