ʻO ka membrane cell, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka membrane plasma, he ʻano koʻikoʻi e hoʻopuni ana i nā cell āpau a hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea ma waena o loko a me waho o lākou. Aia kāna hana nui i ka mālama ʻana i ka pono o ke kelepona a me ka koho koho ʻana i ka hele ʻana o nā molekala a me nā ion. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi kikoʻī mākou i nā ʻāpana like ʻole a me nā inoa o ka membrane cell, i mea e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ai i kona ʻano a me kāna hana i nā kaʻina olaola.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka membrane cell
ʻO ka membrane cell kahi hale hoʻoikaika ikaika loa i loaʻa i loko o nā pūnaewele ola a pau. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia me nā lipids a me nā protein e hāʻawi iā ia i nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa a koʻikoʻi no ke ola ʻana o ke kelepona. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma lalo nei:
- phospholipids: Hoʻokumu lākou i ka lipid bilayere hoʻokumu i ke kumu hoʻokumu o ka membrane cell. ʻO kēia mau lipid he poʻo polar hydrophilic a me ʻelua huelo hydrophobic. ʻO kāna hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka bilayer e hiki ai i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi pale lipid e hoʻoponopono ai i ke kahe ʻana o nā molekole i loko a i waho o ke kelepona.
- ʻO nā protein holoʻokoʻa: He mau mole i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka membrane cell a hana i nā hana like ʻole. Hiki i kēia mau protein ke lilo i mau transporters, receptors, enzymatic or adhesion proteins, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. He mea koʻikoʻi kona noho ʻana no ke kamaʻilio ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea ma waena o ke kelepona a me kona kaiapuni.
- Carbohidratos: Loaʻa nā kalapona i pili i nā lipids a i ʻole nā protein o ka membrane, e hana ana i nā glycolipids a me nā glycoproteins. ʻO kēia mau hale, i kapa ʻia ʻo glycocalyx, e pāʻani i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka ʻike ʻana o ke kelepona, ka hoʻopili ʻana o ke kelepona, a me ka pale ʻana i nā microorganism a me nā toxins.
Ma kahi o nā ʻāpana i ʻōlelo ʻia, hiki i ka membrane cell ke hōʻike i nā molekole cholesterol e hāʻawi iā ia i ka paʻa a me ka maʻalahi. Pēlā nō, aia nā ʻano protein peripheral like ʻole ma ka ʻili o ka membrane a komo i ka hōʻailona cell. He mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka hana o ke kelepona, no ka mea, hoʻoponopono ia i ka hele ʻana o nā mea, e ʻae i ka pilina me kona kaiapuni a kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis.
Nā ʻāpana lipid o ka membrane cell
ʻO nā membrane cell, pono no ka hana ʻana o nā cell, aia i nā ʻano lipid like ʻole e hāʻawi iā lākou i nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa he mea nui kēia mau mea lipid no ke ʻano a me ka hana o ka membrane, e ʻae ai i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kahe o nā mea ma waena o nā pūnaewele.
ʻO nā mea nui nā:
- phospholipids: ʻO lākou nā lipids nui loa i ka membrane cell. Aia lākou he poʻo polar a me ʻelua huelo hydrophobic. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā Phospholipids i kahi lipid bilayer, me nā poʻo ma waho a me nā huelo ma loko o ka membrane.
- Sphingolipids: Hana ʻia kēia mau lipid me kahi mole sphingosine i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi waikawa momona. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka sphingolipid i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka permeability membrane a me ka hōʻailona cell.
- Cholesterol: ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia he lipid, ʻo ka cholesterol he mea nui o ka membrane cell. Kōkua ia i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai o ka membrane a kōkua i kona kūpaʻa ʻana.
ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o kēia mau ʻāpana lipid, me nā protein a me nā carbohydrates, e hana i kahi membrane cell ikaika a hana. ʻO kāna hoʻonohonoho a me ka hoʻohui lipid kikoʻī he kī ia e hiki ai i nā kaʻina cellular koʻikoʻi e like me ka endocytosis, exocytosis a me ka transduction hōʻailona.
Phospholipids: ke kumu o ka membrane cell
ʻO Phospholipids nā molekole koʻikoʻi i ke ʻano o ka membrane cell. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau lipid me kahi poʻo polar a me ʻelua huelo hydrophobic i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi lipid bilayer. Hiki i kona alo ke hana i kahi pale semi-permeable e hoʻoponopono i ke komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o nā mea i loko o ke kelepona.
ʻO ke poʻo polar o nā phospholipids, i haku ʻia me kahi pūʻulu phosphate a me kahi mole glycerol, he hydrophilic, ʻo ia hoʻi he pili i ka wai. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā huelo hydrophobic, i hana ʻia e nā momona momona, e ka wai akā paʻa kekahi i kekahi ma muli o kā lākou waiwai hydrophobic. ʻO kēia ʻano hana e hiki ai i nā phospholipids ke hoʻonohonoho i kahi ʻano kūpono, e hana ana i kahi lipid bilayer kahi e hoʻopili ai nā poʻo polar me ke ʻano wai a hoʻohuli ʻia nā huelo i loko o ka wai.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā phospholipids i loko o ka membrane cell he mea nui ia no kāna hana ʻana ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻolako ʻana i ke ʻano e pono ai no ke kelepona, hoʻokani pū kēia mau lipid i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe, e like me ka lawe ʻana i nā mea ma waena o ka membrane me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā protein transport. ʻO kēia mau protein, aia i loko o ka lipid bilayer, e ʻae i ke ala koho o nā ion, nā meaʻai a me nā molekala ʻē aʻe e pono ai no ka hana pono o ke kelepona. Ma kēia ʻano, pono nā phospholipids e mālama i ka homeostasis cellular a e hōʻoia i ko lākou ola a me ka hana pono.
Glycolipids: kahi papa o ka pale
ʻO Glycolipids kahi papa o nā lipid i loaʻa i nā membrane cell, a he hana koʻikoʻi lākou i ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi papa o ka pale. Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau pūhui me ka loaʻa ʻana o ke poʻo polar i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻakika i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi kaulahao o nā ʻakika momona non-polar. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o kēia ʻelua mau pūʻulu hana e hāʻawi i nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa glycolipids ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā a me ka hana.
ʻO kekahi o nā hana nui o ka glycolipids ʻo ka pale ʻana i ka membrane cell mai nā mea waho a i ʻole nā mea i loko e hiki ke hōʻino iā ia. ʻO kona hele ʻana i loko o ka membrane e hana i kahi pale kūpono e kūʻē i nā mea ʻino, e like me nā toxins a i ʻole nā enzymes pathogenic, e pale ana i ko lākou komo ʻana i loko o ke kelepona. ʻO kēia ʻāpana pale ʻē aʻe e kōkua pū i ka pale ʻana i ka dehydration a hana ma ke ʻano he pale impermeable i kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe wai.
Ma waho aʻe o kā lākou kuleana i ka pale ʻana i ke kelepona, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā glycolipids i ka ʻike cell a me ke kamaʻilio intercellular. ʻO nā kaulahao carbohydrate i loko o nā glycolipids e hana ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona ʻike, e ʻae ana i ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā cell. He mea pili loa kēia i ka ʻōnaehana immune, kahi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai nā glycolipids i ka ʻike ʻana o nā ʻili haole a me ka pane pale o ke kino. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka hele ʻana o nā glycolipids i loko o ka membrane cell e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā microdomains i ʻike ʻia he lipid rafts, kahi hana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā protein i loko o ka membrane.
ʻO nā pūmua membrane cell integral
ʻO ka nā mea pono no ka hana pono o nā pūnaewele. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau protein i loko o ka lipid bilayer o ka membrane, e ʻae iā lākou e hana i nā ʻano hana koʻikoʻi.
ʻO kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi o nā protein membrane integral ʻo ka lawe ʻana i nā molekala a me nā ion ma o ka membrane. Ke hana nei kēia mau protein ma ke ʻano he alahele a lawe paha, e ʻae ana i ke ala koho o nā mea ma o ka membrane cell He mea koʻikoʻi ko lākou hele ʻana e mālama i ke koena o nā mea pono no nā cell, e like me nā meaʻai, ka wai a me nā ion.
ʻO kekahi hana koʻikoʻi o nā cell ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hōʻailona mai ke kaiapuni extracellular a hoʻouna iā lākou i loko o ke kelepona. Ke hana nei kēia mau protein ma ke ʻano he mau hōʻailona hōʻailona, e ʻike ana i nā molekole kikoʻī a hoʻoulu i nā "pane" intracellular. Ma kēiaʻano, hiki i nā pūnaewele ke hoʻololi a pane i nā loli i ko lākou kaiapuni, e hōʻoia i ko lākou ola a me ka hana pono.
ʻO nā protein peripheral o ka membrane cell
He pūʻulu protein lākou e pili ana i ka membrane plasma, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻohui ʻia i loko e like me nā protein integral. Aia kēia mau protein i ka papa waho o ka lipid bilayer a pāʻani i nā ʻano hana koʻikoʻi i ke kamaʻilio ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana kelepona. ʻO ko lākou kūlana peripheral hiki iā lākou ke launa pū me nā proteins a me nā lipids ʻē aʻe i loko o ka membrane, a me ke kaiapuni extracellular.
ʻO kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi o nā protein peripheral e hana ma ke ʻano he enzymes i nā hopena metabolic e kū mai ana ma ka ʻili o ke kelepona. Hiki i kēia mau enzymes ke hoʻololi i nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka synthesis o nā moleke bioactive a i ʻole ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mea ʻona. Eia kekahi, pili kekahi mau protein peripheral i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hōʻailona, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka cellular information. No ka laʻana, hiki iā lākou ke hana ma ke ʻano he mea loaʻa no nā hormones a i ʻole neurotransmitters, e hoʻouna ana i ka hōʻailona ma o nā hoʻololi conformational i ko lākou ʻano.
Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā protein peripheral i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kelepona, e hāʻawi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka cell-cell a me ka cell-extracellular matrix junctions. He mea nui kēia mau hui no ka mālama ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻiʻo a me ke kamaʻilio intercellular. Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau protein peripheral e like me nā protein e ʻike ai, e ʻae ana i ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā cell a i ʻole ma waena o nā cell a me nā molekole extracellular. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau pilina ma nā kaʻina hana e like me ka neʻe ʻana o ke kelepona, ka ʻokoʻa a me ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic.
Nā hana o ka membrane cell
He mea koʻikoʻi lākou no ke ola a me ka hana pono o nā cell. Ke hana nei kēia ʻano semipermeable ma ke ʻano he pale koho, hoʻoponopono i ke kahe o nā mea i loko a i waho o ke kelepona. Ma o nā kaʻina hana, mālama ka membrane cell osmotic balance, mālama i ka homeostasis, a hiki ke kamaʻilio kelepona. Ma lalo iho nei kekahi o nā hana nui o ka membrane cell:
- Ka lawe ʻana i nā mea: Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka membrane cell i ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai, nā ion, a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe ma o ke kelepona. Loaʻa kēia ma o ʻelua kaʻina hana nui: passive transport a me ka lawe hana. I ka lawe ʻana i ka passive, hoʻoneʻe nā mea i lalo i kā lākou gradient noʻonoʻo, ʻoiai i ka lawe ʻana i ka ikaika e koi ʻia e hoʻoneʻe i nā mea i ko lākou gradient. ʻO kēia mau mea lawe kaʻa e pili ana i ka diffusion maʻalahi, ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi, endocytosis, a me exocytosis.
- Ka ʻike kelepona: ʻO ka membrane cell ke kuleana no ka ʻike a me ka pilina ma waena o nā cell. Ma o nā molekole kikoʻī ma ko lākou ʻili, i kapa ʻia he protein ʻike, hiki i nā cell ke kamaʻilio me kekahi. Hāʻawi kēia mau protein i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā cell, ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻiʻo ponoʻī a me nā ʻiʻo ʻē aʻe, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pilina me nā cell ʻē aʻe. He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻike ʻana o ke kelepona ma ka ʻōnaehana pale, ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic.
- Ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hōʻailona: He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka membrane cell i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hōʻailona, e ʻae ana i ke kelepona e pane i nā mea hoʻoulu o waho a hoʻonohonoho i kāna mau hana i loko Ma o nā protein receptor i loaʻa i ka membrane, hiki i nā Cells ke ʻike i nā molekala hōʻailona, e like me nā hormones a i ʻole nā neurotransmitters. Hoʻoulu kēia mau protein receptor i nā cascade hōʻailona intracellular, e hoʻoulu i kahi hanana o nā hanana e hoʻoponopono i ka metabolism, ka ulu ʻana a me ka ʻokoʻa cellular.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo ka membrane cell he hale koʻikoʻi e hana ana i nā hana he nui i loko o nā cell. Ma waho aʻe o ka kaohi ʻana i ka lawe ʻana o nā mea, ʻae ia i ka ʻike kelepona a me ka lawe ʻana i nā hōʻailona. ʻO kona hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ke kahe o nā molekala a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā pilina cellular e kōkua i ke ola a me ka hana pono o nā mea ola.
Ka lawe ʻana ma waena o ka membrane cell
ʻO ka membrane cell he ʻano semipermeable e hana nui ana i ka lawe ʻana i nā mea i loko a i waho o ke kelepona ʻO kēia kaʻina hana, i kapa ʻia ʻo, ua lawe ʻia ma o nā ʻano hana like ʻole e hiki ai ke komo a puka i waho o nā molekala. nā pono o ke kelepona.
ʻElua mau ʻano nui o: ka lawe ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i ka ikaika ʻaʻole pono ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka gradient kuʻuna o nā molekala ʻāpana o ka neʻe kiʻekiʻe i kahi ʻāpana haʻahaʻa hiki ke hana ʻia ma o ka diffusion maʻalahi, osmosis, a i ʻole ka hoʻopuehu ʻia e nā protein lawe.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pono ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ATP a hiki ke hoʻoneʻe i nā molekala e kūʻē i ko lākou gradient kuʻuna, ʻo ia hoʻi ke neʻe nei lākou mai kahi ʻāpana haʻahaʻa a i kahi ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe. Lawe ʻia kēia ʻano kaʻa e nā protein transport, e like me ka sodium-potassium pumps, e hoʻohana ana i ka ikehu o ATP e lawe i nā ion ma waena o ka membrane. Eia kekahi, aia ke kaʻa kaʻa lua, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka gradient i hana ʻia e ka paila no ka lawe ʻana i kekahi mole e kū'ē i kona gradient.
Ka launa pū ʻana me ka membrane
He hana kumu no ka hana ana o na mea ola a pau. Ma o nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī a kūikawā, hiki i nā cell ke hoʻololi i ka ʻike a me nā hōʻailona, no laila e hoʻonohonoho i nā hana like ʻole a me nā kaʻina hana i loko o lākou. Hoʻokō ʻia kēia kamaʻilio ma o nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me nā molekala e hana ana ma ka ʻili o ka membrane cell.
ʻO kahi hana maʻamau ma o nā protein receptor surface. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau protein i loko o ka membrane a loaʻa iā ia ka hiki ke hoʻomaopopo a hoʻopaʻa i nā molekala hōʻailona i loko o ke kaiapuni extracellular. Ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka molekala hōʻailona i ka mea loaʻa, hoʻāla ʻia kahi ʻano o nā hanana intracellular e hana i kahi cascade hōʻailona, e hoʻouna ana i ka ʻike ma loko o ke kelepona.
ʻO kekahi hana koʻikoʻi o ke kamaʻilio kelepona ʻana ʻo ia ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā junction cell a me nā pilina me nā cell pili. ʻO kēia mau pilina, i kapa ʻia ʻo gap junctions, e ʻae i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā molekole liʻiliʻi a me nā mea hoʻopā kemika ma waena o nā pūnaewele. He mea nui kēia mana no ke kamaʻilio pololei ʻana no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā hana kelepona, e like me ka ʻoki ʻana o ka ʻiʻo, ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻōpū o ke aʻalolo, a me ka pane ʻana o ke kino ma o kēia mau pilina, hiki ke hana pū nā cell, hana i nā ʻiʻo a me nā kino kūikawā.
Nā kelepona kelepona: kī i ka hōʻailona
I loko o ka biology cell, hoʻokani koʻikoʻi nā mea loaʻa cell i ka hōʻailona cell. Loaʻa kēia mau molekele ma ka ʻili o nā cell a kuleana no ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana mai ke kaiapuni a me ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka hōʻailona i loko o ke kelepona.
Loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mea loaʻa kelepona, kēlā me kēia me kahi hana kikoʻī a me ka mīkini hōʻailona. Aia kekahi o nā ʻano maʻamau:
- ʻO nā mea hoʻokipa membrane: loaʻa lākou ma ka ʻili o ke kelepona a komo i ka lawe ʻana i nā hōʻailona extracellular i loko o ke kelepona. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo i G protein-coupled receptors, ionotropic receptors, or enzyme receptors.
- Nuclear receptors: loaʻa iā lākou i loko o ka nucleus o ke kelepona a pili i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hōʻike gene. ʻO kāna hoʻoulu ʻana e ʻae i ka transcription o nā genes kikoʻī a me ka hana ʻana o nā protein e pono ai no nā kaʻina cellular like ʻole.
- ʻO nā mea hoʻopaʻa pane pale: Loaʻa iā lākou i loko o nā pūnaewele o ka ʻōnaehana pale a ke kuleana no ka ʻike ʻana i nā molekala haole, e like me nā pathogens a i ʻole nā pūnaewele maʻi, a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kahi pane kūlohelohe kūpono.
ʻO ka hana o nā mea hoʻokipa kelepona he mea nui ia no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kaʻina cellular e like me ka ulu ʻana, ka ʻokoʻa a me ke ola ola. He mea nui kona aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i mea e holomua ai ka ʻike o ka cell biology a hoʻomohala i nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau no nā maʻi like ʻole.
Ka mālama pono ʻana o ka membrane cell
He mea nui e hōʻoia i ka hana pono o nā pūnaewele. Hana ʻia ka membrane cell ma ke ʻano he pale pale a koho e hoʻoponopono i ka hele ʻana o nā mea i loko a i waho o ke kelepona Aia ma lalo iho kekahi mau kumu nui a me nā kaʻina e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i kēia pono kelepona.
- Ka wai o ka membrane: ʻO ka hoʻohui lipid o ka membrane cell e hiki ai ke lilo i wai, he mea koʻikoʻi ia no kāna hana pono. ʻO ka phospholipids a me ka cholesterol i loko o ka membrane e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka neʻe ʻana o nā protein a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o ke kelepona.
– Ka lawe ʻana i nā mea: Hoʻohana ka membrane cell i nā mīkini lawe like ʻole e hoʻomalu i ka hele ʻana o nā mea ma o ia. ʻO ka diffusion maʻalahi, ka halihali maʻalahi, a me ka lawe ikaika ʻana kekahi o nā kaʻina hana i ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis cellular a me ka pane ʻana i nā hoʻoulu ʻana o waho.
– Palekana e kūʻē i poino: He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka cell membrane i ka pale ʻana i ke kelepona mai ka pōʻino o waho. Ma o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā molekala antioxidant e like me ka vitamin E, hiki i ka membrane cell ke hoʻopau i nā radical manuahi a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hōʻino i nā ʻāpana kelepona. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā protein membrane, e like me nā integrins, e hana ma ke ʻano he mau heleuma e mālama i ke ʻano a me ka pili ʻana o ke kelepona, e pale ana i ka haki ʻana o ka membrane.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo el he kahi hana paʻakikī a koʻikoʻi no ka hana pono ʻana o nā cell. ʻO ka wai o ka membrane, ka lawe ʻana i nā mea kanu a me ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino kekahi o nā kumu nui i kēia kaʻina hana. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau hana e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana o nā cell i ko lākou kūpaʻa a hoʻololi i ko lākou kaiapuni kūloko e mālama i ka homeostasis.
Hoʻoponopono i nā mea i loko a me waho o ke kelepona
He hana koʻikoʻi kēia no ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis a me ka hana pono o nā mea ola a pau. Hoʻopili kēia hoʻoponopono i nā mīkini intracellular e hoʻomalu i ke koena o nā mea a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana me ke kaiapuni o waho ma o nā kaʻina hana kelepona.
I loko o ke keena, hoʻoponopono ʻia nā metabolites a me nā moleke e pono ai no kāna hana kūpono. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā pūhui like ʻole, e like me ka nucleic acids, proteins, a me nā lipids. Hoʻohana ke kelepona i nā hana e like me ka unuhi ʻana a me ka unuhi ʻana o nā genes e synthesize i nā protein pono a me nā enzymes kuleana no ka catalyzing metabolic reactions.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pono ka cell e hoʻoponopono i kona kaiapuni waho e hōʻoia i ka hoʻololi kūpono o nā mea me ke kaiapuni. kaiapuni. No kēia, hana koʻikoʻi nā membrane cell. Hāʻawi kēia mau ʻano lipid i ke ala koho o nā molekala a me nā ion i loko o ke kelepona, pēlā e kāohi ai i ke komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o nā mea e like me nā pono kelepona. Eia kekahi, lawe ʻia ke kamaʻilio extracellular ma o nā hōʻailona kemika, e like me nā hormones a me nā neurotransmitters, hiki ke hoʻāla a i ʻole ke kāohi ʻana i nā kaʻina cellular like ʻole.
Ka mea nui o ka membrane cell i ka homeostasis
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka membrane cell i ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis i nā mea ola. ʻO kēia ʻano lahilahi a maʻalahi e hoʻopuni ana i nā cell āpau a hana ma ke ʻano he pale koho e hoʻoponopono i ka hele ʻana o nā mea i loko a i waho o ke kelepona. Ma o ke ʻano o nā hana, kōkua ka membrane cell i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻike o nā ion, nā meaʻai a me nā huahana ʻōpala, e hōʻoia ana i kahi kaiapuni kūloko maikaʻi loa no ka hana kelepona.
ʻO kekahi o nā hana nui o ka membrane cell ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka lawe ʻana i nā mea. Ma o ka hele ʻana o nā protein transport, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka membrane cell i ke komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o nā molekole kikoʻī, e mālama ana i ke kaulike i nā pae o nā mea pono e like me ka wai, oxygen, glucose a me nā ion e like me ka sodium, potassium a me ka calcium. Eia kekahi, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka cellular membrane i ka lawe ʻana a me ka lawe passive, nā kaʻina e ʻae ai i ke kahe ʻana o nā mea ma o ka membrane me ka ʻole e koi i ka ikehu a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu cellular, pakahi.
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona kūpono o ka membrane cell i ka homeostasis ʻo kona hiki ke ʻike a pane i nā mea hoʻoulu mai ke kaiapuni. Ma o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hoʻokipa ma luna o kona ʻili, hiki i ka membrane cell ke ʻike i nā hōʻailona kemika a i ʻole nā hōʻailona kino a hoʻoulu i nā pane kelepona kikoʻī e hiki ai i ke kelepona ke hoʻololi i ke kaiapuni, ma o ka hoʻāla ʻana i nā ala hōʻailona e hoʻololi ai lākou i ka hōʻike gene, ka huna ʻana o ka hormone. a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka membrane permeability, ma waena o nā hana ʻē aʻe. I ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka membrane cell i ka homeostasis, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka pono a me ka hana pono o nā pūnaewele ma lalo o nā kūlana loli.
Nā ʻōlelo paipai no ka mālama ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka membrane cell
Pono ka mālama a me ka mālama ʻana i ka membrane cell e hōʻoia i ka hana pololei a hōʻoia i ke olakino o kā mākou mau cell. Eia kekahi mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo koʻikoʻi e mālama i ka pono o kēia ʻano kumu i loko o ko mākou kino:
1. E pale i ke koʻikoʻi oxidative: ʻO ka hoʻolaha mau ʻana i nā radical manuahi hiki ke hana i ka oxidation a me ka pōʻino i ka membrane cell. No ka pale ʻana iā ia, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e ʻai i nā meaʻai waiwai i nā antioxidants e like me nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu, a me ka pale ʻana i ka inu ʻona nui a me ka puhi ʻana.
2. E mālama pono i ka hydration: Pono ka membrane cell i ke koena o ka wai e hana pono ai.
3. Mālama i ka wā e lawelawe ana i lipids: ʻO nā lipid nā mea pono o ka membrane cell. E hōʻalo i ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā kinikona ʻino e hiki ke hōʻino iā lākou, e like me nā solvents ikaika. Eia kekahi, he mea nui e mālama i ka meaʻai kaulike e hāʻawi ana i nā mea momona momona e pono ai no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi membrane cell olakino.
Nīnau a me nā Pane
Nīnau: He aha ka membrane cell?
A: ʻO ka membrane cell he pale semipermeable e hoʻopuni ana a pale i nā cell, e kāohi ana i ke kahe o nā mea i loko a i waho o lākou.
Nīnau: He aha nā mea nui o ka membrane cell?
A: ʻO ka membrane cell ka nui o nā lipids, nā protein a me nā kaʻa. ʻO nā lipid, e like me nā phospholipids, e hana i kahi bilayer e hāʻawi i ke ʻano i ka membrane.
Nīnau: He aha ke kuleana o nā lipids i ka membrane cell?
A: He mea koʻikoʻi ka lipid i ke ʻano o ka membrane cell, e hāʻawi ana i kahi pale impermeable i nā molekole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i kona wai.
Nīnau: He aha nā protein membrane cell nui?
A: Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā protein membrane cell i ʻelua mau ʻāpana nui: nā protein integral a me nā protein peripheral. Hoʻopili ʻia nā protein i loko o ka membrane holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ua hoʻopili ʻia nā protein peripheral i waho a i loko paha.
Nīnau: He aha ka hana o nā protein i loko o ka membrane cell?
A: Hana nā protein membrane cell i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, e like me ka lawe ʻana i nā molekala ma waena o ka membrane, ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hōʻailona kemika, a me nā enzyme e pili ana i nā hopena metabolic.
Nīnau: He aha ke kuleana o nā carbohydrates i loko o ka membrane cell?
A: Ke komo nei nā kalapona i loko o ka membrane cell i ka ʻike cell a me ka hoʻopili ʻana, ma waho aʻe o ka hana ʻana ma ke ʻano he receptors no nā hōʻailona extracellular.
Nīnau: Aia kekahi hale kūpono a i ʻole kekahi mea i loko o ka membrane cell?
A: Ma waho aʻe o nā lipids, nā proteins a me nā carbohydrates, loaʻa i ka membrane cell nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka cholesterol, ka mea e hoʻololi i kona wai, a me nā ʻano lipid kūikawā like ʻole, e like me glycolipids.
Nīnau: He aha ka mea nui o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā inoa a me nā hana o nā ʻāpana o ka membrane cell?
A: He mea nui ka ʻike i nā inoa a me nā hana o nā ʻāpana o ka membrane cell i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana ʻana o nā cell a me ke ʻano o ka launa pū ʻana me kekahi. Eia kekahi, he mea nui kēia ʻike i ka noiʻi ʻepekema a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
Nā Manaʻo no ka Wā e Hiki Mai Ana
I ka hopena, ua ʻimi mākou i ka membrane cell a me kāna mau ʻāpana kumu i nā kikoʻī. Mai nā phospholipids i hoʻokumu i ka lipid bilayer, i nā protein integral a peripheral e hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea a me ka launa pū ʻana me ke kaiapuni o waho.
Pēlā nō, ua kūkākūkā mākou i nā ʻano lipid like ʻole i loaʻa i loko o ka membrane cell a pehea kā lākou hoʻonohonoho asymmetric i kōkua i ka functionality a me ka paʻa o ka cell cell.
Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike mākou i ke koʻikoʻi o nā kalapona i loko o ka membrane cell, inā ma ke ʻano o ka glycolipids a i ʻole glycoproteins, ma ke ʻano he mea ʻike a me nā hōʻailona o ka ʻike kelepona.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka paʻakikī o ka membrane cell me kona mau inoa he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka aʻo ʻana i ka biology cell a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kaʻina kumu e hiki mai ana i loko o cells. ʻO kona ʻano kikoʻī a me ka haku mele ʻana he mea nui ia i ka hana a me ke ola ʻana o nā mea ola.
Manaʻolana mākou ua hāʻawi kēia ʻatikala i kahi ʻike kikoʻī a maopopo o ka membrane cell a me ko lākou mau inoa, e kōkua ana iā ʻoe e loaʻa ka ʻike hohonu ma kēia kahua aʻo hoihoi.
ʻO wau ʻo Sebastián Vidal, he ʻenekinia kamepiula makemake nui i ka ʻenehana a me DIY. Eia kekahi, ʻo wau ka mea nāna i hana tecnobits.com, kahi aʻu e kaʻana like ai i nā kumu aʻo e hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka ʻenehana i nā mea a pau.