ʻO ka Cellular Biology kahi aʻo ʻepekema e aʻo ana i nā cell, nā ʻāpana kumu o ke ola. Ma ka nānā ʻana i kā lākou hoʻolālā, hana, a me kā lākou ʻano, hāʻawi ʻo Cellular Biology i kahi ʻike kikoʻī o nā kaʻina olaola e kākoʻo ana i ka hana o nā mea ola. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi hohonu mākou i ka honua hoihoi o nā cell, e kālele ana i kā lākou hui kūloko, kā lākou pilina me ke kaiapuni a me kā lākou kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea ola. Ma o ka ʻenehana a me ka neʻe ʻana, e nānā mākou i nā ʻāpana nui o nā cell i loaʻa i nā mea ola like ʻole a me ka noiʻi hou loa i ke kahua o Cellular Biology i hōʻike i ka ʻike waiwai nui e pili ana i ke ola ma kāna ʻano kumu.
Introduction to Cellular Biology Cells
ʻO ka biology cell kahi aʻo ʻepekema nona ke kuleana no ke aʻo ʻana i nā cell, nā ʻāpana kumu o ke ola. ʻO kēia mau hale liʻiliʻi akā paʻakikī ke kumu o nā mea ola a pau mai nā mea ola hoʻokahi, e like me ka bacteria, a i nā mea ola multicellular, e like me ke kanaka.
I loko o ka biology cell, he ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā ʻano cell, kēlā me kēia me nā hana kikoʻī e mālama i ka homeostasis a me ka hana pono o nā mea ola. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau cell i loko o nā prokaryotes, ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia ka nucleus, a me nā eukaryotes, he nucleus i hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi membrane nuklea. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā cell eukaryotic i loko o nā ʻiʻo, nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻōnaehana, e ʻae ana i ka paʻakikī o ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hana.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka biology kelepona i nā ʻano hana a me nā mea hana no kāna aʻo ʻana. Loaʻa i kēia ka microscopy, kahi e hiki ai ke ʻike ʻia nā cell a me ko lākou mau ʻāpana i kahi pae microscopic, a me nā ʻenehana moʻomeheu cell, e hiki ai ke aʻo ʻia ke ʻano o nā cell ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻomalu. Pēlā nō, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana molekala no ka noiʻi ʻana i nā kaʻina hana ola i loko o nā pūnaewele, e like me ka replication DNA, transcription a me ka unuhi gene. Ma o ke aʻo ʻana i ka biology cell, loaʻa ka ʻike hohonu o nā hana e hoʻokele ai i ke ola a hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumu no ka holomua ma nā wahi e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, biotechnology a me genetics.
ʻO ke kūkulu a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā cell
ʻO nā kelepona nā papa kūkulu kumu o nā mea ola āpau a loaʻa nā ʻāpana like ʻole i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻokō. kāna mau hana mea nui. A laila, e hōʻike ʻia nā mea nui e pili ana i kēia ʻano a me ka hui kelepona.
Hana ʻia nā kelepona o kekahi mau ʻāpana pono, ma waena o lākou:
- Membrane pūnaewele: He papa lipid e hoʻopuni ana i ke kelepona a hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai ke kaiapuni waho.
- Nucleus: Loaʻa i nā mea genetic o ke kelepona, e like me DNA, a nona ke kuleana no ka mālama ʻana i nā hana kelepona.
- Cytoplasm: He wai gelatinous e hoʻopiha ana i loko o ke kelepona a loaʻa nā ʻāpana like ʻole a me nā hale e pono ai no ka hana kelepona.
I loko o ka cytoplasm, aia kekahi mau organelles kūikawā, e like me:
- Mitochondria: ʻO lākou nā "mea kanu mana" o ke kelepona a hana i ka hapa nui o ka ikehu i hoʻohana ʻia e ia.
- Endoplasmic reticulum: He ʻōnaehana o nā membrane i hoʻopili ʻia e e komo i ka synthesis o nā protein a me nā lipids.
- ʻO Golgi Apparatus: ʻO ia ke kuleana no ka hoʻololi ʻana, ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā molekala i hana ʻia e ke kelepona.
He mea nui ia no ka hana pono a me ke ola. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia organelle nā hana kikoʻī a hana pū me nā ʻāpana kelepona ʻē aʻe e mālama i ka homeostasis a hoʻokō i nā hana kelepona like ʻole. ʻO ka paʻakikī a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o kēia mau hale e hiki ai i nā cell ke hana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ke ola. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka biology cell i ka holomua o ka cell biology a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
Nā ʻano cell i loko o nā mea ola
I loko o nā mea ola, aia nā ʻano cell like ʻole, kēlā me kēia me nā hale a me nā hana kikoʻī. Pono kēia mau pūnaewele no ka hana pono o nā mea ola a ua māhele ʻia i ʻelua ʻāpana nui: nā cell prokaryotic a me nā cell eukaryotic.
ʻO nā pūnaewele prokaryotic ka mea maʻalahi a loaʻa i nā mea ola hoʻokahi, e like me ka bacteria. ʻAʻole kēia mau pūnaewele i kahi nucleus i wehewehe ʻia a hoʻopuehu ʻia kā lākou DNA i loko o ka cytoplasm Eia kekahi, loaʻa iā lākou kahi pā hale e hāʻawi ai i ka pale a me ka paʻa.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā cell eukaryotic a loaʻa i loko o nā meaola multicellular, e like me nā mea kanu, nā holoholona, a me nā haʻi. Loaʻa i kēia mau pūnaewele kahi nucleus i wehewehe ʻia i loko o ka DNA, i hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi membrane nuklea. Eia kekahi, loaʻa iā lākou nā organelles e like me ka endoplasmic reticulum, ka Golgi apparatus a me ka mitochondria, ke kuleana o ka hana ʻana i nā hana like ʻole i loko o ke kelepona.
Nā hana koʻikoʻi o nā pūnaewele
ʻO nā pūnaewele, nā ʻāpana kumu o nā mea ola, e hana i nā hana koʻikoʻi no ke ola ʻana a me ka hana kūpono o nā mea ola.
- Ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka metabolism: Lawe nā pūnaewele i nā hopena kemika e hoʻololi i nā meaʻai i ikehu hoʻohana. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka metabolism, pili i ka hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ATP, kahi mole e hana nei ma ke ʻano he "kālā ikehu" i loko o nā cell.
- Hoʻopili hou i ka DNA: Na nā pūnaewele ke kuleana no ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka mea genetic, DNA. I ka wā o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kelepona, hana ʻia ka hana hou ʻana o DNA e hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā cell kaikamahine i ka ʻike genetic e pono ai no kā lākou hana.
- Ka lawe ʻana i nā mea waiwai: Hoʻokomo nā pūnaewele i ka lawe ʻana i nā mea like ʻole, e like me nā meaʻai, oxygen, a me nā ʻōpala, ma o kā lākou membrane cell ka halihali kelepona, hiki ke loaʻa ma ka ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi, ka osmosis a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana i ka hana, ma muli o ke ʻano o nā molekala a me ka gradient concentrate.
Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau hana koʻikoʻi, hoʻokani pū kekahi i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe i loko o nā meaola. No ka laʻana, komo lākou i ke kamaʻilio kelepona, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā hōʻailona kemika ma waena o nā ʻāpana like ʻole a me nā kiko. Pēlā nō, hiki i nā cell ke hana i nā hana kūikawā, i kapa ʻia ʻo cellular differentiation, e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana i ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana like ʻole a hana i nā hana kikoʻī i loko o ke kino.
ʻO ka pōʻaiapili pūnaewele a me ka hana houʻana o DNA
i loko o ka pōʻai pūnaewele, hele nā pūnaewele i nā hanana i kauohaʻia e hopena i ko lākou ulu a me ka māhele. ʻO kahi hana koʻikoʻi o kēia kaʻina hana, ʻo ia ka hana hou ʻana o DNA, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia keena kaikamahine ke kope pololei o ka mea genetic o ka cell makua. Pono kēia kaʻina hana no ka mālama ʻana i ke kūpaʻa genetic a me ka hana kelepona.
Hana ʻia ka hana hou ʻana o DNA i ka manawa synthesis (S) o ka pōʻaiapuni pūnaewele. I loko o kēia kaʻina, wehe ka DNA helix pālua a wāwahi nā enzymes i nā kaula hydrogen, e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kaula hoʻohui ʻelua. Hoʻohui ʻia nā kaula hoʻohui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nucleotides i loaʻa i loko o ke kelepona. Hoʻopili hou ʻia hiki ma ke ʻano semiconservative, ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻohana ʻia kēlā me kēia kaula DNA kumu ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālike e hoʻohui i kahi kaula hoʻohui hou.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻopiʻi DNA he pololei loa no ka hoʻoponopono hewa. Hoʻoponopono mau nā enzymes e nānā i nā kaula DNA hou i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana. Inā ʻike ʻia kahi hewa, wehe ka exonuclease enzyme i ka nucleotide hewa a hoʻololi iā ia me ka nucleotide pololei. ʻO kēia ka mea e hōʻoia i ka DNA i hoʻopili ʻia he kope pololei o ka DNA kumu a hōʻemi i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā mutations.
ʻO ke kuleana o nā pūnaewele i ka uluʻana a me ka uluʻana o nā meaola
ʻO nā pūnaewele nā ʻāpana kumu o nā mea ola a pau. He kuleana koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻāpana hana a me ka hana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ola. Ma o kā lākou mau hana like ʻole a me nā kaʻina hana, ʻae lākou i nā mea ola e hana, hoʻoulu hou a hoʻololi i ko lākou kaiapuni.
ʻO ka mahele pūnaewele kekahi o nā hana nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ola. Ma o ka mitosis, māhele ʻia nā cell i ʻelua mau keena kaikamahine like, e ʻae ai i ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana. Eia kekahi, hāʻawi ka meiosis i ka hoʻohua ʻana i ka wahine, e hana ana i nā cell reproductive e hoʻoikaika i ka ʻano like ʻole e pono ai no ka evolution.
ʻO kekahi ʻano koʻikoʻi ʻo ka ʻokoʻa cellular, kahi e loaʻa ai i nā cell nā hana kūikawā a hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o nā ʻiʻo a me nā kino. Ma o kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻolalelale i nā hana like ʻole, e like me ke koko ʻulaʻula e lawe i ka oxygen, nā ʻiʻo ʻiʻo e hiki ai ke neʻe, a i ʻole nā pūnaewele nerve e hoʻouna i nā hōʻailona uila. He mea nui kēia ʻokoʻa o nā pūnaewele kūikawā no ka hana pono ʻana o kahi organism multicellular.
Koʻikoʻi o ka launa ʻana ma waena o nā cell
He mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka hana ʻana o nā organism multicellular. Ma o ke kamaʻilio intercellular, hiki i nā cell ke hoʻonohonoho i kā lākou mau hana a pane me ka maikaʻi i nā mea hoʻoulu mai ke kaiapuni. Hoʻokō ʻia kēia kamaʻilio ma o mekanika like ʻole, e like me ka hōʻailona cell a me ka ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā molekala a me nā meaʻai.
He mea nui ka launa ʻana ma waena o nā pūnaewele no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻiʻo a me nā kino. Hāʻawi ia i ka hoʻonohonoho pūnaewele a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a me ka pane wikiwiki a hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā loli kūloko a me waho. Eia kekahi, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ia i ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻike genetic a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kaʻina biochemical a me ka physiological.
I loko o kēia kaʻina kamaʻilio kelepona, ʻelua ʻano nui o ka hōʻailona: autocrine signaling, kahi e kamaʻilio pū ai nā cell me lākou iho, a me ka hōʻailona paracrine, kahi e kamaʻilio pū ai nā cell i kahi mamao pōkole He mea nui ia no ka hana pono o nā ʻiʻo ola nā ʻōnaehana, e hōʻoia ana i ka pane kūpono a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā loli i ke kaiapuni.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana endomembranous a me ka lawe kelepona
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana endomembranous kahi pūʻulu o nā organelles membranous i loaʻa i nā cell eukaryotic e hui pū ana i ka synthesis, ka hana ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i nā protein a me nā lipid. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia pūnaewele o nā organelles me ka endoplasmic reticulum (RER), ka Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, a me nā vesicle transport.
He hana koʻikoʻi ka halihali kelepona i ke ola o ke kelepona, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea e ʻae ai i ka hoʻohele ʻana o nā molekala a me nā ʻāpana ma o nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kelepona. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka ʻōnaehana endomembrane i ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona, no ka mea nona ke kuleana no ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i nā protein a me nā lipids ma waena o nā membrane.
I loko o ka RER, hoʻohui ʻia nā proteins a pelu pono ʻia me ke kōkua o nā chaperones molecular. I ka wā e pelu ʻia ai, lawe ʻia nā protein ma o nā vesicle i ka mea hana Golgi ke kuleana o ka hoʻololi ʻana, hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka puʻunaue ʻana i nā protein ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻana iā lākou i ko lākou wahi hope i loko o ke kino. ʻO nā lysosomes nā organelles kūikawā i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā molekala, a loaʻa iā lākou kā lākou ukana ma o nā vesicle lawe ʻia i hana ʻia i loko o ka Golgi apparatus. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, he mau kaʻina hana paʻakikī lākou e ʻae ai i ka hana kūpono o ke kelepona a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mole a me nā organelles i loko.
ʻO nā ʻano kikoo like ʻole i hana ʻia me nā cell
ʻO nā ʻiʻo i hana ʻia me nā cell he mea nui ia no ka hana a me ke ʻano o nā mea ola. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau kiko i nā ʻano like ʻole, kēlā me kēia me nā ʻano kikoʻī a me nā hana. Aia ma lalo iho kekahi o nā ʻano kikoʻī maʻamau i hana ʻia me nā cell.
ʻiʻo epithelial:
Uhi ka ʻiʻo epithelial i nā ʻili o waho a me loko o ke kino. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia me nā pūnaewele i hui pū ʻia, e hana ana i kahi papa mau. Hiki ke loaʻa kēia ʻano ʻiʻo ma ka ʻili, ka ʻili o ka ʻōpū, ka digestive a me nā ʻāpana mimi, a me nā ʻāpana o loko.
ʻiʻo ʻiʻo:
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻiʻo ʻiʻo i nā ʻili kūikawā i ka ʻoki a me ka hoʻomaha, e ʻae ai i ka neʻe ʻana o ke kino. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo ia i ʻekolu ʻano: ʻiʻo iwi ʻiʻo, kuleana no ka neʻe ʻana a me aia i loko o nā iwi; ʻiʻo maʻemaʻe, aia i loko o nā paia o nā ʻōpū o loko; a me ka ʻiʻo puʻuwai, ka mea i hana i ka puʻuwai.
Mea pili:
ʻO ka ʻiʻo pili ka mea nui a ʻokoʻa o nā mea a pau. ʻO kāna hana nui ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kākoʻo a me nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻiʻo a me nā kino. Hōʻike ʻia ia e kahi matrix extracellular, i haku nui ʻia me nā fiber protein a me ka mea lepo. ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻiʻo pili e pili ana i ka iwi iwi, adipose tissue, a me ke koko.
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka mitosis a me ka meiosis i ka hana hou ʻana o ke kelepona
He hana koʻikoʻi ka hana hou ʻana o ke kelepona no ka ulu ʻana, hoʻomohala a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻiʻo i loko o nā mea ola multicellular. ʻElua mau hana koʻikoʻi e ʻae ai i ka hoʻohua hou ʻana o ke kelepona ʻo ka mitosis a me ka meiosis. ʻO ka mitosis kahi kaʻina o ka mahele cell e hana ʻia i loko o nā pūnaewele somatic a hōʻoia i ka hana ʻana o ʻelua mau keena kaikamahine e like me ka genetic cell. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka meiosis kahi kaʻina hana hānau i hana ʻia i loko o nā cell germ a he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā gametes a i ʻole nā pūnaewele sex.
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka Mitosis i ka hana hou ʻana o ke kelepona ma o ka ʻae ʻana i ka ulu a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana. I loko o kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi cell makuahine i ʻelua mau keena kaikamahine, kēlā me kēia me ka helu like o nā chromosomes a me ka ʻike genetic like. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai i nā ʻiʻo ke hana hou a mālama i kā lākou hana. Eia kekahi, he mea nui ka mitosis i ka hoʻohua asexual, no ka mea, ʻo ka māhele ʻana o nā cell somatic e hiki ai ke hoʻokumu i nā mea ola hou e like me ka makua.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he mea nui ka meiosis no ka hānau ʻana i ka wahine, ʻoiai ʻo ia ke kaʻina hana hana gametes (hua a me ka sperm) i loko o nā holoholona a me nā mea hoʻohua i nā mea kanu. ʻAʻole like me ka mitosis, pili ka meiosis ʻelua mau mahele nā pūnaewele, kahi i loaʻa ai i ʻehā mau keena kaikamahine me ka hapalua o ka helu o nā chromosomes e like me ka cell makuahine. ʻO kēia ka mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka genetic i nā keiki, no ka mea, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o nā chromosomes mai ka hua manu a me ka sperm i ka wā fertilization e hoʻohua ai i kahi hoʻoilina genetic kūʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia kanaka.
ʻO nā pathologies a me nā maʻi e pili ana i nā pūnaewele
Hoʻopili lākou i nā ʻano maʻi ākea e pili ana i ka hana kūpono o kēia mau ʻāpana kumu o ko mākou kino. Hiki i kēia mau maʻi ke hōʻike iā lākou iho ma ke ʻano genetic, structural a i ʻole ka pae hana o nā cell a hiki ke loaʻa i nā hopena koʻikoʻi i ke olakino. a me ke olakino mai nā mea maʻi.
ʻO kekahi o nā maʻi maʻamau e pili ana i nā cell a me nā maʻi penei:
- Ka maʻi ʻaʻai: he maʻi i hoʻomāhuahua ʻole ʻia nā sela ʻino, e hana ana i nā maʻi koko e komo ana i nā ʻiʻo a me nā ʻōpū a puni.
- Sickle cell anemia: he maʻi maʻi i loaʻa i ke kino ʻulaʻula ke ʻano like ʻole, e hōʻeha ai i ka ʻeha, ka luhi, a me nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe.
- ʻO ka maʻi o Alzheimer: He neurodegenerative disorder kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai nā protein anoʻole i kapa ʻia ʻo beta-amyloid plaques i loko o ka lolo, me ka nalo ʻana o ka hoʻomanaʻo a me ka hana cognitive.
He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana iā lākou no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono. Ke wehe nei ka holomua o ka noiʻi a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau hou i nā mea hou no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia mau maʻi mai kahi hiʻohiʻona kelepona, e hāʻawi ana i ka manaolana i nā maʻi a me ko lākou ʻohana i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā koho therapeutic maikaʻi aʻe.
Nā noi a me nā holomua o ka biology cell i ka lāʻau lapaʻau
Ua hoʻololi ʻo Cellular biology i ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻomaikaʻi i kāna mau noi like ʻole a me nā holomua e hāʻawi i nā ala hou e hoʻomaopopo a mālama i nā maʻi. Ma lalo iho nei kekahi o nā pololei mau wahi i waiho ai ka biology cell i kona hōʻailona ma kēia aʻo:
Ka lāʻau lapaʻau gene: Ua ʻae ka biology cellular i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana hoʻomaʻamaʻa gene, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea genetic hana i loko o nā cell hemahema e hoʻoponopono ai i nā anomalies genetic. Ua wehe kēia i ka puka i nā lāʻau kūikawā a maikaʻi hoʻi no nā maʻi hoʻoilina, e like me ka cystic fibrosis a i ʻole muscular dystrophy.
Ka hana hou ʻana o nā ʻiʻo: ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻano ʻano o nā cell he mea waiwai nui i ke ʻano o ka lāʻau lapaʻau hou Mahalo i ka biology cell, ua loaʻa nā holomua nui i ka hana hou ʻana i nā ʻiʻo i pōʻino, e like me ka cartilage a me ka ʻili. ʻO kēia mau holomua i lawe mai i ka manaʻolana i nā poʻe maʻi me nā ʻeha koʻikoʻi a i ʻole nā maʻi hoʻonāwaliwali.
Ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka maʻi: Ua kōkua nui ka biology cell i ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi ma o nā ʻenehana ʻike kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻenehana koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka cytometry kahe, kahi e hiki ai ke nānā ʻia a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā cell me ka wikiwiki a pololei. Ua maʻalahi kēia i ka ʻike mua ʻana i nā maʻi e like me ke kanesa, a me ka nānā ʻana i ka pane ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
Manaʻo no ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka biology cellular
ʻO ka biology cell kahi aʻo hoihoi e koi ana i kahi ala kūpono a me ka ʻike kikoʻī o nā kaʻina hana paʻakikī e kū nei ma ma ka pae pūnaewele. No ka maʻalahi o kāu noiʻi a hoʻomaikaʻi i kou ʻike, eia kekahi mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo nui:
1. E hoʻonohonoho i kou manawa: He wahi ākea a paʻakikī, pono e hoʻolālā i kāu manawa aʻo me ka maikaʻi. E hoʻokaʻawale i ka papa hana i mau ʻāpana a hāʻawi i ka manawa kūpono i kēlā me kēia one e pale aku i manaʻo kaumaha. Eia hou, hoʻonohonoho i nā manawa aʻo maʻamau a hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana hoʻokele manawa e hoʻonui i kāu huahana.
2. E hoʻohana i nā resources: Hoʻopili ka biology cell i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hana a me nā kaʻina microscopic. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, pono e hoʻohana i nā kumuwaiwai ʻike e like me nā kiʻi, nā hiʻohiʻona 3D a me nā kiʻi kikoʻī. E kōkua kēia mau mea iā ʻoe e ʻike i nā ʻano hana a me nā kaʻina hana i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, no laila e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka assimilation o nā manaʻo paʻakikī.
3. E hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa a nānā mau: Pono ka biology cell ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā manaʻo kuʻuna ma nā kūlana kūpono. ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia e ʻae iā ʻoe e hoʻohui i kou ʻike a loaʻa nā mākau e nānā i nā kūlana maoli. Pēlā nō, he mea nui ka nānā mau ʻana i nā mea e pale aku ai i ka poina a hoʻoikaika i ka ʻike i loaʻa.
Nīnau a me nā Pane
Nīnau: He aha ka Cell Biology?
A: ʻO ka Cell Biology kahi lālā o ka biology e kālele ana i ke aʻo ʻana i nā cell a me kā lākou mau ʻāpana, a me nā kaʻina hana a me nā hale i hana ʻia i loko o lākou. Nānā i nā mea a pau mai ka hoʻolālā a me ka hana o nā molekala olaola a hiki i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka ikaika o nā ʻōnaehana kelepona.
Nīnau: He aha ka mea nui o ka Cell Biology?
A: Aia ke koʻikoʻi o ka Cellular Biology i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumu kumu o ke ola, ʻoiai ʻo nā cell nā ʻāpana kumu o ke ʻano a me ka hana o nā mea ola a pau. He mea nui ka ʻike i ka hana ʻana o nā cell e wehe i ke kumu o ke olakino, nā maʻi, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā biotechnological.
Nīnau: He aha kekahi mau kumuhana aʻo ma Cellular Biology?
A: Ma waena o nā kumuhana aʻo o ka Cellular Biology ʻo ke ʻano a me ka hana o nā membrane cell, cellular organelles (e like me ka nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum a me mitochondria), ka metabolism o ke kelepona, ka hōʻailona pūnaewele, ka mahele pūnaewele, kaʻokoʻa pūnaewele a me ke kamaʻilio intercellular.
Nīnau: Pehea e noiʻi ʻia ai ka Cell Biology?
A: Hana ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka Cell Biology me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana a me nā mea hana like ʻole, me ka microscopy (optical, electron and fluorescence), imaging and visualization techniques, biochemical method, genetic and genomic analysis, a me in vitro a in vivo hoʻokolohua. .
Nīnau: He aha ka pilina ma waena o Cell Biology a me nā hoʻopaʻi ʻē aʻe?
A: Pili loa ka Cellular Biology i nā aʻo ʻē aʻe e like me ka biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, physiology and medicine. Hoʻopili kēia mau aʻo i kekahi i kekahi, e ʻae ana i ka ʻike piha ʻana i nā kaʻina hana olaola a me kā lākou hopena i ke olakino a me ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi.
Nīnau: He aha kekahi mau noi o Cellular Biology?
A: He nui nā noi o Cell Biology a uhi i nā wahi e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, biotechnology a me ka noiʻi biomedical. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau noi e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau cell, ʻenehana ʻenehana, ke aʻo ʻana i nā maʻi genetic, a me ka noiʻi ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
Nīnau: Aia kekahi mau loina e pili ana i ka noiʻi ma Cell Biology?
A: ʻAe, ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana ma ka Cellular Biology e hāpai i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻimi noiʻi stem cell a me ka hoʻololi genetic. Pono e hahai ʻia nā protocols a me nā lula e hōʻoia i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana a me ka pono o nā cell a me nā holomua ʻepekema ma kēia kahua.
Nā Manaʻo Koʻikoʻi
I ka hopena, hāʻawi ka cell biology iā mākou i kahi ʻike kumu o nā cell, nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o nā mea ola. Ma o ka aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kelepona a me ka hana, ua hiki iā mākou ke hōʻike i nā ʻano hana paʻakikī e mālama i ke ola. Mai ka hoʻopiʻi DNA i ka hana protein, ʻo nā cell nā mea hana a mālama i ko mākou ʻano.
Ma kēia ʻatikala holoʻokoʻa, ua ʻimi mākou i nā hiʻohiʻona nui o nā cell, mai kā lākou hoʻohui kemika a hiki i nā organelles i hoʻokumu iā lākou. Eia hou, ua kālailai mākou i ko lākou ʻokoʻa hana, mai nā pūnaewele prokaryotic a i nā pūnaewele eukaryotic, a pehea e hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai lākou i loko o nā ʻiʻo a me nā ʻōnaehana.
Ke ulu mau nei ka biology cell a hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo a hoʻoponopono i nā maʻi e like me ke kanesa a me nā maʻi neurodegenerative. Eia nō naʻe, nui nā mea ʻike ʻole e ʻike ʻia a e kūkulu ʻia nā ʻenehana hou e hoʻonui i ka ʻike kelepona.
I ka pōkole, ʻo ka cell biology kahi aʻo hoihoi a koʻikoʻi e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu o ke ola Mahalo i nā holomua ʻepekema i kēia kahua, hiki iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka ʻike o ka cell biology e alakaʻi iā mākou i nā mea hou a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻO wau ʻo Sebastián Vidal, he ʻenekinia kamepiula makemake nui i ka ʻenehana a me DIY. Eia kekahi, ʻo wau ka mea nāna i hana tecnobits.com, kahi aʻu e kaʻana like ai i nā kumu aʻo e hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka ʻenehana i nā mea a pau.