Yadda ake daidaita WSL2 da kyau don aiki tare da Linux akan Windows

Idan kun shirya a cikin Windows amma kuna kan sabar Linux, tabbas kun yi gwagwarmaya fiye da sau ɗaya tare da bambance-bambancen muhalli, ɗakunan karatu waɗanda kawai ke gaza samarwa, ko Docker yana gudana cikin kuskure. An halicci WSL daidai don guje wa wannan mafarki mai ban tsoro, kuma tare da Farashin WSL2 Microsoft a ƙarshe ya bugi ƙusa a kai: Linux ɗin da ke kusa, wanda aka haɗa cikin Windows kuma ba tare da saita na'ura mai nauyi ba.

Wannan riga ya zama zaɓin da aka fi so ga dubban masu haɓakawa saboda yana ba ku damar buɗe tashar Ubuntu, Debian, ko Kali a cikin Windows 10 ko 11, gudanar da umarni, Docker, bayanan bayanai, ko kayan aikin layin umarni kamar kuna kan sabar Linux, amma ba tare da barin aikace-aikacen Windows da wasanninku ba. Bari mu ga yadda yake aiki, yadda ake shigar da shi, yadda ya bambanta da WSL1, da kuma yadda za ku sami mafi kyawun sa a cikin ayyukanku na yau da kullun.

Menene WSL kuma me yasa yake canza rayuwar mai haɓaka Windows?

WSL shi ne gajerun kalmomi don Windows Windows don LinuxTsarin tsarin da ke ba ku damar gudanar da rarraba GNU/Linux a cikin Windows ba tare da buƙatar injin kama-da-wane na gargajiya ko booting biyu ba. Kuna iya shigar da Ubuntu, Debian, Kali, openSUSE, Arch (ta amfani da appx), ko wasu rabawa kuma amfani da kayan aikin wasan bidiyo kai tsaye daga tebur ɗin Windows ɗinku.

Ba kamar WSL1 ba, Farashin WSL2 Yana amfani da ainihin kwaya ta Linux Yana aiki a cikin injin kama-da-wane mara nauyi wanda Windows (Hyper-V da dandamali na injin kama-da-wane), tare da cikakken tallafi don kiran tsarin ELF64. WSL1 ya kasance tsarin fassarar tsarin, mai sauri don wasu ayyuka amma tare da iyakancewa mai tsanani a cikin dacewa, musamman tare da kayan aiki kamar Docker.

Ga masu haɓaka gidan yanar gizo, masu haɓaka baya, DevOps ko ƙwararrun bayanai, wannan yana nufin zaku iya aiki a cikin yanayi kusan iri ɗaya da yanayin samarwa (wanda a mafi yawan lokuta shine Linux), ta amfani da ɗakunan karatu iri ɗaya, masu sarrafa bayanai, jerin gwano, sabar saƙo, da sauransu, ba tare da barin Windows ba. Al'ada "yana aiki akan injina" abu ne na baya saboda kun haɓaka akan Windows kuma kuna turawa akan rarraba Linux daban-daban.

WSL2 ba cikakken tebur na hoto ba ne na Linux Mai kama da GNOME ko KDE VM, babban abin dubawa shine tasha. Koyaya, a zamanin yau zaku iya gudanar da aikace-aikacen Linux GUI akan WSL2, har ma da cin gajiyar haɓakawar GPU don ayyukan aiki kamar koyan injin ko zane-zanen ci gaba. Idan kuna buƙatar samun dama ga aikace-aikace daga nesa, kuna iya daidaitawa Chrome Nesa Desktop akan Windows.

Windows vs Linux: matsalar yanayin ci gaban al'ada

Windows ya kasance mafi girman tsarin aiki akan kwamfutocin teburYayin da yawancin aikace-aikacen samarwa ana yin su akan Linux, wannan duality koyaushe yana haifar da rikici ga masu haɓakawa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin Windows amma suna kula ko tura aikace-aikacen akan sabar Linux.

Masu amfani da macOS a al'ada sun sami ƙarancin gogayya Saboda macOS yana raba tushe kamar Unix, kuma kayan aikin da yawa suna yin kama da Linux. Wannan shine ɗayan dalilan da masu haɓakawa da yawa suka yi ƙaura zuwa Mac shekaru da suka gabata: suna neman ingantacciyar tasha da mahalli kusa da samarwa.

Babban juyi ya zo da DockerKwantena sun zama mahimmanci don haɓakawa da turawa, amma akan Windows, aiki da ƙwarewar mai amfani ba su da kyau sosai, tare da ƙarancin dacewa. WSL2 yana magance yawancin waɗannan matsalolin, yana ba da yanayi inda Docker ke aiki mafi kyau.

WSL1 vs WSL2: bambance-bambance kuma me yasa yakamata kuyi amfani da sigar 2

WSL yana cikin manyan nau'ikan guda biyu: WSL1 da WSL2Kodayake duka biyun suna ba ku damar gudanar da Linux akan Windows, tsarin gine-ginen ya canza da yawa daga ɗayan zuwa wancan, kuma ana iya lura da shi cikin aiki da dacewa.

• WSL1 yana fassara kiran tsarin Linux zuwa Windows kernel. Wannan yana haifar da lokutan taya da sauri da kuma haɗakar fayil mai kyau, amma yana da iyakataccen daidaituwa tare da wasu aikace-aikacen, musamman waɗanda ke buƙatar ainihin kwaya ta Linux, kamar wasu injunan bayanai ko Docker da ke aiki da cikakken ƙarfi.
• WSL2 yana amfani da injin kama-da-wane mai nauyi mai nauyi tare da cikakken kernel na Linux.Windows ne ke sarrafa shi. Yana ba da cikakkiyar daidaituwa tare da kiran tsarin, ingantaccen tsarin tsarin fayil (musamman akan tsarin fayil ɗin Linux kanta), kuma yana ba da damar ci gaba da fasali kamar Docker na asali akan WSL2 da samun damar kwaya kai tsaye.
• Dukansu nau'ikan suna raba wasu fasaloliFa'idodinsa sun haɗa da haɗin kai tare da Windows, lokutan taya mai sauri, dacewa tare da kayan aikin haɓaka kamar VMWare ko VirtualBox (a cikin sigar kwanan nan), da tallafi don rarrabawa da yawa. Koyaya, kawai WSL2 yana fasalta cikakken kernel na Linux da cikakken tallafin kiran tsarin.

Duk na sama, Zaɓin shawarar yau shine amfani da WSL2Sai dai idan kuna da takamaiman dalili na zama tare da WSL1. Docker Desktop, alal misali, an ƙera shi don haɗawa da WSL2, kuma yawancin jagorori da kayan aikin zamani sun riga sun ɗauki wannan sigar a matsayin ma'auni.

Abubuwan buƙatun don shigar da WSL2 akan Windows 10 da Windows 11

Don amfani da WSL2 kuna buƙatar ɗan ƙaramin sigar Windows. Gabaɗaya, dole ne ku cika waɗannan sharuɗɗan:

• Windows 10 version 2004 ko kuma daga baya (gina 19041+) don amfani da sauƙaƙe umarnin wsl --install.
• Don WSL2 musamman, Windows 10 sigar 1903, gina 18362 ko samaya da Windows 11.
• 64-bit giniWSL2 baya samuwa akan 32-bit Windows 10.

Har ila yau, Dole ne ku tabbatar da cewa an kunna haɓakawa a cikin BIOS na tawagar ku. Idan ba haka ba, kuna iya fuskantar kurakurai kamar 0x80370102Waɗannan saƙonni yawanci suna nuna cewa haɓakar kayan aikin ba ta aiki. Shigar da BIOS/UEFI, nemo zaɓuɓɓukan da suka shafi CPU ko "Fasaha na Farko," kuma kunna shi.

Sanya WSL2 daga karce ta amfani da umarnin wsl –install

A cikin nau'ikan Windows 10 da Windows 11 na zamani, an sauƙaƙe shigarwa sosai: umarni ɗaya kawai yana buƙatar sake farawa.

1. Bude PowerShell a matsayin mai gudanarwaNemo "PowerShell" a cikin Fara menu, danna-dama, kuma zaɓi "Gudun azaman mai gudanarwa." Karɓi Ikon Asusun Mai amfani (UAC) idan ya bayyana.

2. Gudun cikakken umarnin shigarwa:

Umurnin: wsl --install

Wannan umarnin yana ɗaukar matakai na ciki da yawa ba tare da kun taɓa wani abu ba:

• Kunna abubuwan da suka dace na zaɓi: Tsarin Windows na Linux y Dandali na injina.
• Download kuma shigar da latest Linux kernel ku WSL.
• Sanya WSL2 a matsayin tsoho version.
• Zazzagewa kuma shigar da tsohowar rarraba Linux (yawanci Ubuntu).

3. Sake kunna kwamfutar lokacin da Windows ta sa ka yi haka.Wannan yana da mahimmanci don sabbin abubuwan da aka kunna su zama aiki.

4. A farkon taya na rarraba Linux (Ubuntu, sai dai in ba haka ba), taga na'ura wasan bidiyo zai buɗe inda aka ciro fayilolin. Lokaci na farko yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan; farawa na gaba yawanci kusan nan take.

Zaɓi da canza rarraba Linux a cikin WSL

• Ta hanyar tsoho, umarnin wsl --install yawanci shigar Ubuntu a matsayin tsoho rarraba. Koyaya, zaku iya zaɓar rarraba daban duka yayin da bayan shigarwa.
• Don ganin jerin rabawa da ake samu akan layiBude PowerShell kuma buga:
• Jerin: wsl.exe --list --online
• Don shigar da takamaiman rarraba daga na'ura wasan bidiyo, yi amfani da zaɓi -d yana nuna sunan ku:
• Shigar distro: wsl.exe --install -d NombreDeLaDistro
• Idan kana son canza tsoho distro (wanda ke buɗewa lokacin da kuke gudu kawai wsl), za ka iya:
• Na baya: wsl.exe --set-default NombreDeLaDistro
• Kuma idan kawai kuna son ƙaddamar da takamaiman rarraba akan lokaci ɗaya Ba tare da canza tsoho ba, yi amfani da:
• Kaddamar akan lokaci: wsl.exe --distribution NombreDeLaDistro

Baya ga rabawa Microsoft Store, Yana yiwuwa a shigo da rarrabawar al'ada daga fayil ɗin TAR ko shigar da fakiti .appx a wasu lokutakamar Arch Linux. Kuna iya ƙirƙirar hotunan WSL na al'ada don daidaita mahalli a cikin kamfani.

Sanya sunan mai amfani da kalmar wucewa ta Linux a cikin WSL

A karon farko da kuka buɗe rarrabawar Linux ɗinku da aka shigar da WSLZa a sa ka ƙirƙiri sunan mai amfani da kalmar wucewa ta UNIX. Wannan asusun zai zama tsoho mai amfani don wannan rarraba.

Ka tuna da mahimman bayanai da yawa game da wannan mai amfani:

• Ba a haɗa shi da asusun mai amfani na Windows ɗinku ba.; zaka iya (kuma ana ba da shawarar) sanya sunan daban.
• Lokacin da ka buga kalmar wucewa, babu abin da zai nuna akan allon. (Babu asterisks). Ana kiran wannan da shigarwar "makafi", wanda yake daidai a cikin Linux.
• Ana ɗaukar wannan mai amfani a matsayin mai gudanarwa akan wannan distro kuma iya amfani sudo don aiwatar da umarni tare da manyan gata.
• Kowane rarraba yana da nasa tsarin masu amfani da kalmomin shiga; idan kun ƙara sabon distro za ku sake maimaita tsarin ƙirƙirar asusun.

Idan kana so canza kalmar sirri Na gaba, buɗe rarraba kuma gudanar: Canza kalmar shiga: passwd

Idan kun manta kalmar sirrin mai amfani don distro Amma idan har yanzu kuna da damar gudanarwa a cikin Windows, zaku iya dawo da iko kamar haka:

1. Bude Umurnin Umurni ko PowerShell azaman mai gudanarwa kuma shiga azaman tushen akan tsoho distro:
   wsl -u root
   Don takamaiman distro:
   wsl -d NombreDistro -u root
2. Ciki wannan tushen tushen, gudu:
   passwd nombre_usuario kuma saita sabon kalmar sirri.
3. Fita daga WSL con exit kuma komawa cikin al'ada tare da asusun mai amfani da aka dawo dasu.

Hanyoyi don taya da amfani da rabawa na Linux akan Windows

Da zarar an shigar da distros da yawaKuna iya buɗe su ta hanyoyi daban-daban, dangane da abin da ya fi dacewa da ku a kowane lokaci.

• Windows Terminal (an bada shawarar). Windows Terminal shine na'urar kwaikwayo ta zamani ta Microsoft. Duk lokacin da kuka shigar da sabon rarraba Linux a cikin WSL, sabon bayanin martaba yana bayyana a cikin Windows Terminal, wanda zaku iya keɓancewa (alama, tsarin launi, umarnin farawa, da sauransu). Ita ce hanya mafi dacewa don aiki tare da layukan umarni da yawa a lokaci guda.
• Daga Fara menu. Kuna iya rubuta sunan rarraba ("Ubuntu", "Debian", "Kali Linux"). Danna shi zai buɗe shi kai tsaye a cikin taga na'urar wasan bidiyo na kansa.
• Daga PowerShell ko CMD. Kuna iya rubuta sunan distro kai tsaye (misali, ubuntu) ko amfani da umarnin gama gari:
  wsl don shigar da tsoho distro, ko
  wsl -d NombreDistro don shigar da takamaiman.
• Yi takamaiman umarnin Linux daga Windows. Yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar:
  wsl
  Alal misali: wsl ls -la, wsl pwd, wsl dateda sauransu. Ta wannan hanyar za ku haɗa umarnin Windows da Linux a cikin bututun guda ɗaya.

Windows Terminal: cikakkiyar aboki don WSL2

Don samun mafi kyawun WSL2, yana da daraja sakawa Terminal Windows daga Microsoft Store. Ya fi dacewa da ƙarfi fiye da kwamandan umarni na yau da kullun ko ma tsohuwar taga PowerShell.

Windows Terminal yana ba da izini ƙirƙirar bayanan martaba ga kowane distroƘayyade wace tasha ta buɗe ta tsohuwa (PowerShell, CMD, Ubuntu, da dai sauransu), yi amfani da shafuka, bangarori daban-daban, jigogi masu launi daban-daban, fonts na al'ada, hotunan bangon baya, da gajerun hanyoyin keyboard na ci gaba.

Ga masu haɓakawa da yawa akan WindowsWindows Terminal + WSL2 shine haɗin da ya zo kusa da ƙwarewar aiki na tsarin Linux na asali ko macOS tare da ci gaba, ba tare da barin yanayin Windows ɗin ku ba.

Kafa yanayin haɓakar ku: Lambar VS, Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin, Git, da bayanan bayanai

Da zarar WSL2 ya tashi yana gudana, mataki na gaba mai ma'ana shine haɗa editan da kuka fi so ko IDE tare da wannan muhalli. Microsoft ta sanya himma da yawa wajen sanya lambar Studio ta Kifin gani da aikin hirar kallo daidai da WSL.

VS Code

Fi dacewa, ya kamata ka shigar da Kunshin Ci gaban NisaWannan tsawo yana ba ku damar buɗe babban fayil ɗin da ke cikin WSL kamar dai aikin gida ne, amma yana gudana uwar garken VS Code a cikin rarraba. Kawai rubuta:

code .

Daga tashar WSL, a cikin babban fayil ɗin aikinku, lambar VS za ta buɗe waccan hanyar "nesa" tare da duk tsarin halittarta: kari, cirewa, haɗin haɗin gwiwa, da sauransu, amma a zahiri yana aiki da Linux.

Kayayyakin aikin hurumin

Yana ba ku damar saita WSL azaman manufa don ayyukan C ++ ta amfani da CMake. Kuna iya haɗawa da gyara kuskure akan Windows, WSL, ko injunan nesa, canza manufa daga cikin IDE kanta.

Game da sarrafa sigar, amfani da Git a cikin WSL yana da sauƙi kamar shigar da shi tare da mai sarrafa fakitin distro (misali, sudo apt install git (a kan Ubuntu) da kuma saita takaddun shaida, fayilolin keɓancewa, ƙarshen layi, da sauransu. Hakanan zaka iya amfani da Manajan Kredit na Windows don haɗa ingantaccen aiki.

Ana saita bayanan bayanai a cikin WSL (MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Redis, SQL Server, SQLite, da sauransu) yayi kama da yin shi akan kowace uwar garken Linux. Kuna iya fara ayyukan a cikin distro ko amfani da kwantena Docker akan WSL2, sannan ku haɗa aikace-aikacenku daga Windows ko daga WSL kanta, ya danganta da bukatunku.

Sarrafa abubuwan tafiyarwa na waje, GUI, da maajiyar rabawa

WSL2 kuma yana ba da izini Haɗa diski na waje ko kebul na USB kai tsaye a cikin mahallin Linux. Akwai takamaiman takaddun bayanai don hawa diski tare da umarnin wsl --mountWannan yana ba ku sassauci mai yawa lokacin aiki tare da bayanan da kuke da su a wasu raka'a.

Idan kana so gudanar da aikace-aikacen hoto na Linux (GUI) a cikin WSL2 yanzu yana yiwuwa godiya ga tallafin Microsoft don aikace-aikacen GUI. Wannan yana ba ku damar buɗe masu gyara hoto, kayan aikin ƙira, ko mahallin tebur masu nauyi ba tare da buƙatar kora na'ura ta gargajiya ba.

Don yin madadin ko matsar da cikakken distro zuwa wata kwamfutaWSL ya ƙunshi umarni guda biyu masu amfani sosai:

• Fitar da distro:
  wsl --export NombreDistro backup-wsl.tar
  Wannan yana haifar da fayil ɗin TAR tare da duk tsarin fayil ɗin sa.
• Shigo distro:
  wsl --import NombreDistro C:\ruta\destino backup-wsl.tar --version 2
  Wannan yana mayar da wannan distro tare da duk abinda ke ciki zuwa wata hanya kuma, idan kuna so, yana tabbatar da cewa yana amfani da WSL2.

Wannan tsarin fitarwa / shigo da shi yana da matukar dacewa don yanayin haɓaka haɓakawa, raba su tare da abokan aiki, ko kawai kiyaye ajiyar tsaro kafin yin manyan canje-canje.

WSL2 ta kafa kanta a matsayin yanayin ci gaba na farko Ga masu amfani da Windows da yawa waɗanda ba sa son daina wasan caca, ta amfani da takamaiman software, ko aikinsu akan wannan tsarin, amma suna buƙatar yanayin Linux na gaskiya don shirye-shirye, ba WSL2 gwadawa na iya zama mai canza wasan yadda kuke aiki.

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Daniel Terrasa

Edita ya ƙware a fannin fasaha da al'amuran intanet tare da gogewa fiye da shekaru goma a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na dijital daban-daban. Na yi aiki a matsayin edita da mahaliccin abun ciki don kasuwancin e-commerce, sadarwa, tallan kan layi da kamfanonin talla. Na kuma yi rubutu a shafukan yanar gizo na tattalin arziki, kudi da sauran fannoni. Aikina kuma shine sha'awata. Yanzu, ta hanyar labarai na a ciki Tecnobits, Ina ƙoƙarin bincika duk labarai da sababbin damar da duniyar fasahar ke ba mu kowace rana don inganta rayuwarmu.