Lokacin kowane lokaci na zagayowar tantanin halitta: hanyar fasaha da tsaka tsaki.
Gabatarwa ga zagayowar tantanin halitta
El zagayowar tantanin halitta Tsarin aiki ne hadaddun kuma an daidaita shi sosai wanda ke ba da damar haifuwa da haɓakar sel. A cikin wannan zagayowar, sel suna bi ta matakai daban-daban waɗanda nau'ikan ayyuka daban-daban ke faruwa, kamar kwafi na DNA da rarraba tantanin halitta. Fahimtar yadda yake aiki da tantanin halitta Yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar mahimman hanyoyin nazarin halittu, kamar haɓakawa, warkar da rauni, da ciwon daji.
Zagayowar tantanin halitta ya ƙunshi manyan matakai huɗu: G1 lokaci (Gap 1), S phase (Synthesis), G2 Phase (Gap 2) da M Phase (Mitosis). A lokacin G1, sel suna girma kuma suna aiwatar da su ayyukansa al'ada. A lokacin S, ana kwafin DNA don shirya don rarraba tantanin halitta. A lokacin lokacin G2, tantanin halitta yana shirya don mitosis kuma ƙarin haɓakawa da haɓakar furotin suna faruwa. A ƙarshe, matakin M shine matakin da rabon tantanin halitta da kansa ke faruwa.
Tsare-tsaren sake zagayowar tantanin halitta yana da mahimmanci don hana kurakurai a cikin kwafin DNA da rabon tantanin halitta mara sarrafawa. Akwai takamaiman sunadaran, irin su cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), waɗanda ke aiki azaman masu sauyawa don farawa ko dakatar da matakai daban-daban na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta. Bugu da ƙari kuma, zagayowar tantanin halitta yana da alaƙa da hanyoyin gyara DNA, wanda ke ba da damar gyara duk wani lahani ga kwayoyin halitta kafin yin kwafi da rarraba tantanin halitta.
Nau'in matakan zagayowar tantanin halitta
Zagayowar tantanin halitta ta ƙunshi matakai masu mahimmanci da yawa waɗanda sel ke rarraba da haifuwa. Waɗannan matakan sun kasu kashi daban-daban, kowannensu yana da takamaiman halaye da ayyuka. Na gaba, na gabatar da manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan zagayen tantanin halitta:
- Mataki na G1: Wannan lokaci, wanda kuma aka sani da lokacin girma, shine inda tantanin halitta ke girma kuma yana shirye-shiryen kwafin kayan halittarsa. A wannan mataki, tantanin halitta yana ƙaruwa da girma kuma yana samar da abubuwan da suka dace don mitosis. Anan, kwafin kwayoyin halitta kuma yana faruwa.
- Mataki na S: Tsarin S yana da mahimmanci a cikin tantanin halitta, tun da a lokacin wannan mataki ne ake kira DNA. A wannan lokaci, ana yin kwafin kayan halitta (chromosomes) kuma ana samar da ainihin kwafin kowane chromosome. Wannan tsari yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa sel 'ya'ya suna da kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya kamar tantanin uwar.
- Mataki na G2: Bayan lokacin S, tantanin halitta ya shiga cikin lokaci na G2, wanda kuma aka sani da lokacin shiri don mitosis. A wannan mataki, tantanin halitta yana ci gaba da girma kuma yana shirya don rarraba tantanin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, an tabbatar da cewa an sake yin DNA daidai kuma ana iya gyara kurakurai kafin shiga mataki na gaba.
Matakin G1: Lokacin girma da shirye-shiryen kwafin DNA
G1: Lokacin girma da shirye-shirye don kwafin DNA
Matsayin G1 shine mataki na farko a cikin zagayowar tantanin halitta, wanda kuma aka sani da lokacin girma da shirye-shiryen kwafin DNA. A lokacin wannan matakin, tantanin halitta yana samun girma da haɓaka girma, baya ga aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban don tabbatar da nasarar kwafin DNA.
A lokacin G1, tantanin halitta yana aiwatar da matakai masu zuwa:
- Haɗin Protein: Yayin girma, tantanin halitta yana samar da sababbin sunadaran da ake bukata don aikinsa da ci gaba.
- Sarrafa lalacewar DNA: Tantanin halitta koyaushe yana bincika idan akwai wani lahani ga DNA kuma, idan an gano shi, yana kunna hanyoyin gyarawa ko haifar da apoptosis (mutuwar tantanin halitta) idan lalacewar ba za a iya gyarawa ba.
- Shiri don kwafin DNA: A wannan lokaci, tantanin halitta yana shirya don kwafin DNA, yana haɗa abubuwan da suka dace da kuma tabbatar da cewa duk sharuɗɗan sun dace da tsari. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da makamashi da ajiya, kunna enzyme, da kwafi na tsakiya.
A taƙaice, lokacin G1 na zagayowar tantanin halitta lokaci ne mai mahimmanci a cikin haɓakar tantanin halitta, inda haɓakar haɓakawa da shirye-shiryen kwafin DNA ke faruwa. Ta hanyar haɗin furotin, sarrafa lalacewar DNA, da shirya abubuwan da suka dace, tantanin halitta yana tabbatar da cewa duk yanayi sun dace don samun nasarar kwafi. Da zarar lokacin G1 ya ƙare, tantanin halitta yana shirye don ci gaba zuwa mataki na gaba na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta.
Muhimmancin wurin binciken G1
Wurin bincike na G1 muhimmin sashi ne na tsarin sarrafa ingancin kowane tsari. Wannan tsarin sa ido da kulawa ne wanda ke da alhakin tattarawa da bincika bayanai a ainihin lokaci don tabbatar da daidaitaccen aiki na tsarin. Wannan wurin binciken yana da mahimmanci don gano yuwuwar gazawa ko rashin daidaituwa waɗanda zasu iya shafar aikin G1.
Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun fa'idodi na wurin binciken G1 shine ikonsa na samar da cikakkun rahotanni masu inganci kan matsayin tsarin. Waɗannan rahotannin suna taimakawa gano abubuwan da ke faruwa da tsarin ɗabi'a waɗanda ke ba ku damar yanke shawara mai fa'ida don inganta ingantaccen G1.
Wani muhimmin fasali na wurin binciken G1 shine ikon daidaita ƙararrawa da sanarwar cewa ma'aikatan faɗakarwa idan an gano matsaloli ko kuma an wuce wasu ƙofofin. Ta wannan hanyar, ana ba da tabbacin amsa mai sauri da inganci a kowane yanayi da ke buƙatar kulawa da gaggawa.
Phase S: DNA kira
Sashen S na zagayowar tantanin halitta ana kiransa da “DNA Synthesis Phase” ko “Replication DNA.” A lokacin wannan mataki, ana yin kwafin kwayoyin halittar tantanin halitta, don tabbatar da cewa kowace mace tantanin halitta tana da cikakkiyar kwafin DNA.
Haɗin DNA yana farawa tare da rabuwa na DNA guda biyu daga ainihin kwayoyin halitta. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan igiyoyin suna aiki azaman samfuri don ƙirƙirar sabon madaidaicin madauri. Enzyme DNA polymerase yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan tsari, saboda shi ke da alhakin haɗa daidaitattun nucleotides cikin sabuwar sarkar girma. Yayin da ake ci gaba da maimaitawa, ƙwayoyin DNA guda biyu iri ɗaya sun yi daidai da na asali.
Yana da mahimmanci a ambaci cewa tsarin S shine tsari mai mahimmanci don kauce wa kurakurai a cikin kwafi da kuma kiyaye mutuncin kwayoyin halitta. Abubuwa kamar samuwar nucleotide, kunna sunadaran sarrafawa, da gyaran kurakuran kwafi suna tabbatar da cewa an samar da ainihin kwafin kayan aikin kwayoyin halitta a kowace tantanin halitta. Ta wannan hanyar, ana tabbatar da ingantaccen watsa bayanan kwayoyin halitta daga tsara zuwa wani.
Tsarin kwafin DNA a cikin lokaci S
A cikin lokacin S na zagayowar tantanin halitta, muhimmin tsari da aka sani da kwafin DNA yana faruwa. Wannan taron yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ingantaccen watsa bayanan kwayoyin halitta zuwa sel 'ya'ya yayin rarraba tantanin halitta.
Kwafi na DNA tsari ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ma'ana cewa kowane kwayar halittar DNA ta asali ta rabu kuma tana aiki azaman samfuri don haɗa sabon madaidaicin madauri. Tsarin yana farawa tare da kwancewa na DNA biyu helix godiya ga helicase enzyme. Da zarar an fallasa igiyar, DNA polymerase ya fara aiki kuma ya fara haɗawa da nucleotides masu dacewa, don haka samar da sabon layin DNA.
Wannan tsari na maimaitawa yana faruwa ne bi-biyu a wuraren da ake kira kwafi. Yayin da DNA polymerase ke motsawa tare da igiyoyin DNA, yana samar da guntun Okazaki akan madaidaicin madauri. Wadannan gutsuttsura an haɗa su da DNA ligase, wanda ke haifar da ƙwayoyin DNA iri ɗaya. Kwafin DNA a cikin lokaci S tsari ne mai matukar tsari kuma mai rikitarwa wanda ke tabbatar da amincin bayanan kwayoyin halitta kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga dorewar rayuwa.
Mataki na G2: Shiri don rarraba tantanin halitta
La fase G2 tantanin halitta Yana da mahimmancin lokacin shiri don rarraba tantanin halitta. A lokacin wannan mataki, tantanin halitta yana tabbatar da cewa duk abubuwan da ake buƙata suna nan kuma suna da isasshen adadin don tabbatar da nasarar kwafin DNA da rabon tantanin halitta na gaba.
A cikin wannan lokaci, tantanin halitta yana tabbatar da amincin DNA, yana tabbatar da gyara duk wani lalacewa ko kurakurai a cikin kwafin DNA yayin lokacin S, kuma yana da alhakin gyara duk wani lalacewa da aka samu. Bugu da ƙari, ana yin kwafin centrosomes, mahimman tsarin salula don tabbatar da daidaitaccen rarrabuwa na chromosomes yayin rarraba tantanin halitta.
Yana cikin lokacin G2 inda haɗin sunadaran da ake buƙata don mitosis ke faruwa, kamar sunadaran sunadarai waɗanda ke ba da izinin motsi na chromosomes yayin rarraba tantanin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, tantanin halitta kuma yana shirya don cytokinesis, tsarin da cytoplasm ya rabu ya zama 'ya'ya mata biyu. Wannan ya haɗa da samuwar zoben kwangila wanda ya ƙunshi actin da filaments na myosin waɗanda ke yin kwangila don raba sel.
Gano abubuwan da ba su da kyau a wurin binciken G2/M
A cikin tsarin rarraba tantanin halitta, wurin bincike na G2/M yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci don tabbatar da daidaitaccen rarrabuwa na chromosomes da kuma guje wa samuwar ƙwayoyin 'ya'ya tare da rashin daidaituwa na kwayoyin halitta. Gano abubuwan da ba su dace ba a wannan wurin bincike yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da amincin kayan halitta da kuma hana yaduwar ƙwayoyin da suka lalace.
Akwai dabaru da kayan aiki daban-daban da ake amfani dasu. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine nazarin cytometry mai gudana, wanda ke ba da damar kimanta abun ciki na DNA, yaduwar kwayar halitta da kuma kasancewar sauye-sauye na chromosomal. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da ƙayyadaddun alamomi don gano bayyanar maye gurbi a cikin mahimman kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da tsarin rarraba tantanin halitta.
Mahimmanci, ganowa da wuri na rashin daidaituwa a wurin bincike na G2/M na iya samun tasiri mai mahimmanci a cikin ganewar asali da kuma kula da cututtuka kamar ciwon daji. Ta amfani da dabarun gano ci-gaba, ana iya gano farkon sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta da zayyana dabarun warkewa na keɓaɓɓen. Wadannan matakan farko na iya inganta sakamako na asibiti da kuma ƙara yawan rayuwar marasa lafiya.
Mataki na M: Rarraba tantanin halitta da rarrabuwar chromosome
Matsayin M na zagayowar tantanin halitta wani muhimmin mataki ne a rayuwar tantanin halitta, wanda rabon tantanin halitta da rarrabuwar chromosome ke faruwa. An raba wannan lokaci zuwa manyan matakai guda biyu: mitosis da cytokinesis.
A cikin mitosis, chromosomes da aka kwafi suna layi a tsakiyar tantanin halitta sannan kuma a raba su daidai da rukuni biyu. Don cimma wannan, an kafa microtubules da ake kira achromatic spindles waɗanda ke haɗawa da chromosomes a centromere. Wadannan igiyoyi, ta hanyar raguwa da tsawo, suna motsa chromosomes zuwa wurin da suke daidai a cikin tantanin halitta kafin a raba su zuwa rukuni guda biyu.
Da zarar chromosomes sun rabu daidai, cytokinesis ya fara. A cikin wannan tsari, tantanin halitta ya rabu zuwa ’ya’ya mata biyu ta hanyar haifar da takura a cikin membrane plasma da ake kira cleavage furrow. An kafa wannan maƙarƙashiya saboda ƙanƙancewar zobe na sunadaran a kusa da tantanin halitta, yana rarraba cytoplasm kuma ya samar da sel 'ya mace guda biyu. Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan sel ƴaƴan yanzu suna da cikakkiyar kwafi mai aiki na kwayoyin halittar da ake buƙata don aiki mai kyau.
Tsarin mitosis da samuwar 'ya'ya Kwayoyin
Mitosis shine tsarin da mahaifar tantanin halitta ke rarraba zuwa sel 'ya mace guda biyu. Wannan tsari yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka, haɓakawa da haifuwa na kwayoyin halitta masu yawa. An bayyana matakan mitosis da samuwar 'ya'yan sel a ƙasa:
- Fuskar sadarwa: Kafin shiga cikin mitosis, kwayar tantanin halitta ta shiga matakin shiri da ake kira interphase. A wannan lokaci, tantanin halitta yana kwafi nau'ikan kwayoyin halittarsa da kuma gabobinsa, don tabbatar da cewa sel 'ya'ya za su sami bayanan kwayoyin halitta iri daya da na mahaifa.
- Tsarin Gabatarwa: A wannan mataki, chromosomes suna tattarawa kuma su zama bayyane a ƙarƙashin na'urar microscope. Nucleolus yana ɓacewa da gutsuttsura ambulan nukiliya. A lokaci guda kuma, microtubules na cytoskeleton fara samar da mitotic spindle, wani tsari da ake bukata domin daidai segregation na chromosomes a cikin 'ya'yan sel.
- Matakin Metaphase: A wannan lokaci, chromosomes suna daidaitawa a cikin jirgin equatorial, wanda kuma aka sani da farantin metaphase. Kowane chromosome yana haɗe zuwa mitotic spindle ta hanyar centromeres kuma yana kan iyakarsa. Wannan jeri yana da mahimmanci yayin da yake tabbatar da cewa chromosomes an rarraba su daidai tsakanin ƙwayoyin 'ya'ya a cikin lokaci na gaba.
Mitosis yana ci gaba da matakan anaphase da telophase, wanda ke faruwa a cikin rabuwa da rabuwa na ƙarshe na chromosomes. Waɗannan matakan sun ƙare da cytokinesis, tsarin rarraba cytoplasm wanda ke haifar da ƙwayoyin 'ya'ya biyu. Ta wannan hanyar, ana tabbatar da dawwamar abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta da haɓakar kwayoyin halitta masu yawa.
Muhimman rawar wuraren bincike a cikin lokaci M
A cikin zangon M na zagayen tantanin halitta, wuraren bincike suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da cewa rabon tantanin halitta ya gudana daidai. Waɗannan wuraren bincike su ne wuraren sarrafawa waɗanda ke kimanta amincin DNA, daidaitaccen taro na abubuwan da ke cikin spindle na mitotic da daidaitaccen jeri na chromosomes. Idan an gano wata matsala, waɗannan wuraren binciken suna dakatar da ci gaban tantanin halitta don ba da damar a gyara lalacewa ko a gyara kurakurai.
Wurin bincike na farko a cikin zangon M, wanda aka sani da wurin binciken metaphase, shine ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa duk chromosomes sun daidaita daidai a cikin jirgin equatorial na tantanin halitta. Don yin wannan, sunadaran da ake kira kinetochores suna da hannu, waɗanda ke haɗawa da centromeres na chromosomes kuma sun haɗa kansu zuwa microtubules na mitotic spindle. Idan kowane kinetochore bai haɗa daidai ba ko kuma chromosomes ba daidai ba ne, ana kunna sigina na tsayawa, yana dakatar da ci gaba zuwa anaphase har sai an warware matsalar.
Wani muhimmin wurin bincike a cikin lokacin M shine wurin binciken anaphase. Ayyukansa shine tabbatar da cewa kowane chromosome ya rabu da kyau zuwa duka sandunan tantanin halitta kafin rabuwa ta ƙarshe. Lokacin da kinetochores ya raba daidai kuma microtubules suna yin ƙarfin da ya dace don fitar da rarrabuwa na chromosome, wurin binciken yana ba da damar anaphase ya ci gaba. Duk da haka, idan an gano wani rashin daidaituwa, alamun dakatarwar wuraren binciken sun hana tantanin halitta ci gaba zuwa telophase da cytokinesis, yana ba da lokaci don magance matsalar da kauce wa kurakuran kwayoyin halitta.
Sakamakon sauye-sauye a cikin matakan zagayowar tantanin halitta
Canje-canje a cikin matakan sake zagayowar tantanin halitta na iya haifar da sakamako masu yawa a cikin jiki, tunda wannan tsari yana da mahimmanci ga haɓaka, haɓakawa da kiyaye kyallen takarda. A ƙasa akwai wasu mahimman sakamako masu mahimmanci waɗanda zasu iya faruwa lokacin da aka shafi matakan sake zagayowar tantanin halitta:
Asarar ikon sarrafa kai: Lokacin da sauye-sauye suka faru a cikin sassan sake zagayowar tantanin halitta, sel na iya rasa ikon sarrafa kansu, ma'ana za su iya fara rarraba ba tare da kamewa ba. Wannan al’amari, wanda aka sani da yaɗuwar sel marasa ƙarfi, na iya haifar da samuwar ciwace-ciwace da ciwon daji.
Lalacewar DNA: Canje-canje a cikin matakan sake zagayowar tantanin halitta kuma na iya haifar da lalacewar DNA. A lokacin kwafi da rarrabuwar tantanin halitta, kurakurai na iya faruwa a cikin kwafin kwayoyin halitta, haifar da maye gurbi. Waɗannan maye gurbi na iya canza aikin al'ada na sel kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ko ciwon daji.
Tsufa kafin lokacin girma: Wani sakamakon sauye-sauye a cikin sassan sake zagayowar tantanin halitta shine tsufa na kyallen takarda. Lokacin da sel ba su rarraba da kyau kuma suka sami lalacewa ga DNA ɗin su, tsarin tsufa yana ƙaruwa. Wannan zai iya bayyana kanta a cikin lalacewar fata, gashi da tsarin rigakafi, da kuma rage ƙarfin farfadowa da gyara nama.
Shawarwari don nazari da fahimtar madaidaicin matakan zagayen tantanin halitta
Don magancewa yadda ya kamata Don yin nazari da fahimtar daidaitattun matakai na tsarin tantanin halitta, yana da mahimmanci a bi wasu mahimman shawarwari. Waɗannan jagororin za su taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa kun sami ƙwaƙƙwaran fahimta daki-daki game da wannan muhimmin tsari a cikin ilmin halitta.
1. Sanin abubuwan yau da kullun:
Kafin a zurfafa cikin takamaiman matakai na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta, yana da mahimmanci a sami cikakkiyar fahimta game da mahimman ra'ayoyi. Tabbatar kun fahimci mahimman kalmomi, irin su mitosis da meiosis, da kuma tsari da ayyuka na manyan sassan salula da ke cikin tsarin tantanin halitta.
2. Yi amfani da albarkatun gani:
Sassan zagayowar tantanin halitta na iya zama mai sarƙaƙƙiya don gani ta hanyar karatu kaɗai. Don sauƙaƙe fahimta, yi amfani da albarkatun gani kamar zane-zane, zane-zane da ƙira mai girma uku. Waɗannan albarkatu za su ba ku damar gani a sarari kuma daidai daidai da bambancin matakai na zagayowar tantanin halitta da yadda suke cudanya da juna.
3. Yi ayyuka da gwaje-gwaje:
Hanya mafi kyau don ƙarfafa ilimin ku game da matakan sake zagayowar tantanin halitta ita ce sanya abin da kuka koya a aikace. Yi gwaje-gwaje masu sauƙi, ta amfani da microscopes da al'adun tantanin halitta, don lura da matakai daban-daban na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta kai tsaye. Bugu da ƙari, gwada amsa tambayoyin zaɓi da yawa da warware matsalolin da suka shafi wannan batu don ƙarfafa fahimtar ku da inganta ƙwarewar binciken ku.
Ƙarshe game da lokacin kowane lokaci na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta
Bayan cikakken bincike, ana iya zana wasu shawarwari game da tsawon kowane lokaci na zagayowar tantanin halitta. Waɗannan shawarwarin suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar tsarin rarraba tantanin halitta da tsarinsa.
Da fari dai, ana iya bayyana cewa lokaci na G1 shine mafi girman lokaci dangane da tsawon lokacinsa. Wannan lokaci yana da mahimmanci don haɓakar tantanin halitta da kuma haɗin sunadaran da ake buƙata don kwafin DNA. Koyaya, tsawon lokacin G1 na iya shafar abubuwa daban-daban kamar wadatar abinci mai gina jiki, kasancewar haɓakar salon salula ko siginar hanawa, da martanin ƙwayoyin cuta ga abubuwan motsa jiki na waje.
A gefe guda kuma, lokacin S, wanda ke yin kwafin DNA a cikinsa, yakan zama mafi tsayi a tsawon lokacinsa. A wannan lokaci, sel suna kwafi abubuwan halittarsu don tabbatar da ingantattun bayanan kwayoyin halittar 'ya'ya. Tsawon lokacin lokacin S yawanci iri ɗaya ne a cikin nau'ikan tantanin halitta kuma abubuwan waje ko na ciki ba su tasiri kai tsaye ba.
A ƙarshe, lokaci na G2, wanda ke gaba da rarraba tantanin halitta, kuma yana nuna ɗan gajeren lokaci a yawancin sel. A wannan lokaci, tantanin halitta yana shirya don rarrabuwar DNA ta hanyar haɗin sunadarai da kwafi na gabobin da suka dace don samuwar ƙwayoyin 'ya'ya. Ko da yake akwai bambance-bambance a cikin tsawon lokacin G2, waɗannan gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da nau'in tantanin halitta kuma ba sa tasiri ta wasu mahimman abubuwan waje.
Tambaya da Amsa
Tambaya: Menene lokacin kowane lokaci na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta?
A: Lokacin kowane lokaci na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta yana nufin takamaiman lokacin da kowane mataki na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta ke da shi a cikin wata halitta da aka bayar.
Tambaya: Menene matakai na zagayowar tantanin halitta?
A: Tsarin tantanin halitta ya ƙunshi manyan matakai guda huɗu: G1 (lokacin girma 1), lokaci S (Haɗin DNA), lokaci na G2 (tsawon girma na 2), da M lokaci (lokacin rarrabawa).
Tambaya: Menene matsakaicin lokaci na kowane lokaci na zagayowar tantanin halitta?
A: Matsakaicin lokacin kowane lokaci na zagayowar tantanin halitta na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in tantanin halitta da kwayoyin halitta da ake tambaya. Duk da haka, gabaɗaya, lokaci na G1 zai iya ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i 18 zuwa 30, lokacin S yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i 6 zuwa 8, lokaci na G2 zai iya wuce kimanin sa'o'i 2 zuwa 10, kuma lokacin M (wanda ya hada da mitosis da cytokinesis) zai iya wucewa. tsakanin mintuna 30 zuwa awa daya.
Tambaya: Wadanne abubuwa ne zasu iya rinjayar tsawon kowane lokaci na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta?
A: Tsawon lokacin kowane lokaci na zagayowar tantanin halitta na iya shafar abubuwa iri-iri. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da nau'i da yanayin ci gaba na tantanin halitta, yanayin muhalli, kasancewar alamun girma ko lalacewa, da kuma tasirin kwayoyin halitta da epigenetic.
Tambaya: Me yasa yake da mahimmanci a san lokacin kowane lokaci na zagayowar tantanin halitta?
A: Sanin lokacin kowane lokaci na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar tsarin rarraba tantanin halitta da tsarin haɓakar tantanin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, yana da mahimmanci don nazarin cututtuka da ke da alaka da yaduwar kwayar halitta ba tare da kulawa ba, kamar ciwon daji.
Tambaya: Yaya ake ƙayyade lokacin kowane lokaci na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta?
A: Za a iya ƙayyade lokacin kowane lokaci na zagayowar tantanin halitta ta amfani da dabarun dakin gwaje-gwaje da suka haɗa da bin diddigi da lakabi sel a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar. Waɗannan fasahohin za su iya amfani da alamomin kyalli, microscope, da nazarin hoto don ganowa da auna sel a kowane lokaci.
Tambaya: Shin akwai bambance-bambance a cikin lokutan lokutan zagayowar tantanin halitta tsakanin halittu daban-daban?
A: Na'am, akwai bambance-bambance a cikin lokacin da ake gudanar da zagayowar tantanin halitta tsakanin halittu daban-daban. Misali, a cikin mafi hadaddun kwayoyin halitta masu yawa, kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa, zagayowar tantanin halitta yakan yi tsayi fiye da na kwayoyin halitta guda daya, kamar kwayoyin cuta.
Tambaya: Shin tsawon lokutan zagayowar tantanin halitta zai iya canzawa don mayar da martani ga abubuwan motsa jiki na waje?
A: Ee, tsawon lokutan zagayowar tantanin halitta na iya canzawa don mayar da martani ga abubuwan motsa jiki na waje. Misali, kasancewar sigina na haɓakar tantanin halitta ko lalacewa na iya haɓakawa ko jinkirta wasu matakan sake zagayowar tantanin halitta.
Tambaya: Ta yaya za a iya amfani da ilimin lokacin kowane lokaci na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta a cikin binciken likita da magunguna?
A: Ana iya amfani da ilimin lokaci na kowane lokaci na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta a cikin bincike na likita da magunguna don fahimta da magance cututtuka da ke da alaka da yaduwar kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari kuma, wannan ilimin zai iya taimakawa wajen ƙira da haɓaka magungunan da ke aiki musamman a wasu matakai na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta.
Tunani na Ƙarshe
A taƙaice, fahimtar lokacin kowane lokaci na zagayowar tantanin halitta yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar hanyoyin da ke faruwa a cikin sel. Daga lokacin G1, inda tantanin halitta yake girma kuma yana shirye-shiryen kwafi abubuwan halittarsa, ta hanyar S, inda haɗin DNA ke faruwa, har zuwa lokacin G2 inda tantanin halitta ya shirya don rarraba, kowane mataki yana buƙatar lokacin kansa don tabbatar da ingantaccen tantanin halitta. Kwafi da rarraba.
Tsarin M, ko lokacin mitosis, yana da mahimmanci musamman, tunda a lokacin wannan matakin tantanin halitta ya rabu zuwa ƴan mata biyu kuma yana kula da kwayoyin halitta daidai. Kowane lokaci yana da nasa tsawon lokacinsa kuma ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar ɗimbin hanyoyi masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke ba da garantin daidaito da kwanciyar hankali na tantanin halitta.
Wajibi ne a la'akari da cewa akwai bambance-bambance a cikin tsawon kowane lokaci a cikin nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta da kuma yanayi daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, duk wani canji a cikin tsawon waɗannan matakan zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako, kamar bayyanar cututtuka da ke da alaka da yaduwar kwayar halitta, kamar ciwon daji.
A taƙaice, fahimtar lokacin kowane lokaci na zagayowar tantanin halitta yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka fahimtarmu game da hanyoyin salula da tsarin su. Ƙarin bincike a wannan fanni zai ba da damar fahimtar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa. tare da tantanin halitta kuma zai iya haifar da sababbin hanyoyin warkewa a nan gaba.
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