X-59: Jirgin saman supersonic shiru wanda ke son canza dokokin sararin sama

Fitowar rana a Kudancin California ta zama wuri don ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a cikin jirgin sama na baya-bayan nan: Jirgin farko na X-59, jirgin saman supersonic na NASA da Lockheed MartinTare da silhouette mai tsayi da hancin bakin ciki sosai, wannan samfurin gwaji ya ɗauki iska a karon farko tare da takamaiman manufa: don nuna cewa yana yiwuwa a tashi da sauri fiye da saurin sauti ba tare da hayaniya ba wanda a tarihi ya raka irin wannan jirgin.

Wannan jirgi na farko, wanda ya kwashe sama da awa daya, ya tabbatar da hakan Tsarin jirgin, na'urorin da ke cikin jirgin, da kuma sarrafawar jirgin suna aiki kamar yadda aka zata.Ga hukumar kula da sararin samaniya ta Amurka, jirgin X-59 ba kawai jirgin sama ne mai walƙiya ba, a'a, cibiyar aikin da, idan komai ya tafi daidai, zai iya canza ƙa'idojin jirgin sama mai ƙarfi a kan yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a a Amurka, Turai da sauran ƙasashen duniya.

Wani nau'in jet daban-daban: ban kwana da haɓakar sonic

Tun tsakiyar karni na 20, babban cikas ga jirgin sama na kasuwanci shine boom ko sautin sauti wanda ke faruwa lokacin da shingen sauti ya karyeWannan fashewar, wanda ya haifar da haɗuwar girgizar girgizar da ke kewaye da jirgin, ba kawai hayaniya ce mai ban haushi ba: yana iya haifar da girgiza mai tsanani, ya sa tagogi, da kuma haifar da kowane nau'i na korafe-korafe a ƙasa, har zuwa abin da ya sa ya motsa. Hani a bayyane kan jiragen sama na sama da ƙasa a kasashe kamar Amurka.

The Concorde, alamar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙarni na 20, ita ce mafi bayyanan misali na waɗannan iyakoki. Ya tashi da sauri tsakanin Turai da Amurka, amma Zai iya yin amfani da damar da yake da ita a kan teku.nesa da garuruwa. Wannan ƙuntatawa, haɗe da farashi da matsalolin aiki, a ƙarshe ya haifar da janye shi daga sabis a 2003, yana barin gibi a cikin sufuri mai sauri.

An ƙirƙiri X-59 daidai don magance wannan matsalar. NASA da Lockheed Martin sun tsara wani jirgin sama da aka ƙera daga karce don rage yawan tasirin sauti na jirgin samaTunanin ba shi da yawa don tafiya da sauri fiye da kowa, amma don cimma lokacin karya shingen sauti, maimakon wani kara mai kwatankwacin fashewa, a kan ƙasa ba a san shi kawai tsautsayi mai ban tsoro ko "tausasawa", kamar yadda kamfanin da kansa ya bayyana.

Don haka sunan barkwanci na ciki don fasahar da aka haɗa cikin na'urar: shiru supersonic, ko dai supersonic shiruIdan wannan hanyar ta yi aiki, hukumomi za su iya sake fasalin dokokin da shekaru da yawa suka hana zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar kasuwanci mai sauri a kan wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa, gami da manyan sassan Turai.

Tsanani mai tsauri don daidaita igiyoyin girgiza

Don cimma wannan tasiri mai sarrafa sauti mai ƙarfi, injiniyoyi sun zaɓi wani sosai unconventional zaneX-59 yana da kusan mita 30 tsayi amma yana da Tsawon fuka-fuki mai tsayin mita 8,9 kawai da doguwar, sirara, da fuselage mai nuniYana kama da fensir mai motsi fiye da jirgin fasinja na yau da kullun. Wannan lissafin ba wai kawai abin sha'awa ba ne: kowane santimita na tsarin an ƙididdige shi don siffanta halayen raƙuman girgiza.

El mai tsayi da kaifi sosai Ita ce ke da alhakin "shirya" iska tun kafin ta kai ga sauran fuselage, rarrabawa da kuma girgiza igiyoyin girgiza maimakon barin su su haɗa kai zuwa gaba ɗaya mai ƙarfi. bakin fuka-fuki da filaye masu kulawa da kyau Suna kuma taimakawa wajen rarraba tarzoma a hankali, ta yadda sautin da ke isa kasa ya fi kama da fashewa.

Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki shi ne cewa X-59 ba jirgin sama ba ne da aka kera gaba ɗaya daga karce. Lockheed Martin ya yanke shawara yi amfani da abubuwan da aka riga aka gwada a cikin jiragen yaƙi kamar F-16 da F-15Wannan ya haɗa da, alal misali, haɗa kayan saukarwa daga F-16 da tsarin tallafi na rayuwa daga dandamali na soja. Haɗa ingantattun abubuwan haɗin gwiwa tare da sabbin fasahohi yana rage haɗari kuma yana ba da damar ƙoƙarin a mai da hankali kan ingantaccen ingantaccen al'amari: sarrafa amo na supersonic.

A cewar bayanan da shirin da kansa ya bayar. Gudun tafiye-tafiyen ƙirar X-59 shine Mach 1,4, wanda yayi daidai da game da Kilomita 1.580 a kowace awa, a kimanin tsayin mita 16.700 (kimanin ƙafa 55.000). Ko da yake An yi tashin jirgin na farko ne a cikin sauri da sauri, kusan kilomita 370 a cikin sa'a kuma a tsayin kusan kilomita 3,5.Manufar yaƙin neman zaɓe shine a faɗaɗa ambulan a hankali har sai an kai ga adadin.

dakin gwaje-gwaje mai tashi don canza dokoki

Duk da bayyanarsa ta gaba. Ba a nufin X-59 don ɗaukar fasinjoji ba, kuma ba samfurin jirgin sama ba ne.NASA a fili ta gabatar da ita azaman dandalin gwaji da aka tsara don tattara bayanai, duka na fasaha da zamantakewa, waɗanda zasu sanar da canjin tsari akan sikelin duniya.

An haɗa aikin a cikin NASA's Quest manufaAikin yana da nufin nuna cewa jirgin sama mai shiru yana iya aiki kuma, bisa ga haka, yana ba da bayanai ga hukumomin jiragen sama a Amurka, Turai, da sauran ƙasashe don su iya yin nazarin bitar ƙa'idodin yau da kullun. Hukumar ta nace cewa X-59 shine a kayan aiki don share hanya don ƙirar kasuwanci na gababa samfurin da aka shirya don siyarwa ba.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shirin ya ƙunshi ɗauki X-59 don tashi sama da al'ummomi daban-dabanduka a cikin keɓantattun wurare da kuma wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a, koyaushe tare da matakan da aka saba don gwajin irin wannan nau'in. Manufar ita ce yin rikodin ainihin matakin amo a ƙasa kuma, sama da duka, don tantance yadda mutane ke fahimtar wannan sabon nau'in "sonic blast" attenuated.

Ana ɗaukar wannan lokaci na yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a matsayin maɓalli saboda bayanan da aka samu za a aika zuwa Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Amurka (FAA) da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa irin su ICAO, waɗanda ke da tasiri. daftarin dokokin da su ma suka shafi sararin samaniyar TuraiIdan shaidun sun nuna cewa tasirin amo yana da ƙasa kuma abin karɓa ne, Wannan zai buɗe ƙofar zuwa sabuntawa na gaba na iyakoki na yanzu..

Yana da kyau a lura cewa aikin ya yi gyare-gyaren jadawali da yawa. NASA ta amince da hakan gazawar da aka gano a cikin tsarin da ba su da yawa da kuma halayen da ba zato ba tsammani a cikin abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci Sun tilasta jinkirta zuwa jirgin farko, wanda aka shirya tun da farko. Koyaya, hukumar ta fassara waɗannan koma baya a matsayin garanti: gano su a ƙasa ya ba su damar Tace ƙira kuma ƙara ƙimar aminci a shirye-shiryen gwajin iska.

Jirgin farko: Minti 67 da ke nuna alamar juyawa

Jirgin X-59 ya tashi da asuba daga wuraren Skunk yana aiki a Palmdale (California)Sashen Lockheed Martin sananne don haɓaka ayyukan ci gaba tare da babban matakin sirri. A cikin wannan jirgin na farko, jirgin yana tare da shi wani jirgin bincike na NASA Boeing F/A-18, alhakin lura da halayensu, yin fim da su, da ba da tallafin tsaro.

Matukin gwajin NASA yana wurin sarrafawa Nils Larsonwanda ya kamala tashin jirage kusan mintuna 67. A wannan matakin farko, injiniyoyi sun zaɓi zama masu ra'ayin mazan jiya: Jirgin ya ci gaba da saurin gudu, tare da tsawaita kayan saukarwa. a duk tsawon tafiya a ɗan ƙaramin tsayi, tare da ainihin makasudin tabbatar da cewa tsarin sarrafawa yana amsawa akai-akai.

A lokacin tafiya, X-59 Ya tashi sama da yankin tsakanin Palmdale da yankin EdwardsA ƙarshe za ta zama ta dogara ga Cibiyar Nazarin Armstrong ta NASA, kuma a California. Wannan kayan aiki zai zama ainihin kamfen na gwaji na gaba, wanda sannu a hankali zai ƙaru cikin rikitarwa: na farko, za a gwada kulawa a ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin jirgin sama daban-daban, kuma daga baya, makasudin shine cimma nasara. Gudun ƙira shine Mach 1,4 a kusan ƙafa 55.000..

Kodayake har yanzu ba a yi amfani da damar da take da shi ba, NASA ta yi imanin hakan Wannan jirgin na farko yana wakiltar mataki mai mahimmanci zuwa nan gaba inda zirga-zirgar jiragen sama masu sauri ke sake zama ruwan dare, amma ba tare da tasirin hayaniyar da ta taɓa shafar rayuwar waɗanda ke zaune a ƙarƙashin hanyoyin jirgin na Concorde ba.

Wakilan Lockheed Martin sun jaddada cewa X-59 shine misali na nau'in ƙirƙira da masana'antar sararin samaniya ke son haɓakawaJohn Clark, mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma babban manaja na Skunk Works, ya bayyana cewa aikin da ba a yi shiru ba zai yi tasiri mai "dorewa da canji" ga mutane a duniya. bude yiwuwar saurin sufurin iska masu jituwa da al'ummomin tushen ƙasa.

Tare da X-59 yanzu a cikin iska da baturi na gwaje-gwaje a gaba, jirgin sama yana ɗaukar mataki mai ƙarfi zuwa matakin da ya dace. Sake karya shingen sauti ba zai iya zama daidai da hayaniya da hargitsi ba.Abin da yake a yau samfurin gwaji a sararin samaniyar California na iya kawo ƙarshen tasirin yadda aka kera jiragen sama da sarrafa su cikin ƴan shekaru. Haɗa Turai, Amurka, da sauran ƙasashen duniya a lokutan da ba a daɗe da zama kamar almara na kimiyya ba..