Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā ʻātoma?

Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā ʻātoma?

He kumuhana koʻikoʻi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻātoma i ka kemika a me ka physics, no ka mea, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo a wānana i ke ʻano o ka mea. Nā ʻātoma ʻO ia nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o nā mea kemika a ua haku ʻia me kahi nucleus kahi e loaʻa ai nā protons a me nā neutrons, a me kahi electron e hoʻopuni ana a puni ka nucleus. I ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻepekema, ua ʻike mākou i nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻātoma, e alakaʻi ana i ka hana ʻana i ka papaʻaina manawa a me nā mea hana hoʻohālikelike ʻē aʻe.

ʻO kekahi o nā ala maʻamau e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻātoma e like me kā lākou helu atomika. ʻO ka helu atomika o kahi ʻātoma ka helu o nā protons i loaʻa iā ia i loko o kona nucleus. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi o nā protons a ʻo nā electrons ka uku ʻino, ua like pū ka helu o nā electrons i loko o kahi atom me ka helu atomic. Ma kēia ala, ʻo nā ʻātoma a pau me ka helu ʻātoma hoʻokahi no ka mea kemika hoʻokahi.

ʻO kekahi ala e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā ʻātoma e like me kona nui atomika. ʻO ka nuipa atomika o kahi ʻātoma ka huina o nā protons a me nā neutrons i loko o kona nucleus. ʻOiai ʻo ka helu atomic ka wehewehe ʻana i ka mea kemika, hiki i kekahi mau mea ke loaʻa nā isotopes ʻokoʻa, ʻo ia nā ʻātoma o ka mea like me nā helu like ʻole o nā neutrons. No laila, helu ʻia ka nuipa atomika awelika o kahi mea ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā isotopes like ʻole a me ko lākou nui pili.

ka papahelu manawa He mea hana nui ia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻātoma. I loko o ia mea, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻātoma i nā lālani a me nā kolamu e like me kona mau waiwai a me na ano. Ma ka papaʻaina manawa, ua hui pū ʻia nā ʻātoma i nā manawa a me nā pūʻulu, me nā lālani ʻo nā lālani ākea a ʻo nā pūʻulu nā kolamu kūpaʻa. Hōʻike nā mea i loko o ka pūʻulu hoʻokahi i nā ʻano kemika like ʻole ma muli o ke ʻano like o kā lākou hana uila.

I ka pōkole, pono ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻātoma i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka mea. Hana nui ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana e like me ka helu atomic a me ka nui atomika o nā mana. Hāʻawi ka papa periodic i kahi hōʻike i hoʻonohonoho ʻia o nā ʻātoma a me ko lākou mau waiwai, no laila e maʻalahi ai ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mea kemika.

1. Hoʻokumu kumu o ka ʻātoma

ʻO nā ʻātoma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o ka mea a ua hana ʻia me nā ʻāpana subatomic. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka nucleus kikowaena i loaʻa nā protons a me nā neutrons, i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā electrons e ʻōpuni i nā pae ikehu. ʻO ka nā proton loaʻa i ka hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi a hoʻoholo i ka ʻike o ka atom, ʻoiai ka nā neutron ʻAʻole lākou i uku ʻia a kōkua i ka paʻa o ke kumu. ʻO ka nā electrons, no ko lākou ʻaoʻao, loaʻa ka uku ʻino a puʻunaue ʻia i nā ʻāpana like ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​pae a puni ka nucleus.

ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻātoma ma muli o kā lākou helu ʻĀtoma, e hōʻike ana i ka helu o nā protons i loko o kona nucleus a wehewehe i kona ʻike. ʻO ka papaʻaina manawa o nā mea He mea pono ia no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā ʻātoma e like me kā lākou mau waiwai kemika. Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻātoma i nā lālani i kapa ʻia nā wā a ma na kolamu i kapaia nā hui, kahi e hōʻike ai lākou i nā ʻano like. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻātoma i loko nā mea hao, nā mea metala ʻole y metalloids, e like me ko lakou mau waiwai kino a me kemika.

Ma waho aʻe o ka helu atomic, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻātoma e like me kā lākou nuipa atomika, oia ka huina o na protons a me neutrons i loko o ka nucleus. Hiki i nā ʻātoma o ka mea like ke loaʻa nā ʻātomai like ʻole ma muli o ke alo o nā isotopes, ʻo ia nā ʻātoma me ka helu like o nā protons akā he helu ʻokoʻa o nā neutrons. Ua helu ʻia ka nuipa atomika awelika o kekahi mea ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka nui o kēlā me kēia isotope. He mea nui kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o nā ʻātoma a me kā lākou ʻano i nā hopena kemika.

2. Nā ʻĀtoma a me kā lākou hoʻokaʻawale ʻana e like me kā lākou haku mele ʻana

I loko o ka honua hoihoi o ke kemika, he kuleana ko nā ʻātoma. ʻO lākou nā ʻāpana kumu o ka mea a ua haku ʻia me nā ʻāpana subatomic e like me nā protons, nā neutron a me nā electrons. I kēia manawa, pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā ʻātoma e like me kā lākou haku? Hoʻoholo ʻia kēia ma muli o ka nui o nā protons i loaʻa iā lākou i loko o kā lākou nucleus.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻātoma ma muli o kā lākou helu atomika, ʻo ia ka helu o nā protons i loko o kā lākou nucleus. Ma kēia ala, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā ʻātoma pili i nā mea kemika like ʻole. No ka laʻana, ʻo kēlā mau ʻātoma i loaʻa ka proton hoʻokahi no ka hydrogen element, aʻo nā mea nona nā protons ʻelua pili i ka helium. Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka helu atomika kekahi e hoʻoholo i kahi e noho ai nā mea i loko o ka papaʻaina.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻātoma e like me ko lākou nuipa atomika, ʻo ia ka huina o nā protons a me nā neutrons i loko o ka nucleus. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i waena o nā isotopes like ʻole o ka mea like. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka hydrogen ke loaʻa nā isotopes me ka nui atomika o 1. 2 a i ʻole 3ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka hydrogen-1 a me ka hydrogen-2. Hiki i kēia ʻokoʻa i ka nui atomika ke loaʻa nā hopena no ke kino a me nā waiwai kemika o nā mana.

3. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia o nā ʻātoma e like me kā lākou uku uila

Ma ke ʻano, hiki i nā atoms ke loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole e pili ana i kā lākou uku uila, e alakaʻi iā mākou i kahi hoʻohālikelike e like me kēia waiwai kumu. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻātoma i ʻekolu pūʻulu nui: nā ʻātoma kūʻokoʻa, nā mana kūpono a me nā ʻātoma maikaʻi ʻole.

ʻO ka nā ʻātoma kū ʻole ʻO ia nā mea i loaʻa ka uku uila e like me ka ʻole. 'O ia ho'i, ua like ka heluna o nā electrons i loko o ka atom neutral me ka helu o nā protons. Loaʻa i nā electrons ka hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole, aʻo nā protons he uku maikaʻi. No laila, i loko o kahi ʻātoma kūʻokoʻa, kaulike nā uku maikaʻi a me nā kumu ʻole.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka nā mana kūpono ʻO lākou nā mea i loaʻa i ka hoʻoili uila maikaʻi. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā protons i loko o kahi atom maikaʻi ma mua o ka helu o nā electrons. Ma muli o kēia, loaʻa ka mana o nā atom maikaʻi e nalowale i nā electrons i ka wā o nā hopena kemika i ko lākou ʻimi ʻana e hoʻokō i ka paʻa uila.

ʻO ka hope loa, ʻo ka nā ʻātoma maikaʻi ʻole ʻO lākou ka poʻe i loaʻa ka uku uila maikaʻi ʻole. I loko o kēia mau mana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā electrons ma mua o ka helu o nā protons. ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻātoma maikaʻi ʻole i nā electrons i ka wā o nā hopena kemika i ko lākou ʻimi ʻana e hoʻokō i ka paʻa uila. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻātoma maikaʻi ʻole he anion.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻātoma i nā ʻātoma kūʻokoʻa, nā ʻātoma maikaʻi a me nā ʻātoma maikaʻi ʻole, ma muli o kā lākou uku uila. Loaʻa i nā ʻātoma kuʻekuʻe ka hoʻoili uila e like me ka ʻole, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻātoma maikaʻi i loaʻa ka hoʻoili uila maikaʻi ma muli o ka nui o nā protons a me nā ʻātoma maikaʻi ʻole i ka hoʻoili uila ma muli o ka nui o nā electrons. Pono kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā ʻātoma ma nā ʻano hana kemika.

4. Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā ʻātoma e like me ka nui o nā protons

ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā atoms e like me kā lākou helu o nā protons e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka papaʻaina o nā mea. I ka papa periodic, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻātoma ma nā lālani ākea i kapa ʻia nā wā a me na kolamu kupa i kapaia nā hui. Hōʻike nā manawa i nā pae ikehu a ʻo nā pūʻulu e hōʻike ana i ka helu o nā electrons valence, ua like ia me ka helu o nā protons i loko o ka nucleus o ka atom.

Ua ʻike ʻia ka helu o nā protons ma kahi ʻātoma helu ʻĀtoma a hoʻoholo i kou ʻano. No ka laʻana, loaʻa i ka hydrogen ka helu atomika o 1, ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano He 1 proton kona i loko o kona nucleus. ʻO ka Helium, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, he helu ʻātoma ko 2, e hōʻike ana he 2 protons i loko o kona nucleus. Ke neʻe nei ʻoe i ka papa periodic, piʻi ka helu o nā protons a no laila e piʻi pū ka helu atomika.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻātoma i nā ʻokoʻa nā mea e like me kā lākou helu atomika. ʻO nā mea i loaʻa ka helu like o nā protons, a no laila ʻo ka helu atomika like, no ka mea kemika hoʻokahi. No ka laʻana, ʻo nā ʻātoma āpau me 6 protons i loko o ko lākou nucleus he kalapona, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻātoma āpau me 8 protons he oxygen. He mea nui kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻātoma i nā mea kemika e hoʻomaopopo i nā waiwai a me nā ʻano o nā mea kemika.

5. Nā ʻĀtoma a me ko lākou hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka papa ʻaina

Pono ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻātoma e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka mea a me kāna ʻano kemika. Ma ka papaʻaina manawa, hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻātoma i nā lālani i kapa ʻia nā manawa a me nā kolamu i ʻike ʻia he hui. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o nā mea.

Aia kekahi mau pae hoʻohālikelike e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻātoma ma ka pākaukau periodic. ʻO ka mua ka helu ʻātoma, e hōʻike ana i ka helu o nā protons i loko o ka nucleus o kahi atom. Ke neʻe nei ʻoe i kahi manawa o ka papaʻaina, piʻi ka helu atomic, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā protons i loko o ka nuclei o nā mana.

ʻO kekahi mea koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻātoma ko lākou hoʻonohonoho uila. ʻO kēia hoʻonohonoho e pili ana i ka māhele ʻana o nā electrons i nā pae ikehu a puni ka nucleus o kahi atom. ʻO nā mea i loko o ke kolamu hoʻokahi a i ʻole pūʻulu o ka pākaukau manawa like me nā hoʻonohonoho uila like ʻole, e hōʻike ana he like ko lākou mau waiwai a me nā ʻano kemika.

6. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā atoms e like me kā lākou hoʻonohonoho uila

ʻO nā papa mua:
He kumuhana aʻo ʻia ma ka ʻoihana kemika. ʻO nā hoʻāʻo mua ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma muli o ka helu o nā pūpū uila o kahi atom a me ka helu o nā electrons i hiki i kēia mau pūpū. No laila, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana e like me K, L, M, a pēlā aku e hōʻike i nā papa like ʻole. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hana ʻia nā subcategories e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pae ikehu e pili ana i nā electrons.

Hoʻokaʻawale e like me ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā sublevels:
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma muli o ka holomua o ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano uila o nā atom. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻātoma i nā sublevels ikehu, kahi e puʻunaue ʻia ai nā electrons ma kahi ala kikoʻī. Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau sublevels e nā leka s, p, d, a me f, a loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me ka palena o nā electrons hiki iā ia ke loaʻa. Ma hope o kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, hiki ke kauoha ʻia nā atoms e like me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o kā lākou sublevels ikehu, e hāʻawi iā mākou i ka ʻike e pili ana i kā lākou mau waiwai kemika a me ko lākou kūlana i ka papaʻaina.

Papakaukau manawa a me nā hui:
ʻO ka papaʻaina manawa he mea pono no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻātoma. ʻOiai aia nā ʻano like ʻole e hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia, hōʻike ka mana maʻamau i nā atom i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā lālani a me nā kolamu. Kapa ʻia kēlā me kēia kolamu he pūʻulu a hōʻike ʻia e ka helu mai ka 1 a hiki i ka 18. Hōʻike kēia mau pūʻulu i nā ʻano like i loko o nā ʻātoma i haku iā lākou, e like me kā lākou hoʻonohonoho uila waho a me nā waiwai kemika. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia nā lālani he mau manawa a hōʻike i nā pae ikehu e pili ana nā electrons. ʻO ka papaʻaina manawa he mea waiwai nui no nā chemists a me no nā haumāna, no ka mea hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike koke i nā waiwai a me nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻātoma like ʻole.

7. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻātoma i nā isotopes

Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā ʻātoma?

Ma ke kemika, pono e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻana o nā ʻātoma e hoʻomaopopo i kā lākou ʻano a me nā waiwai. ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻokaʻawale koʻikoʻi ka mahele ʻana i nā isotopes. ʻO Isotopes nā ʻātoma o ka mea like me ka helu like o nā protons i loko o ko lākou nucleus, akā ʻokoʻa ka helu o nā neutrons. 'O ia ho'i, ua like ka ho'opi'i maika'i 'ana o nā isotopes, akā 'oko'a ka nuipa.

Pono ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā isotopes no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hanana nuklea e like me ka radioactivity. Ma ka loaʻa ʻana o nā neutrons ʻokoʻa, hiki i nā isotopes ke loaʻa nā ʻano kino kino a me nā waiwai kemika.. No ka laʻana, paʻa ka isotope Carbon-12 a loaʻa i nā mea nui ma ke ʻano, ʻoiai ʻo Carbon-14 ka radioactive a hoʻohana ʻia i ka pili ʻana i nā mōʻalihaku a me nā mea hana kahiko.

Lawe ʻia ia ma o nā ʻenehana loiloi e like me mass spectrometry. ʻAe kēia ʻenehana iā mākou e hoʻoholo i ka ʻāpana a me ka nui o nā isotopes ʻokoʻa i loaʻa i kahi hāpana. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā isotopes me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka notation isotopic, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kākau ʻana i ka hōʻailona element a ukali ʻia e ka helu nuipa. No ka laʻana, hōʻike ʻia ka isotope o ka oxygen me 8 neutrons me ^¹⁶O. He mea paahana waiwai keia mahele ana ma na wahi o ka epekema, e like me ka biology, ka laau lapaau, a me ka geochemistry.