Colloids He aha nā ʻano a me nā laʻana

I ke ao nei I loko o ke kemika aia nā ʻano mea like ʻole a me nā mea hiki ke lilo i mea pohihihi no nā mea he nui. ʻO kekahi o lākou he colloids, kahi papa kūikawā o nā huila i ʻike ʻia e Kona mau waiwai kanaka a me kā lākou ʻano kū hoʻokahi. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi mākou i nā ʻano colloids like ʻole e kū nei a nānā Kekahi mau laʻana nā mea koʻikoʻi o kēia ʻano mea hoihoi. Ma o ka ʻenehana a me ke kūʻokoʻa, e ʻimi mākou e ʻimi hohonu i ke kumuhana, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ʻike maopopo a pōkole o nā colloids a me ko lākou koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana.

1. Introduction to colloids: he aha lākou, ʻano a me nā laʻana

ʻO nā Colloids nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopuehu i loko o kahi kūlana waena ma waena o nā hoʻonā ʻoiaʻiʻo a me nā hoʻokuʻu. Hōʻike ʻia lākou ma ka hana ʻia ʻana e nā mea i hoʻopuehu ʻia o ka nui microscopic, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kahi ʻano dispersing. Hiki i kēia mau ʻāpana ke ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano a me ka nui, mai nā nanoparticles a i nā ʻāpana nui, a hiki ke paʻa, wai a i ʻole kinoea.

Aia nā ʻano colloids like ʻole, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me ka pae o ka mea i hoʻopuehu ʻia a me ke ʻano o ka dispersing medium. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano mea maʻamau, ʻo ia nā colloids wai-wai, colloids solid-liquid, a me nā colloid gas-wai. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻano colloid nā waiwai a me nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole, i mea e pono ai i nā noi ʻenehana a me nā ʻepekema like ʻole.

No ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o nā colloids, pono e ʻike i kekahi mau laʻana o nā colloids i loaʻa i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau ka waiū, ka mayonnaise, ka noe, ka uahi, a me ka plasma koko. Hōʻike kēia mau laʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā colloids ma nā wahi like ʻole a pehea e koʻikoʻi ai ko lākou mau waiwai pono iā lākou ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole.

2. Ka wehewehe ʻana o nā colloids a me ko lākou mau ʻano nui

ʻO nā Colloids nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopuehu i loaʻa ka nui o nā mea i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma waena o 1 nanometer a me 1 micrometer. Hiki ke paʻa, wai a i ʻole kinoea paha kēia mau ʻāpana i hoʻopuehu ʻia, a hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano hoʻomau. ʻO ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka mea hoʻomau mau ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā colloids mai nā hui ʻē aʻe, e like me nā hoʻonā a me nā hoʻokuʻu. Paʻa ka hoʻopuehu ʻana ma muli o nā mana pili i waena o nā mea i hoʻopuehu ʻia, ka mea e pale ai iā lākou mai ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a i ʻole ke kahe ʻana.

ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona nui o nā colloids ko lākou hiki ke hoʻopuehu i ka mālamalama. ʻO kēia no ka nui o nā ʻāpana i hoʻopuehu ʻia e launa pū me ka mālamalama, akā ʻaʻole lawa ka nui e hoʻopuehu loa. Keia hoopuehu o ke kukui ʻO kēia ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka hopena Tyndall, e hiki ai iā mākou ke nānā i ke ala o ka mālamalama ma o ka colloid. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka hiki o nā colloids ke hana i nā gels, nona kahi ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e paʻa ai i ka mea hoʻomau mau i loko.

Hōʻike pū ʻia nā Colloids i nā waiwai electrochemical, no ka mea, hiki i nā mea i hoʻopuehu ʻia ke loaʻa i ka uku uila ma muli o ka adsorption o nā ʻano ionic mai ka waena. Hiki ke maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole paha kēia mau hoʻoili uila, a pili i ka pilina ma waena o nā mea i hoʻopuehu ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi electrostatic ma waena o nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o ka hōʻailona like e pale ai iā lākou mai ka agglutinating, e kōkua ana i ka paʻa o nā colloids. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka huki electrostatic ma waena o nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā aggregates. He mea nui kēia mau waiwai electrochemical i nā noi he nui o nā colloids, e like me ka meaʻai, nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau.

3. Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā colloids e like me ko lākou mokuʻāina hoʻopuehu

Ua māhele ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: sol, gel a me emulsion.

ʻO ka mea mua, ʻike ʻia nā colloids sol-type me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i nā ʻāpana i loko o kahi ʻano wai. ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana he microscopic ka nui a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole lākou e noho ma ka umekaumaha. Hiki i nā mea paʻa ke lilo i ʻāpana o ka lā, akā pono lākou ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana maikaʻi loa a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o kahi sol colloid he koko, kahi i hoʻopuehu ʻia ai ke koko i loko o ka plasma.

ʻO ka lua, ʻike ʻia nā colloids gel-type me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional kahi e paʻa mau ai ka wai wai. i kahi pūnaewele paa. Loaʻa kēia i kahi mea semi-rigid i loaʻa nā waiwai o ka wai a me ka paʻa. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā gels i ka wā e hui pū ai nā ʻāpana colloidal a hoʻokumu i kahi pūnaewele hoʻomau i loko o ke ʻano wai. ʻO nā laʻana o nā gels e komo pū me ka gelatin, ka pahu, a me ka gel silica.

ʻO ka hope, hoʻokumu ʻia nā colloids ʻano emulsion ke hoʻopuehu ʻia ʻelua mau wai immiscible i kekahi i kekahi ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea emulsifying. Ke hana nei ka mea emulsifying i alahaka ma waena o nā pae wai ʻelua a pale iā lākou mai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o kahi emulsion ka mayonnaise, kahi i hana ai ka ʻaila a me ka vīnega i kahi hui paʻa ma muli o ka emulsifying agent i loaʻa nā hua.

4. Hoʻopuehu ʻia nā Colloids i loko o nā wai: colloidal solutions

ʻO ka colloid i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o kahi wai e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia o nā mea ʻāpana i loko o kahi ʻano wai. ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana, hiki ke paʻa, ka wai a i ʻole ke kinoea, ka nui ma waena o 1 a me 1000 nanometer, e hāʻawi iā lākou i nā waiwai kūikawā. Hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻonā Colloidal ma ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona homogeneous i ka maka ʻōlohelohe, akā i ka nānā ʻana ma lalo o ka microscope hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā ʻāpana.

No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hoʻonā colloidal, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana hoʻopuehu like ʻole. ʻO kekahi o nā mea maʻamau ʻo ka wili ʻana, kahi e ʻoki ʻia ai nā ʻāpana paʻa a hiki i ka nui kūpono. Hiki nō ke loaʻa nā ʻoluʻolu colloidal ma o ka condensation, kahi i hana ʻia ai nā ʻāpana mai kahi mahu. ʻO kekahi ʻano hana ʻo ia ka emulsion, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i nā kulu o kekahi wai i loko o kekahi wai immiscible.

He mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo i hiki ke kūpaʻa a paʻa ʻole paha nā hāʻina colloidal. I kekahi mau hihia, e hui pū nā ʻāpana ma muli o nā mana hoihoi ma waena o lākou. No ka pale ʻana i kēia, hiki ke hoʻohana i nā stabilizers, e like me nā surfactants a i ʻole polymers, ka mea e pale ai i nā ʻāpana mai ka agglomerating. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka hopena e hoʻopili i kona kūpaʻa. Ma kēia ʻano, pono e hahai i nā ʻōlelo a ka mea hana a hana i nā hoʻokolohua kūpaʻa ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hopena colloidal i nā noi maoli.

5. Hoʻopuehu ʻia nā Colloids i nā kinoea: colloidal aerosols

ʻO ka aerosol colloidal ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā ʻāpana colloidal i loko o ke kinoea. Ma kēia ʻano colloid, hoʻopuehu ʻia nā ʻāpana paʻa a i ʻole ka wai i ka ea a i ʻole kekahi kinoea ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka nui a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ʻāpana colloidal, hāʻawi iā lākou i nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa. ʻO kekahi o nā aerosol colloidal maʻamau e pili ana i ka pena ehu, nā deodorants, a me nā huahana hiki ke hoʻohana i nā propellants.

No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi aerosol colloidal, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana hoʻopuehu. ʻO kekahi o nā mea maʻamau ʻo ka atomization, kahi e hoʻololi ʻia ai kahi wai i mau ʻāpana maikaʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaomi a i ʻole ka ikehu ultrasonic. ʻO kekahi ʻano hana ʻo ka nebulization, kahi e hoʻololi ʻia ai ka wai i mau ʻāpana ma o ka hana a kahi kinoea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a i ʻole kahi mea kani ultrasonic.

ʻO ka mea nui, loaʻa nā colloidal aerosol i nā noi ma nā ʻoihana like ʻole. No ka laʻana, i ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou i ka hana ʻana i nā inhalers e lawelawe i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma o ka lewa. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana pū ʻia nā aerosol colloidal i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana cosmetic, e like me nā sprays. No ka lauoho, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻopuehu like ʻana i nā meaʻai. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo nā aerosol colloidal he a ala kūpono ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i nā ʻāpana colloidal i loko o ke kinoea, a he nui nā mea hoʻohana ma nā ʻano ʻoihana like ʻole.

6. Hoʻopuehu ʻia nā Colloids i loko o nā mea paʻa: colloidal gels

I loko o ke kemika, he ʻano koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi nā colloidal gel i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o nā mea paʻa. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau ʻōnaehana me nā mea paʻa paʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano wai, e hana ana i kahi ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional network-like. Hōʻike ʻia nā gel colloidal e ko lākou viscosity kiʻekiʻe a hiki ke mālama i ka nui o ka wai.

ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka gel colloidal he silica gel, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana no ka dehydration o nā kinoea a me nā wai, a me ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻonaninani. No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi silica gel colloidal, pono e hoʻopuehu i nā ʻāpana silica i loko o kahi wai e like me ka wai a i ʻole ka waiʻona, a laila e ʻae i ka hana gel.

ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi gel colloidal e pili ana i kekahi mau pae. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e koho i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana paʻa e hoʻohana ʻia, a me ka wai hoʻopuehu kūpono. A laila, hoʻopuehu ʻia nā ʻāpana i loko o ka wai, ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana mechanical, ultrasound a i ʻole kekahi ʻano kūpono. Ke hoʻopuehu ʻia nā ʻāpana, ʻae ʻia ke ʻano gel e hana ma o ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana a me ka wai. Kēia kaʻina Hiki ke lōʻihi ka manawa a koi aku i ka mālama pono ʻana i ka mahana a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo nā colloidal gels nā ʻōnaehana kahi e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai nā ʻāpana paʻa i loko o kahi wai e hana ai i kahi ʻano pūnaewele like ʻekolu. ʻO kēia mau gels he viscous loa a hiki ke mālama i ka nui o ka wai. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi gel colloidal e pili ana i ke koho kūpono o nā ʻāpana a me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i ka wai, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā ʻāpana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka hana gel. Loaʻa i kēia mau gels ka nui o nā noi i ka ʻoihana a me ka hana ʻana i nā huahana lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.

7. Nā ʻano colloids: hydrophilic a me hydrophobic

ʻO nā Colloids nā mea i ʻike ʻia e ko lākou hiki ke hoʻopuehu i loko o nā solvents, e hana ana i kahi māhele heterogeneous i kapa ʻia ʻo colloidal dispersion. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau mea hoʻopuehu i ʻelua ʻano nui: hydrophilic colloids a me hydrophobic colloids.

ʻO nā colloid hydrophilic ka mea e pili ana ka māhele i hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe wai. I loko o kēia ʻano colloids, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka dispersion ma muli o ka pilina ma waena o nā molekala o ka māhele hoʻopuehu a me nā molekala o ka solvent. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia pilina e nā waiwai polarity o nā molekala a loaʻa ma o nā kaʻina hana e like me adsorption a i ʻole hydration.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā colloids hydrophobic ka mea i loaʻa ka liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka pilina o ka māhele i hoʻopuehu ʻia no ka mea hoʻoheheʻe wai. I kēia hihia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka dispersion ma muli o ka nele o ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā molekala o ka māhele i hoʻopuehu a me nā molekala o ka solvent. No ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kēia hoʻopuehu ʻana, pono ke kū ʻana o nā mea hana a i ʻole surfactants e hōʻemi i ka ʻili o ka ʻili a pale i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā ʻāpana.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, pili ka hydrophilic colloids i ka wai, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻopuehu ʻia nā ʻāpana i loko o kahi ʻano wai. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe pili o nā colloid hydrophobic i ka wai a koi i ke alo o nā surfactants e hana i nā dispersion paʻa. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau ʻano colloids ʻelua e hoʻomaopopo i kā lākou ʻano i nā noi ʻoihana like ʻole, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā mea waiwai, pharmacology, a me ka kemika meaʻai.

8. Nā Colloids o nā ʻāpana wai: nā emulsions a me nā hoʻokuʻu colloidal

ka ʻāpana ʻāpana wai colloids He mau ʻōnaehana ia e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka wai i loko o kahi wai ʻē aʻe a i ʻole ma kahi ʻano paʻa. ʻO nā emulsions a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka colloidal ʻelua ʻano o nā colloid particle wai i loaʻa mau i ka ʻoihana a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.

ʻO nā emulsions He colloids kahi e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai nā kulu liʻiliʻi o kekahi wai i loko o kahi wai immiscible ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau ka waiū, kahi e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai nā kulu momona i ka wai. Hiki ke kūpaʻa a paʻa ʻole paha nā emulsions, ma muli o ke ʻano o nā droplets e hui a hui pū paha. No ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kahi emulsion, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea emulsifying, e like me ka lecithin a i ʻole cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Colloidal He mau ʻōnaehana ia e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai nā ʻāpana paʻa i ka wai. ʻAʻole maʻalahi kēia mau ʻāpana ma muli o ko lākou liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me nā ikaika hoʻihoʻi electrostatic ma waena o lākou. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka colloidal he silica gel i ka wai, hoʻohana ʻia i nā huahana meaʻai. mālama kino a ma ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o Colloidal i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, e like me nā uhi, nā mea hoʻopili a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

9. Colloids o nā mea paʻa paʻa: colloidal dispersions

ʻO nā ʻāpana paʻa paʻa koʻikoʻi nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano wai. Loaʻa ka nui o kēia mau ʻāpana paʻa ma waena o 1 nanometer a me 1 micrometer, e hāʻawi ana iā lākou i nā waiwai kūikawā a kū hoʻokahi.

ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o nā colloid particle paʻa ko lākou kūpaʻa, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻāpana paʻa e hoʻohui a hoʻopaʻa. No ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me ka pale ʻana i ka sedimentation, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea hoʻokūpaʻa a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hoʻoulu a me ka homogenization.

I loko o ka ʻoihana, loaʻa nā colloids solid particle i nā noi like ʻole, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā pena, nā uhi, nā mea hoʻonaninani, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā meaʻai. I ke kaʻina hana o kēia mau huahana, pono e ʻike i nā waiwai a me nā ʻano o nā colloid particle solid, a me nā ʻenehana kūpono no kā lākou hoʻomākaukau a hoʻopaʻa ʻana. E ʻae kēia ʻike iā mākou e loaʻa nā huahana kūlana kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻano kikoʻī.

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo nā colloids paʻa paʻa he colloidal dispersions i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana paʻa paʻa i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano wai. ʻO kēia mau dispersions he mau waiwai kūikawā ma muli o ka nui o nā'āpana, a he mea nui ko lākou kūpaʻa i nāʻoihana likeʻole. He mea nui e ʻike i nā ʻenehana kūpono no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā colloid particle solid, a me kāu mau noi i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana like ʻole.

10. Nā laʻana maʻamau o nā colloids i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā

ʻO nā Colloids nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopuehu i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma kahi liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi anana ma ka laulā nui ma waena o 1 a me 1000 nanometers. He kuleana koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻōnaehana i ko mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā a hiki ke loaʻa i nā ʻano huahana like ʻole a me nā ʻano. Ma lalo iho nei kekahi mau laʻana maʻamau o nā colloids i ka ola i kēlā me kēia lā.

1. Waiu: He laʻana maʻamau ka waiū o ka colloid. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia me nā globules momona i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi hopena wai o nā protein, lactose a me nā minela. Ma muli o ka nui o nā ʻāpana i hoʻopuehu ʻia a me ke ʻano o ka launa pū ʻana me ka māmā, he ʻano keʻokeʻo opaque ka waiū.

2. Mayonnaise: ʻO Mayonnaise kekahi laʻana o kahi colloid i loaʻa i ka kuke ʻana. Ua haku ʻia me nā kulu liʻiliʻi o ka ʻaila i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o kahi emulsion o ka hua manu a me ka vīneka. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano colloidal i ka mayonnaise i kona ʻano like ʻole a me ke ʻano like.

3. Koko: He colloid pono ke koko no ka hana ana o ke kino. kino kanaka. Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo ia me nā ʻili koko (ʻulaʻula a me ke koko keʻokeʻo) i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi plasma wai. ʻO ke koko kahi laʻana o ka colloid ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea i hoʻopuehu ʻia a me kona hiki ke mālama i kēia mau ʻāpana i ka hoʻomaha.

He mau hiʻohiʻona wale nō kēia o nā colloids i loaʻa i ko mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko Colloids i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, mai nā meaʻai a i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻonaninani. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano a me nā waiwai o nā colloids i nā ʻoihana he nui a me nā kula ʻepekema.

11. Nā noi ʻenehana o nā colloids a me ko lākou koʻikoʻi i ka ʻenehana

He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā colloids i nā wahi like ʻole o ka ʻenehana hou. ʻO kekahi o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā pena a me nā uhi. Hana ʻo Colloids ma ke ʻano he stabilizing agents, pale i ka ua a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hoʻopuehu like ʻana o nā puaʻa i loko o ka pena. ʻAʻole kēia e hoʻomaikaʻi wale i ka maikaʻi a me ka lōʻihi o ka uhi, akā hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻi i kāna noi a hāʻawi i nā waiwai e like me ka wai a me ke kūpaʻa abrasion.

ʻO kekahi noi kaulana ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau. Hoʻohana ʻia nā Colloids i ka hana lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa a me ka bioavailability o nā pūhui hana. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia nā colloids lipid e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka solubility o nā lāʻau lapaʻau wai-inoluble, no laila e ʻae ai i ka absorption maikaʻi i ke kino. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana pū ʻia nā colloids i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā creams topical a me nā lotions, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ʻano palupalu a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili o nā mea hana.

I ke kula o ka ai, pāʻani pū kekahi colloids i kahi kuleana kūpono. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e like me nā stabilizers, thickeners a me emulsifiers i ka ʻoihana meaʻai. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā colloid protein no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻūhā a me nā emulsions, ʻoiai hoʻohana ʻia nā colloids starch e like me nā mea mānoanoa i nā meaʻai a me nā huahana waiū. Hoʻomaikaʻi kēia mau mea hoʻohui i ke ʻano, kūpaʻa a me ka maikaʻi o nā meaʻai, e hāʻawi ana i kā lākou ʻike ʻike a me ka naʻau.

12. Koʻikoʻi o nā colloids i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka biology

ʻO nā Colloids nā mea i loaʻa nā ʻāpana microscopic i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano, e hana ana i kahi hoʻopuehu colloidal. ʻO kona koʻikoʻi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka biology aia i kona hiki ke hoʻokō i nā hana like ʻole i loko o ke kino.

ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻohana ʻia nā colloid i mau kaʻa no ka lawe ʻana i ka lāʻau. Mahalo i ko lākou nui a me ka waiwai ʻole o ka sedimenting, hiki iā lākou ke lawe i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a hōʻoia i kā lākou hāʻawi like ʻana i ke kino. He mea maikaʻi loa kēia hiʻohiʻona i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e koi ai i ka hoʻokuʻu lōʻihi ʻana o nā mea hana, no laila e pale aku ai i ka pono o nā lawelawe pinepine.

Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia nā colloids i ke kahua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau regenerative. Ma kēia manaʻo, hoʻohana ʻia lākou e hana i nā scaffolds biological e lilo i kākoʻo no ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻiʻo a me nā ʻāpana. Hāʻawi kēia mau mea colloidal i kahi kaiapuni kūpono no nā cell e hoʻopili a hoʻomohala, e hāpai ana i ka hana hou ʻana o nā ʻiʻo i hōʻino ʻia.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā colloids i ka nānā ʻana i ke kauka a me ka hoʻokolohua. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā hoʻonā a me nā reagents, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā hoʻokolohua diagnostic. Eia kekahi, ʻo kona hiki ke hana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi a paʻa e hiki ai ke hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana e like me ka chromatography a me ka electrophoresis, i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale a nānā i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o kahi laʻana.

I ka hopena, he mau mea koʻikoʻi nā colloids i ke kahua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka biology ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke lawe i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻolaha i ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana o ka ʻiʻo a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā loiloi lāʻau lapaʻau. Hana kēia mau waiwai iā lākou i mau mea hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka noiʻi ʻepekema ma kēia mau wahi. Mahalo i kā lākou versatility a me nā noi, ua lilo nā colloids i kahua o ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka evolution mau..

13. Nā waiwai a me ka hana o nā colloids ma nā ʻōnaehana colloidal

ʻO nā Colloids nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopuehu i loaʻa i nā mea like ʻole a loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ma ka ʻepekema colloid, pono e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻano o nā colloids a me kā lākou pilina ma nā ʻōnaehana colloidal. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia mau waiwai a me nā ʻano ma nā ʻano like ʻole.

ʻO ka mea mua, loaʻa i nā colloids ka nui o nā mea like ʻole ma waena o 1 a me 1000 nanometer, e hāʻawi iā lākou i nā waiwai kūikawā e like me ka lūlū māmā a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe e kūʻē i ka sedimentation. Hiki i nā Colloids ke hōʻike i nā waiwai kinetic, e pili ana i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻololi a hoʻololi i lalo o nā kūlana kino a i ʻole kemika. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau waiwai kinetic i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana e like me nā pena, nā mea hoʻopili a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

Ma waho aʻe o nā waiwai kino, hōʻike pū ʻia nā colloids i nā waiwai kemika. No ka laʻana, ma muli o ko lākou pākēneka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻili, loaʻa i nā colloids kahi mana adsorption nui no nā mea, e hiki ai iā lākou ke launa pū me nā molekala a i ʻole nā ​​​​palapala i ko lākou kaiapuni. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia waiwai i nā kaʻina hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai a me ka adsorption o nā mea haumia i ka ʻoihana kaiapuni. Pēlā nō, hiki i nā colloids ke maʻalahi i nā loli i ka pH a i ʻole ka paʻakai paʻakai, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ko lākou kūpaʻa a me kā lākou ʻano i nā ʻōnaehana colloidal.

14. Nā hopena ma nā colloids: ʻano like ʻole, pono a pili pono i nā wahi like ʻole [END

ʻO nā Colloids nā ʻano mea like ʻole i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o kahi wai a paʻa paha i loaʻa ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻoihana. Aia kona pili i kona hiki ke hana i nā hoʻonā kūpaʻa a me kāna ʻano nui o nā noi i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. Ma o kēia ʻatikala, ua ʻimi mākou i nā ʻano colloids e kū nei a me ko lākou pono i nā ʻāpana like ʻole.

ʻO ka mea mua, he mea nui e hōʻike i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā colloids i nā ʻano huahana a me nā kaʻina hana. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau mea i ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea hana a me nā kemika, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Mahalo i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻopuehu i nā ʻāpana i loko o kahi medium, hiki i nā colloids ke hana i nā huahana me nā ʻano kikoʻī, e like me ke kala, viscosity, kūpaʻa a me ke ʻano.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka pono o nā colloids i ka ʻoihana. He kuleana koʻikoʻi kēia mau mea ma nā wahi e like me ka ʻepekema material, ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni. ka honua. I ka ʻepekema waiwai, hoʻohana ʻia nā colloids no ka synthesis a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā nanoparticles i loaʻa nā noi i ka uila, photonics, a me ka catalysis. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia nā colloids no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokuʻu lāʻau i kāohi ʻia a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hiki ke diagnostic. Eia kekahi, i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, hoʻohana ʻia nā colloids no ka wehe ʻana i ka pollutant a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo nā colloids nā ʻōnaehana kahi i hoʻopuehu ʻia ai nā ʻāpana submicron-sized i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi mea hoʻopuehu. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā Colloids ma muli o ka nui o nā mea i hoʻopuehu ʻia a me nā pilina ma waena o lākou a me ka mea hoʻopuehu.

Nui nā ʻano colloids, e like me nā sols, gels, foams, emulsions a me nā aerosol, kēlā me kēia me nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa e wehewehe iā lākou. ʻO nā sol ka hoʻopuehu wai o nā ʻāpana colloidal paʻa i loko o kahi ʻano wai, ʻoiai ʻo nā gels he colloids like me ka pūnaewele kahi e paʻa ai kahi wai i loko o ka hale. ʻO nā huʻa he colloids kahi e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai ke kinoea i loko o kahi wai a paʻa paha, e ulu aʻe i kahi hale porous. ʻO nā emulsions nā colloids kahi e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai kekahi wai i loko o kahi wai immiscible ʻē aʻe, e hana ana i kahi hui heterogeneous. ʻO Aerosol nā colloids kahi e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai nā mea paʻa a i ʻole ka wai i loko o ke kinoea.

ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā colloids he waiū, koko, kopa, mayonnaise, a me nā pena. Hōʻike kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i ka ʻokoʻa o nā colloids i ko mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā a pehea e pili nui ai kā lākou noiʻi ʻana no nā ʻoihana like ʻole, e like me ka meaʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.

I ka pōkole, pono ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā colloids a me kā lākou mau ʻano like ʻole i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kino a me ke kemika e kū nei i ko mākou kaiapuni. Eia kekahi, ʻo kāna noiʻi ʻana a me kāna noi ʻana ma nā wahi like ʻole e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻomohala i nā huahana a me nā ʻenehana hou. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka noiʻi ʻana a me ka ʻimi ʻana i kēia kahua hoihoi o ka ʻepekema he mea nui e hoʻomau i ka holomua ʻana i ka ʻike a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kaiāulu.