Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai ka bacteria e like me ko lākou paia cell.

I loko o ka honua hoihoi o nā microorganisms, noho ka bacteria i kahi koʻikoʻi. Ua hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau microorganisms hoʻokahi-cell i nā ʻano kaiapuni ākea a pāʻani i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā kaʻina hana olaola. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa o ka bacteria ko lākou paia o ke kelepona, he hale waho e hāʻawi i ka pale a me ke kākoʻo. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe pā o ka maʻi bacteria, akā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i nā ʻāpana like ʻole ma muli o ke ʻano a me nā ʻano o kēia ʻano. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi mākou i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka bacteria e pili ana i kā lākou pā kelepona, e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike hohonu i kēia ʻano microbial koʻikoʻi.

Hoʻolauna

ʻO ka ʻāpana mua o kēlā me kēia papahana a i ʻole palapala ʻenehana kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ke kumu a me ka pōʻaiapili o ka papahana me ka pōkole a me ka maopopo. Hāʻawi kēia ʻāpana i kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka mea e manaʻo ai ka mea heluhelu e loaʻa i loko o ka ʻike. He mea nui ia e hopu i ka noonoo o ka mea heluhelu a me ka hoomaopopo mua ana i ke kumuhana e pili ana.

Ma kēia ʻāpana, hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumumanaʻo a me ka manaʻo e lilo i kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻike. Eia hou, hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia nā kumu kūpono a me nā kuhikuhi e kākoʻo ana i ka ʻike i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka papahana e komo pū kekahi i kahi hōʻuluʻulu pōkole o nā mokuna a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana e kamaʻilio ʻia, no laila e hāʻawi ana i kahi ʻano maopopo a hoʻonohonoho ʻia o ka palapala.

ʻO kāna pahuhopu nui ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka pōʻaiapili a me ka pili o ka papahana, e hōʻike ana i nā manaʻo nui e kamaʻilio ʻia ma hope. Ma waho aʻe o ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi ʻike, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kēia ʻāpana e papa inoa i nā pahuhopu kikoʻī o ka papahana a me nā pilikia i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻoponopono. Pēlā nō, he mea nui e wehewehe pono i nā huaʻōlelo ʻenehana e hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka palapala, i mea e maopopo pono ai ka mea heluhelu.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka paia o ke kino bacteria

Pono e hoʻolako i ka paʻakikī a me ka pale ʻana i ka bacteria. Aia ia i kekahi mau papa a me nā ʻāpana e hana pū ana e mālama i ka pono o ke kelepona.

ʻO ka mea mua, ua hana ʻia ka pā o ka maʻi bacteria me kahi papa waho i kapa ʻia ʻo ka membrane o waho. ʻO kēia membrane⁢ ka hapa nui o nā lipopolysaccharides a me nā protein. ʻO kāna hana nui ka hana ʻana i mea pale pale i nā mea ʻona a me nā pathogens.

Aia ma lalo iho o ka membrane waho ka papa peptidoglycan, ʻo ia ka hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa loa o ka pā pūnaewele bacteria. ʻO Peptidoglycan kahi polymer carbohydrate i hana ʻia e nā kaulahao o ka glucose a me ka waikawa N-acetylmuramic. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau kaulahao e nā alahaka peptide, e hana ana i kahi ʻano paʻa a paʻa.

ʻO ka hoʻohui kemika o ka paia o ke kino bacteria

ʻO ka paia o ke kelepona He ʻano koʻikoʻi ka bacterial e hoʻopuni ana a pale i ka maʻi bacteria, e hāʻawi iā lākou i ka rigidity a me ke kū'ē. He ʻokoʻa kona ʻano kemika ma waena o nā ʻano bacteria like ʻole, akā ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ua haku ʻia ia me:

• Peptidoglycan: ʻO kēia ka mea nui o ka paia cell bacteria a hāʻawi iā ia i kona ʻano ʻano. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Peptidoglycan i nā kaulahao pili o nā kō, i kapa ʻia ʻo glycans, a me nā kaulahao o ⁤ amino acids i kapa ʻia nā peptides. Hoʻokumu kēia mau kaulahao i kahi ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional ikaika e hāʻawi i ka ikaika i ka paia o ke kelepona.
• Proteínas: ⁢Ma waho aʻe o ka peptidoglycan, ʻo ka pā paʻa bacteria he mau protein e ⁢ hana i nā hana like ʻole.
• Lípidos: Loaʻa nā lipid i ka haku mele o ka paia o ke kino bacteria, ʻoiai ʻo⁤ ma kahi hapa liʻiliʻi ⁤ ma mua o ka peptidoglycan. ʻO kēia mau lipids, ʻo ka phospholipids a me nā lipoproteins, e hāʻawi i ka permeability a me ka paʻa paʻa o ka paia o ke kelepona.

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ua hoʻomalu ʻia ʻo ‍ e ka peptidoglycan, he polymer paʻakikī o nā kō a me nā waikawa amino.⁤ Eia nō naʻe, aia pū kekahi i nā protein a me nā lipid e hana i nā hana like ʻole e pono ai ke ola a me ka hana ʻana o ka bacteria. ʻO kēia hui pū ʻana o nā mea kemika e hāʻawi i ka pā o ka cell bacteria i kona kūpaʻa a me ka mana pale, e ʻae ana i ka bacteria e ola a hoʻololi i ko lākou kaiapuni.

Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka bacteria e like me ko lākou paia cell

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā maʻi bacteria e like me ke ʻano o ko lākou pā hale, he papa pale e hoʻopuni a hoʻohua i ko lākou kino. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia pā hale no ke ola ʻana o ka bacteria, no ka mea, hāʻawi ia i ka pale i nā kūlana ʻino a kōkua i ko lākou ʻano paʻa a me ke kū'ē. Aia ma lalo iho nā papa helu nui o ka bacteria e like me ko lākou paia cell:

Ma ka haku mele ʻana:

• ʻO nā hua bacteria Gram-positive: ʻO kēia mau maʻi bacteria he pā mānoanoa i haku ʻia me ka peptidoglycan, kahi mea e hāʻawi ai i ke kūʻē nui a mālama iā lākou i ka wai kala Gram. Hoʻopili lākou i kekahi mau lāʻau antibiotic e like me ka penicillin.
• Bacterias gramnegativas: ʻAʻole e like me ka maʻi bacteria Gram-positive, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka paia o kēia mau bacteria i loko o ka nui o ka peptidoglycan. Eia kekahi, loaʻa iā lākou ka membrane waho⁤ i haku ʻia me nā lipopolysaccharides. ʻOi aku ko lākou kūpaʻa i kekahi mau lāʻau antibiotic a ʻoi aku ka maʻi pathogenic.

Ma ke ʻano o ka hui ʻana:

• Diplococcus bacteria: He bacteria ia i hui pū ʻia i ʻelua a he ʻano spherical maʻamau. ʻO nā laʻana o kēia mau mea ola ʻo Neisseria meningitidis a me Streptococcus pneumoniae.
• Staphylococcus bacteria: Hoʻohui pū kēia mau hua bacteria ma ke ʻano o nā pūʻulu a i ʻole nā ​​hui hua waina. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia ʻano ⁤bacteria‍ ʻo ia ʻo Staphylococcus aureus, ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i nā maʻi ʻili like ʻole.

Ma muli o ka hiki ke mālama i nā kala:

• ʻĀkia-wikiwiki bacteria: ⁤ Hiki i kēia mau huakini ke mālama i nā mea pena ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe waika. ʻO nā laʻana i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ia ka Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi maʻi, a me ka Mycobacterium leprae, ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi lepera.
• ʻAʻole-acid-wiki bacteria: ʻAʻole e like me ka huakiʻi ʻakika wikiwiki, ʻaʻole mālama kēia mau huakini i ke kala ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe waika. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia pūʻulu ʻo Escherichia coli, he bacteria maʻamau i loko o ka ʻōpū o nā mammals.

Gram-positive bacteria: nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana

ʻO ka maʻi bacteria Gram-positive he pūʻulu o nā huakini i ʻike ʻia me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pā paʻa mānoanoa i haku ʻia me kahi papa o⁢ peptidoglycan. Hāʻawi kēia papa iā lākou i ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe a hoʻopaʻa iā lākou i ka discoloration ma ke ʻano Gram. A laila, e hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o kēia mau bacteria.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka bacteria gram-positive:

• ʻAno pōʻai a i ʻole bacillary.
• ʻO ka paia pūnaewele me kahi papa mānoanoa o peptidoglycan e hāʻawi iā lākou i ke kū'ē.
• ʻAʻohe o lākou membrane waho.
• Hiki iā lākou ke hōʻike i nā spores (nā ʻano kūʻē e hiki ai iā lākou ke ola i nā kūlana kūlohelohe maikaʻi ʻole).
• Hoʻopuka kekahi mau ʻano i nā mea ʻino i ke kanaka.
• He heterotrophic lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, loaʻa kā lākou meaʻai mai nā mea ola ʻē aʻe.

Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā hua bacteria gram-positive:

• Nā mea paʻa: Hoʻopili ia i nā bacteria e like me staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci a me clostridia.
• Actinobacteria: e komo pū ana nā huakini o ka genus Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium a me Nocardia.
• Nā Tenericute: Loaʻa iā ia nā maʻi bacteria e like me mycoplasmas, ka mea nele i ka paia cell.

I ka hopena, hōʻike ʻia ka hua bacteria Gram-positive e ko lākou pā hale mānoanoa a me ko lākou kūʻē ʻana i ka decolorization ma ke ʻano Gram. Hele mai lākou i nā ʻano like ʻole a loaʻa paha nā ʻano e like me ka hiki ke hana i nā spores a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i nā toxins. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i nā hui like ʻole, e like me Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, a me Tenericutes, kahi i loaʻa i nā ʻano ʻano bacterial.

Gram-negative bacteria: hiʻona⁤ a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana

ʻO ka maʻi bacteria Gram-negative he pūʻulu nui o nā microorganisms me nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai ka bacteria gram-positive. ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ka bacteria Gram-negative ʻo ko lākou ʻano pā hale, i haku ʻia me kahi membrane waho a me kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o peptidoglycan. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano iā lākou i ke kūʻē ʻana i kekahi mau lāʻau antibiotic, hiki ke paʻakikī i kā lākou mālama ʻana.

Ma waho aʻe o kā lākou pā hale kūʻokoʻa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā bacteria Gram-negative e pili ana i kā lākou morphology a me ka hana metabolic. ʻO kekahi o nā pūʻulu maʻamau o ka bacteria gram-negative e komo pū ana:

• Enterobacteriaceae: Aia i loko o kēia ʻohana o nā bacteria gram-negative nā mea ola e like me Escherichia coli, Salmonella, a me Klebsiella. He mau pūnana bacillary lākou e noho nui ana i loko o ka ʻāpana digestive o ke kanaka a me nā holoholona.
• Pseudomonas: Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano o ka bacteria gram-negative no kona kūʻē ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic he nui a me kona hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā wahi like ʻole, me nā halemai. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano Pseudomonas ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi koʻikoʻi i nā maʻi immunocompromised.
• Neisseria: ʻO nā maʻi bacteria o ka genus Neisseria he gram-negative diplococci e komo pū ana me nā pathogens koʻikoʻi kanaka e like me Neisseria gonorrhoeae (ke kumu o ka gonorrhea) a me Neisseria meningitidis (ke kumu o ka maningitis).

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, loaʻa i nā hua bacteria gram-negative nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa i loko o kā lākou pā kelepona a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā hui like ʻole e like me kā lākou morphology a me ka metabolism. Hiki i kēia mau microorganism ke lilo i mea maikaʻi a pōʻino i ke kanaka, a he mea nui kā lākou aʻo ʻana e hoʻomaopopo i kā lākou kuleana i ke olakino kanaka a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā therapeutic kūpono.

Acid-fast bacteria: hiʻohiʻona a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana

ʻO ka hua bacteria wikiwiki ka waikawa he pūʻulu o nā microorganisms me ka hiki ke pale aku i nā kūlana acidic loa e pale ai i ka ulu ʻana a me ke ola ʻana o nā hua bacteria ʻē aʻe. ʻO ko lākou kūʻē ʻana ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me nā ʻano hana ola e hiki ai iā lākou ke kolone i nā wahi acidic e like me ka ʻōpū o ke kanaka a i ʻole kekahi mau lepo i waiwai i nā waikawa. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau bacteria i ka ʻoihana meaʻai, lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka microbiology.

Ma keʻano laulā, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā huakini acid-fast i nā hui like ʻole e pili ana i ko lākou ʻae ʻana i nā waikawa a me ko lākou hiki ke ola i nā kūlana pH like ʻole. ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka bacteria wikiwiki ka waikawa:

• Corynebacterium: ʻano o nā hua bacteria gram-positive i loaʻa i ka lepo a kū i ka pH acidic.
• Helicobacter ⁤pylori: he ʻano microaerophilic i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpū o ke kanaka a pili pū me nā maʻi ʻōpū e like me ka ʻeha peptic.
• Lactobacillus: he ʻano hua bacteria i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai fermented, e like me ka yogurt, hiki ke ola i nā wahi ʻawaʻawa ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke hana i ka waikawa lactic.

ʻO ka pale ʻana o ka waikawa o kēia mau bacteria e pili ana i nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka pae membrane cell, e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lipid kūikawā e hōʻemi i ka permeability a pale i ka membrane cell. ʻano o ke kelepona kūʻē i ka ʻakika. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nui o kēia mau bacteria e hoʻopuka i nā enzyme kikoʻī e hiki ai iā lākou ke neutralize a i ʻole metabolize acids, kahi e hāʻawi ai iā lākou i ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū ma nā wahi ʻawaʻawa ʻino.

ʻO ka maʻi bacteria me ka paia ʻole o ke kelepona:⁤ ʻano a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana

ʻO ka maʻi bacteria me ka ʻole o ka paia cell, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo mycoplasmas a i ʻole bacteria me ka ʻole o ka paia cell, he mau microorganisms hoʻokahi-celled i hōʻike ʻia e ka nele i kahi ʻano paʻa e hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo a me ka pale. ʻAʻole e like me nā maʻi bacteria ʻē aʻe, pili pololei ko lākou membrane plasma me ka kaiapuni o waho, kahi e maʻalahi ai lākou i nā loli kaiapuni.

Loaʻa i kēia mau bacteria kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai nā hui taxonomic ʻē aʻe. ʻO kekahi o lākou:

• Tamaño reducido: He ʻuʻuku loa ka maʻi bacteria me ka paia ʻole, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka hapa nui o ka bacteria.
• ʻAno hoʻololi: ʻaʻole like me ka bacteria me ka paia o ke kelepona, nele kēia mau bacteria i ke ʻano i wehewehe ʻia, e hāʻawi ana iā lākou i kahi maʻalahi morphological kiʻekiʻe.
• Ka hilinaʻi ma luna o nā hui ʻē aʻe: Ma muli o ko lākou nele i ka pā hale, ʻo ka bacteria wallless he obligate intracellular parasites, ʻo ia hoʻi, pono lākou i nā pūʻali i mea e ola ai a hana hou.

Mai ka ʻike ʻauhau, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mycoplasmas i loko o ke aupuni Bacteria, phylum Tenericutes a me ka papa Mollicutes. I loko o kēia papa, ʻokoʻa nā ʻano genera a me nā ʻano bacteria me ka ʻole o nā paia cell, kēlā me kēia me kona ʻano ponoʻī a me ka pathogenicity. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻano mycoplasmas he kumu kumu o ka hanu, genitourinary a me nā maʻi hui i loko o ke kanaka a me nā holoholona.

Mechanisms of bacterial resistance ⁢ pili i ka paia cell

He pilikia nui ka pale ʻana i ka bacteria i ka lāʻau lapaʻau hou. ʻO nā mīkini pale e pili ana i ka pā kelepona kekahi o nā ala nui e loaʻa ai i ka bacteria ka hiki ke pale aku i nā lāʻau antibiotic. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau mīkini i nā hoʻololi a me nā hana o ka paia keena ʻo ia ka mea e emi ai ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau antibiotic.

ʻO kekahi o nā hana kū'ē e pili ana i ka paia o ke kelepona ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻāpana o kēia ʻano. Hiki i ka maʻi bacteria ke hana i nā enzymes e hoʻololi i nā protein a me nā kaʻapona i loko o ka paia o ke kelepona, e pale ana i nā lāʻau antibiotic mai ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana iā lākou. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka bacteria ke hoʻomohala i nā pamu efflux e hana ana ma ke ʻano he mea lawe a kipaku aku i nā lāʻau antibiotic mai loko o ke kelepona ma mua o ka hiki ke hana i kā lākou hana.

ʻO kekahi ʻano hana kūʻē e pili ana i ka paia o ke kelepona ʻo ia ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā biofilms. ʻO nā biofilms nā kaiāulu bacteria e pili ana i nā ʻili a ua wahī ʻia i kahi matrix extracellular. Hāʻawi kēia matrix i kahi pale kino e paʻakikī ai i nā antibiotic ke komo i nā cell bacteria. Eia kekahi, ʻae nā biofilms i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea genetic ma waena o ka bacteria, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā genes kū'ē a kōkua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi bacteria.

ʻO ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka bacteria e like me ko lākou paia cell

ʻO nā ʻano bacteria e like me ko lākou pā hale a me ko lākou koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi

He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā maʻi bacteria e like me ko lākou paia cell i ke kahua lapaʻau, no ka mea hiki iā mākou ke ʻike a mālama pono i nā maʻi like ʻole. ʻO ke ʻano o ka pā hale he hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa o nā hui bacteria like ʻole a hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ko lākou kū'ē ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic a me ko lākou hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi.

ʻEkolu ʻano nui o ka bacteria e pili ana i ko lākou paia cell:

• ʻO nā hua bacteria Gram-positive: ʻO kēia mau maʻi bacteria he pā mānoanoa i haku ʻia me ka peptidoglycan He mea maʻalahi lākou i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hana i ka synthesis o kēia ʻano a hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi e like me ka maʻi pneumonia a me ka maʻi ʻili.
• Bacterias gramnegativas: He pā lipopolysaccharides kēia mau maʻi bacteria, he mea ʻona i ke kino o ke kanaka. He kūʻē lākou i nā lāʻau ʻokoʻa he nui a hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi koʻikoʻi e like me ka maningitis a me ka septicemia.
• Mycobacteria: ʻO kēia pūʻulu bacteria he pā hale kūʻokoʻa i loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā lipids. He paʻakikī ke mālama ʻia ma muli o ko lākou kūʻē ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic maʻamau a hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā pathologies e like me ka maʻi maʻi.

ʻO ka ʻike pololei ʻana o ka maʻi bacteria e like me kā lākou pā hale e hiki ai iā mākou ke koho i ka lāʻau kūpono, e pale aku i ka hoʻohana pono ʻole o nā lāʻau antibiotic a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā hopena lapaʻau. Eia kekahi, hāʻawi kēia hoʻonohonoho iā mākou i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka pathogenicity o nā maʻi bacterial a me ko lākou hiki ke hana i nā maʻi koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi o ke kino o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka paia o ke kelepona he mea nui ia no ka ʻike a me ka pale ʻana nā maʻi i hana ʻia e ka bacteria.

Nā noʻonoʻo no ka ʻike a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi bacterial

ʻO ka hōʻailona o nā maʻi bacterial:

No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hōʻoia pololei o kahi maʻi bacteria, pono ia e hana i kahi loiloi lapaʻau piha a hoʻohana i nā hoʻokolohua ʻokoʻa. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano diagnostic maʻamau i loaʻa:

• Ka nānā 'ana i nā la'ana koko: ʻAe kēia hoʻāʻo iā mākou e ʻike i ke ʻano o ka bacteria i loko o ke kahe koko, kahi e hōʻike ai i kahi maʻi ʻōnaehana.
• Moʻomeheu a me nā antibiogram: Ma ka lawe ʻana i nā laʻana mai ka pūnaewele i hoʻopili ʻia a ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana iā lākou i loko o ka media moʻomeheu kikoʻī, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka bacteria a hoʻoholo ʻia ko lākou maʻalahi i nā lāʻau ʻokoʻa.
• Nā hoʻāʻo ʻike wikiwiki: ⁢ ʻIke ʻia hoʻi he mau hoʻāʻo diagnostic molecular, hoʻohana kēia mau hoʻāʻo i nā ʻenehana hoʻonui nucleic acid e ʻike a ʻike i ke ʻano o ka maʻi bacteria i nā laʻana lapaʻau.

Ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi bacterial:

Hoʻokumu mua ʻia ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi bacteria ma ka hoʻohana kūpono ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic. He mea koʻikoʻi ke koho ʻana i kahi lāʻau antibiotic kūpono e pili ana i ka bacteria kuleana a me kona hiki ke loaʻa i nā lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO kekahi mau manaʻo nui e hoʻomanaʻo:

• ʻĀpana hana: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lāʻau antibiotic ma ke ʻano ākea ākea (kūpono e kūʻē i nā ʻano bacteria he nui) a i ʻole nā ​​kikoʻī liʻiliʻi (kūpono i kahi pūʻulu bacteria kikoʻī). ʻO ke koho kūpono o ka lāʻau antibiotic e hilinaʻi ʻia i ke ʻano o ka maʻi a me ka naʻau bacteria.
• Vía de administración: Loaʻa nā koho i ka waha, intramuscular, a i ʻole intravenous administration. ʻO ke koho ʻana o ke ala o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana e hilinaʻi ʻia i ka paʻakikī o ka maʻi a me ka hiki o ka mea maʻi ke lawe i nā lāʻau ma ka waha.
• Ka lōʻihi o ka mālama ʻana: Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka lōʻihi o ka lāʻau antibiotic ma muli o ke ʻano a me ka paʻakikī o ka maʻi. Pono e hahai i nā ʻōlelo a ke kauka a hoʻopau i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka mālama ʻana e pale aku i ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi bacteria.

Ma o ka hōʻoia kūpono ‌a me ka manawa kūpono a me ka mālama pono⁢, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻōla ʻana i nā maʻi bacterial lehulehu. Eia naʻe, he mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo he ʻokoʻa paha kēlā me kēia hihia a koi i kahi ala pilikino. He mea aʻoaʻo mau e nīnau i ke kauka olakino no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hōʻailona pololei a loaʻa ka lāʻau kūpono.

Ka hopena o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka bacteria ma ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau

He mea nui ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka bacteria no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā antibiotics a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, no ka mea hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i ko lākou ʻano a me nā ʻano kikoʻī. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma luna o nā pae like ʻole, e like me ke ʻano o ka bacteria, kona pane ʻana i nā kala like ʻole, kona hiki ke hana i nā spores, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā maʻi bacteria i nā hui like ʻole e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike i kā lākou mau ʻano pale antibiotic, he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou. Eia hou, kōkua ia iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi bacteria a me ke ʻano o ka hopena i ke kanaka, e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻolālā i nā kano ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.

Mahalo i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka bacteria, hiki i nā ʻepekema ke ʻike i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole e hiki ai ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi a hoʻomohala i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā e hakakā iā lākou. ⁤ʻO kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka hui ʻana o nā lāʻau antibiotic me nā hui bacteria like ʻole a pehea e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ai lākou i mea e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, pono ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka bacteria ma ke kahua o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic a me nā kano, e ʻae ana i nā holomua nui i ka hakakā ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi.

Nā hopena a me nā manaʻo

Nīnau a me nā Pane

Nīnau: He aha ka ⁢ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā hua bacteria e like me ko lākou pā kelepona?
A: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā huakini i ʻelua pūʻulu nui e like me ko lākou pā hale: Gram positive bacteria a me Gram negative bacteria.

Nīnau: He aha nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka bacteria Gram-positive?
A: Loaʻa i ka maʻi bacteria Gram-positive kahi pā paʻa paʻa mānoanoa i haku ʻia me kahi papa peptidoglycan. Hoʻopuni ʻia kēia papa e kahi membrane cytoplasmic. Hoʻopaʻa kēia mau bacteria i ka waiʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula mai ke ʻano Gram stain, nāna i hāʻawi i ko lākou inoa.

Nīnau: He aha nā hiʻohiʻona nui⁤ o ka bacteria Gram negative?
A: ʻO ka maʻi bacteria Gram-negative he paia liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i haku ʻia me kahi papa peptidoglycan a me kahi membrane waho hou i haku ʻia me nā lipopolysaccharides. Aia ma waena o kēia mau papa ʻelua ka periplasmic space. ʻAʻole paʻa kēia mau huakini i ka dye ʻulaʻula-uliuli⁢ o ke ʻano o ke kala Gram, no laila ʻike ʻia ka ʻulaʻula i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.

Nīnau: Pehea ka ʻokoʻa o nā kinona Gram positive a me Gram negative?
A: Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻokoʻa o ka mānoanoa o ka paia o ke kelepona, loaʻa nō hoʻi i ka maʻi bacteria Gram-negative kekahi membrane waho ʻaʻole⁢ i loko o ka bacteria Gram-positive. Hāʻawi kēia membrane hou i loko o ka bacteria Gram-negative iā lākou i nā waiwai kūikawā, e like me ke kū'ē ʻana i kekahi mau lāʻau antibiotic.

Nīnau: Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā hua bacteria Gram maikaʻi?
A: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hua bacteria Gram-positive i nā pūʻulu e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona e like me kā lākou morphology cellular, ko lākou hiki ke hana i nā spores a ʻaʻole paha, ko lākou physiology, a me kā lākou pane ʻana i nā kala a me nā kala like ʻole.

Nīnau: Pehea ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi bacteria Gram⁢?
A: E like me Gram-positive bacteria⁢, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka bacteria Gram-negative i nā pūʻulu e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ko lākou morphology cellular, ko lākou hiki ke hana i nā spores a ʻaʻole paha, ko lākou physiology, a me kā lākou pane ʻana i nā kala a me nā kala like ʻole.

Nīnau: No ke aha he mea nui ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā huakini ma muli o ko lākou pā kelepona?
A: He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hua bacteria e like me ko lākou pā paʻa paʻa no ka mea ʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka paia cell i ko lākou pane ʻana i nā lāʻau ʻokoʻa like ʻole, ko lākou virulence, a me kā lākou pilina. me ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana immune host. Eia hou, pono kēia hoʻokaʻawale⁢ i ka ʻike ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi bacterial. me ka maikaʻi.

I ka hopena

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka bacteria e like me ko lākou pā hale he mea koʻikoʻi i ka ʻoihana microbiology. Ma o kēia kaʻina hana, hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hoʻomaopopo a hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā ʻano bacteria like ʻole, he mea nui ia no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ko lākou pathogenicity, kūʻē antibiotic, a me kā lākou kuleana i nā kaiaola. Ma ka ʻike ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka paia cell, hiki ke hoʻoholo i ke ʻano a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o kēia mau bacteria, e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike waiwai no kā lākou hoʻokaʻawale ʻauhau a me ke aʻo ʻana. No laila, ʻo ka ʻike o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka bacteria e like me kona pā kelepona he mea nui ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā diagnostic a me ka therapeutic ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, no laila e ʻae iā mākou e hana maikaʻi i nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e kēia mau microorganism. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka noiʻi ma kēia kahua, hoʻonui ʻia ko mākou ʻike no ka ʻokoʻa bacteria a me nā hopena⁢ o ko lākou ʻano kelepona ma nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻepekema a me ke olakino lehulehu. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka bacteria e noho mau ana i kahi kahua hoʻohiki a e ulu mau ana, e hāʻawi ana iā mākou i kahi ʻike maopopo loa a ʻoi aku ka pololei o ke ola microbial.