Hana ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ma o ka Membrane Cell

He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka membrane cell i ka hana ʻana o nā cell a nona ke kuleana no nā kaʻina hana pono no ke ola. Ma o kēia pale pale, nui nā hana e hiki ai ke kamaʻilio, ke komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o nā mea, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka homeostasis cellular. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi kikoʻī mākou i ke ʻano o kēia kaʻina hana i loko o ka membrane cell, ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me nā ʻano mea e komo ai i kāna hana. Mai ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi i ka endocytosis a me ka exocytosis, e nānā mākou i nā ʻano like ʻole e hōʻoia ai ka membrane cell i ka pilina pololei ma waena o loko a me waho o ke kelepona. E noʻonoʻo kākou i kēia ʻano hana hoʻohiwahiwa a paʻakikī e puka mai ana ma o ka membrane cell, e ʻike ana i kona koʻikoʻi a me kona pili i ka honua o ka cell biology.

ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ke kaʻina lawe ʻana ma o ka membrane cell

ʻO ka membrane cell kahi ʻano kumu i loko o nā cell e hana ma ke ʻano he pale koho, e hoʻoponopono ana i ka lawe ʻana o nā mea i loko a mai loko mai. Hoʻokō ʻia ke kaʻina o ka lawe ʻana ma waena o ka membrane cell ma o nā ʻano hana like ʻole, e like me ka diffusion maʻalahi, maʻalahi ka hoʻolaha ʻana, ka lawe ikaika a me ka lawe ʻana ma o nā vesicle.

ʻO ka diffusion maʻalahi kahi mīkini kaʻa passive kahi e neʻe ai nā molekala i lalo i kā lākou gradient noʻonoʻo. Ma kēia kaʻina hana, hele pololei nā molekala nonpolar i ka lipid bilayer o ka membrane cell. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻopuehu maʻalahi i ka wā e hele ai nā molekala i ka membrane cell ma o nā protein transport kikoʻī. Hoʻokumu kēia mau protein i nā alahele a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea lawe e hiki ai i nā molekole polarized a nui paha ke hele i ka membrane cell.

ʻO ka halihali ʻeleu kahi ʻano hana e neʻe ai nā molekala i ka gradient concentrate. Pono kēia i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ATP a lawe ʻia ma o nā protein transport i kapa ʻia ʻo pumps. ʻO kēia mau pahū ka lawe ʻana i nā ion a me nā molekole kikoʻī, e mālama ana i ke kaulike electrochemical a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kahi gradient. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka lawe ʻana ma o nā vesicle he hana ia e hoʻopili ʻia ai nā mea i loko o nā vesicle e hui pū me ka membrane cell a hoʻokuʻu i kā lākou mau mea i loko a i waho paha o ke kelepona.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka membrane cell a me kāna hana i ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona

I loko o ke kelepona, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka membrane cell i ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho a me ka hana pono o ke kelepona. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka membrane cell i kahi lipid bilayer wai, i hana ʻia me nā phospholipids, cholesterol a me nā protein. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano lipid i ka membrane i kona ʻano koho permeability, e ʻae ana i ka lawe ʻana i nā molekala a me nā ion ma kahi ʻano hoʻomalu.

ʻO ka hana nui o ka membrane cell ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka lawe ʻana o nā mea i loko a i waho o ke kelepona, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i kahi kaiapuni kūloko kūpono no kāna hana. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia hana, hāʻawi ka membrane cell i nā mīkini lawe like ʻole e like me ka diffusion maʻalahi, maʻalahi ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ka lawe ikaika. I ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi, neʻe nā molekala ma waena o ka lipid bilayer o ka membrane no ka pane ʻana i kahi gradient noʻonoʻo. I ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi, hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā protein transport i ka hele ʻana o nā molekole kikoʻī ma waena o ka membrane. I ka lawe ʻana i ka hana, hoʻohana nā protein transport i ka ikehu e hoʻoneʻe i nā molekole kūʻē i kā lākou gradient.

Ma waho aʻe o ka lawe ʻana i nā mea, hana pū ka membrane cell i nā hana koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe i loko o ke kelepona. No ka laʻana, hana ia ma ke ʻano he kahua no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka mea hoʻokipa, e ʻae ana i nā cell e pane i nā hōʻailona kemika a me ke kino mai ke kaiapuni. Eia kekahi, pili ka membrane cell i ke kamaʻilio kelepona a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā cell ʻē aʻe, he mea nui ia no nā kaʻina hana e like me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka embryonic a me ka pane ʻana i ka pale. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, he mau mea koʻikoʻi lākou no ka hana kūpono o ke kelepona a me kāna pilina me ke kaiapuni.

ʻO nā mīkini lawe paʻa ma waena o ka membrane cell

ʻO kekahi o lākou he diffusion maʻalahi. Hoʻohana maikaʻi kēia kaʻina hana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā molekole i loko a i waho o ke kelepona. Holo nā molekule mai kahi ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe a i kahi ʻāpana haʻahaʻa, a hiki i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kaulike. ʻAʻole koi kēia mīkini i ka hoʻolilo ikehu e ke kelepona.

ʻO kekahi mīkini hoʻokele passive e maʻalahi ka hoʻopuehu. I kēia hihia, neʻe nā molekala i ka membrane me ke kōkua o nā protein transport. Hoʻopili kēia mau protein i nā molekala a lawe aku iā lākou ma o ka membrane, e ʻae ana i ko lākou hele ʻana mai kahi ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe a i kahi ʻāpana haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi kekahi hana ʻaʻole koi i ka hoʻolilo ikehu e ke kelepona.

Ma kahi o ka diffusion, aia ke kolu o ka mīkini lawe passive i kapa ʻia ʻo osmosis. ʻO ka Osmosis e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai ma o ka membrane semipermeable. Ma kēia kaʻina hana, neʻe ka wai mai kahi hopena dilute (me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā solutes) i kahi hopena paʻa (me ke kiʻekiʻe o nā solutes), me ka manaʻo e kaulike i ka ʻike o nā solutes ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka membrane. Loaʻa kēia ma muli o ke kaomi osmotic, ʻo ia ke kaomi e pono ai e pale i ka wai mai ka hele ʻana i ka membrane.

Hoʻolaha maʻalahi: ʻO kahi halihali passive koʻikoʻi no ke kaulike kelepona

ʻO ka diffusion maʻalahi kahi mīkini lawe passive e hana koʻikoʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike kelepona. Ma o kēia kaʻina hana, neʻe nā molekole mai kahi ʻāpana ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe a i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka ikehu.

Hana ʻia kēia ʻano kaʻa ma o ka lipid bilayer o ka membrane cell, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea waiwai no ka hana ʻana o nā cell. Hiki i nā mole liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, e like me ka oxygen, carbon dioxide, a me nā lipids, hiki ke hele maʻalahi i kēia membrane me ka ʻole o ka pono o nā protein lawe.

ʻO ka diffusion maʻalahi kahi hana hoʻomau i hoʻopili ʻia e nā kumu like ʻole. ʻO ka mahana, ka neʻe mua ʻana o nā molekala, ka permeability o ka membrane, ka mamao o ka hele ʻana a me ka gradient concentrate kekahi mau mea e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o ka diffusion. He mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole pono kēia ʻano hana i ke komo ʻana o kekahi molekele transport a he mea nui ia no ka hana pono o nā cell.

Osmosis: ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke koena o ka wai i loko o nā cell

He hana koʻikoʻi ka Osmosis no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke koena o ka wai i loko o nā cell. Ma o kēia hana, hiki i nā pūnaewele ke mālama i ko lākou kaulike wai i loko, e ʻae i ke komo ʻana a i ʻole ka puka ʻana o ka wai e like me nā pono o ke kelepona. ʻO ka Osmosis kahi hanana e hiki mai ana me ka passively, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka ʻole e koi i ka ikehu hou mai ke kelepona.

Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ma luna o ka neʻe ʻana o nā molekala wai mai kahi hopena ʻoi aku ka dilute i kahi hopena ʻoi aku ka nui ma o ka membrane semipermeable. Hiki i ka membrane semipermeable ke hele kaʻawale o nā molekole wai, akā pale i ka hele ʻana o nā ʻāpana solute i loko o ka hopena. Ma kēia ala, hiki i ke kelepona ke hoʻoponopono i ka nui o ka wai i komo a i ʻole ka lau, e pale aku i ka nui o ka poho a i ʻole ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka wai i loko.

He mau noi koʻikoʻi ko Osmosis ma nā ʻano ʻepekema like ʻole, e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka biotechnology. ʻo kahi laʻana, i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana isotonic e pani i ka nalowale o ka wai i loko o ke kino a hoʻihoʻi i ke koena o ka wai i nā hihia o ka dehydration. Eia kekahi, he mea nui ka osmosis i nā kaʻina hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai a me ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai e kāohi i ka neʻe ʻana o nā solutes a hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola pono o nā huahana.

ʻO ka halihali maʻalahi: ʻO ke kōkua o nā protein transport i ka lawe ʻana i nā kelepona

He mea koʻikoʻi nā protein transport i loko o ke kaʻina lawe kelepona, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka neʻe ʻana o nā molekole like ʻole ma waena o ka membrane cell. ʻO kēia mau protein ke kuleana nui i ka lawe ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā mea e like me nā amino acids, glucose a me nā ion, e ʻae ai i ka hana pono o nā cell.

Aia nā ʻano like ʻole o nā protein transport, kēlā me kēia mea kūikawā i ka lawe ʻana i kahi ʻano mole. No ka laʻana, ʻo nā protein transport glucose, i kapa ʻia ʻo GLUT, ke kuleana no ka lawe ʻana i ka glucose mai ke kikowaena extracellular i loko o ke kelepona. Pēlā nō, ʻo nā proteins transport amino acid ke kuleana no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o kēia mau meaʻai pono.

Ma waho aʻe o kā lākou kuleana i ka lawe ʻana i nā mea, he kuleana koʻikoʻi hoʻi ka transport protein i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaulike osmotic, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka paʻa ʻana o nā solutes i loko o ke kelepona. Loaʻa i kēia mau protein nā wahi paʻa kikoʻī i nā molekole i lawe ʻia, e ʻae i kā lākou koho koho a lawe ʻia ma waena o ka membrane cell. Mahalo i kēia kōkua mai nā protein transport, hiki i nā cell ke loaʻa nā meaʻai a hoʻopau i ka ʻōpala. me ka pono, mālama i kona homeostasis a me ka hana pono.

ʻO nā mīkini hoʻokele ikaika ma waena o ka membrane cell

He kaʻina koʻikoʻi ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona, kahi e hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻoneʻe i nā molekala a me nā ion ma waena o kona membrane cell e kū'ē i ka gradient concentrate. Pono kēia hana no ka mālama ʻana i ke koena o loko a hōʻoia i ka hana pono o ke kelepona.

Nui nā ʻano, kēlā me kēia me nā ʻano kikoʻī a me nā hana. Eia kekahi mau mea nui:

• ʻO ka pauma sodium-potassium: Hoʻohana kēia ʻano hana i ka ikehu mai ka ATP hydrolysis e pāpaʻi i ʻekolu ion sodium mai loko mai o ke kelepona a lawe i ʻelua mau ion potassium i loko o ke kelepona. Ma kēia ala, mālama ka cell i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka sodium intracellular a me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka potassium.
• Lawelawe ʻia e nā protein lawe: Hoʻohana nā protein transport, e like me ABC transporters, i ka ikehu mai ka ATP e hoʻoneʻe i nā molekole kikoʻī ma waena o ka membrane. Hiki i kēia mau protein ke lawe i nā mea a pau mai nā amino acids a me nā sugars i nā ion e like me ka calcium a me ka hao.
• Endocytosis a me exocytosis: ʻO kēia mau kaʻina hana lawe ikaika e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā vesicle e hui pū me ka membrane cell e lawe mai a hoʻokuʻu aku i nā molekala nui a i ʻole nā ​​​​palapala. ʻAe ʻo Endocytosis i ka hopu ʻana i nā mea extracellular, aʻo ka exocytosis e ʻae i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā molekole i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ke kelepona.

Pono ke aʻo ʻana iā lākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o nā cell i ko lākou kaiapuni a mālama i ko lākou homeostasis. ʻO kēia mau mīkini he koho maikaʻi loa a maikaʻi hoʻi, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea ma ke ʻano hoʻomalu a kikoʻī.

ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu no ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea

ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka hana mua he kaʻina cellular kumu i ka ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia ikehu no ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā mea ma waena o ka membrane cell e kūʻē i ko lākou gradient hoʻonaʻauao. Pono kēia kaʻina hana no ka mālama ʻana i ke koena o loko o nā cell a ʻae iā lākou e hana pono.

Aia nā ʻano hana hoʻokele ikaika mua, ma waena o lākou ka pāpaʻi sodium-potassium. Hoʻohana kēia ʻume i ka ATP (adenosine triphosphate) e hoʻoneʻe i nā ion sodium (Na+) mai loko mai o ke kelepona a me nā ion potassium (K+) i loko o ke kelepona. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia kaʻina hana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hikina membrane a me ka hana kūpono o nā hana kelepona he nui.

ʻO kekahi ʻano kaʻa kaʻa hana mua ʻo ka transport proton. Ma kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻohana ʻia ka ikehu e hoʻoneʻe i nā ion hydrogen (H+) ma waena o ka membrane cell. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia lawe ʻana i ka hanu cellular a i ka hana ʻana o ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ATP ma o ke kaulahao hanu.

ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka hana lua: Hoʻohui me nā gradients

ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka hana lua he mīkini cellular koʻikoʻi e hiki ai i ka neʻe ʻana o nā molekala e kūʻē i kā lākou gradient. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hoihoi o kēia kaʻina hana, ʻo ia ka hoʻohui ʻana me nā gradients concentrate. 'O ia ho'i, ho'ohana 'ia ka ikehu i mālama 'ia i loko o ka gradient concentrate o kekahi mole e ho'okele i ka lawe 'ana o kekahi mole e kū'ē i kona gradient.

No ka hiki ʻana o kēia hoʻohui ʻana, pono i nā molekala ʻelua ke kaʻana like i kahi protein transport ma ka membrane cell. Ke hana nei kēia pūmua ma ke ʻano he "transporter i hui pū ʻia," e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka mole e lawe ʻia ana e kūʻē i kona gradient a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu o ka gradient kuʻuna o ka moleke ʻē aʻe e hoʻokele i kāna neʻe. He a ala kūpono o ka lawe ʻana, no ka mea, hoʻohana ia i ka ikehu i loaʻa i loko o ke kaiapuni kelepona.

He mea nui ka hui ʻana me nā gradients noʻonoʻo no nā hana kelepona like ʻole, e like me ka reabsorption glucose i loko o nā puʻupaʻa a me ka absorption meaʻai i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e kekahi mau maʻi e komo i nā cell host, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā gradients concentration e kū nei. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i kēia kaʻina hana i ʻae i ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻana i nā mīkini lawe kelepona a ua wehe i nā puka i nā hoʻolālā therapeutic hou e pili ana i ka manipulation o nā gradients concentration.

Endocytosis a me exocytosis: Ka lawe ʻana mai a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā mea nui

He mea nui ke kaʻina hana o ka endocytosis a me ka exocytosis no ka lawe ʻana mai a me ka lawe ʻana aku i nā mea nui i loko o nā cell. ʻO kēia mau mīkini lawe kelepona e ʻae i ka neʻe ʻana o nā molekala a me nā ʻāpana ma waena o ka membrane cell, e hōʻoia i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā meaʻai a hoʻopau pono ʻia nā toxins.

Endocytosis:

ʻO ka Endocytosis ke kaʻina hana e hopu ai nā cell i nā ʻāpana paʻa a i ʻole nā ​​​​wai mai ke kikowaena extracellular a lawe iā lākou i loko. Hana ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ma o ʻekolu ʻano nui o ka endocytosis:

• Endocytosis i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka mea hoʻokipa: Hoʻopili nā molekala i nā mea loaʻa kikoʻī ma ka ʻili o ka membrane cell, e hana ana i nā vesicles i komo i loko o ke kelepona.
• Pinocytosis: Hoʻokomo ka cell i nā kulu liʻiliʻi o ka wai i loaʻa nā ʻāpana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
• Phagocytosis: Hoʻopili ke kelepona i nā ʻāpana nui e like me ka bacteria a i ʻole nā ​​​​pūnaewele make, e hana ana i nā vesicle i kapa ʻia he phagosomes.

Exocytosis:

ʻO ka Exocytosis ke kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe i ka endocytosis, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai nā mea mai loko mai o ke kelepona a i ke kaiapuni extracellular. He mea nui kēia kaʻina hana no ka lawe ʻana aku i nā molekala ʻōpala, nā hormones, nā enzymes a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia e ke kelepona. Loaʻa ka Exocytosis ma o ka hui ʻana o nā vesicle me ka membrane cell a me kā lākou hoʻokuʻu ʻana i waho.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo ka endocytosis a me ka exocytosis nā kaʻina kumu i ka lawe ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana aku i nā mea nui i loko o nā cell. Mālama kēia mau mīkini i ke kaulike kūpono a me ka hana cellular, e ʻae ai i ka absorption o nā meaʻai a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā toxins. He mea koʻikoʻi kāna hana kūpono no ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis a me ka hana kūpono o nā ʻōnaehana olaola.

Hoʻoponopono i ka lawe ʻana i nā kelepona a me nā kaʻina homeostasis

Pono ke kaulike i loko o ko mākou kino no ka hana pono ʻana, ʻo ia ke kumu e pono ai e hoʻomaopopo pehea e hoʻoponopono ʻia ai nā kaʻina lawe cellular a me ka homeostasis. Mālama kēia mau mīkini i ka paʻa o loko a hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o kēlā me kēia cell i nā meaʻai kūpono a hoʻopau i ka ʻōpala. ala kūpono.

ʻO kekahi o nā kaʻina hana nui i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona ʻo osmosis, kahi e neʻe ai ka wai ma waena o nā membrane cell. Hiki i ke keena ke hoʻomalu i ke komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o ka wai ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā protein i kapa ʻia ʻo aquaporins, ka mea e maʻalahi i ka hele ʻana o ka wai ma o ka membrane. Hāʻawi kēia hoʻoponopono i ka hydration pololei o ke kelepona, pale i ka komo nui ʻana a i ʻole ka nalowale o ka wai e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i kona kūpaʻa.

Ma waho aʻe o ka osmosis, pili pū ka homeostasis i ka lawe ʻana i nā solutes ma waena o ka membrane cell. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, loaʻa i nā cell nā kaila ion e ʻae i ke ala koho o nā ion e like me ka sodium, potassium a me ka calcium. Hoʻoponopono ʻia kēia mau ala e nā ʻano hana like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka volta a i ʻole nā ​​ligand kikoʻī e pili ana iā lākou. Ma kēia ala, mālama ʻia kahi kaulike ionic e pono ai no ka hana ʻana o ke kelepona a me ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā hōʻailona ma waena o nā ʻāpana like ʻole.

Ka mālama ʻana i ka permeability membrane cell a me kona hopena i ke olakino

He kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka membrane cell no ka hana pono o nā cell a no laila he hopena koʻikoʻi i ke olakino. Ke hana nei ka membrane cell ma ke ʻano he pale koho e hoʻoponopono i ke kahe o nā mole, e ʻae i ke komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o nā mea e pono ai no ka metabolism cellular. Pono kēia mana permeability no ka mālama ʻana i ke koena o loko o ke kelepona, mālama i ka homeostasis a mālama i kona ola.

Aia nā ʻano hana like ʻole e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka permeability membrane cell. ʻO kekahi o ia mau mea he passive diffusion, kahi e hiki ai ke hele i nā molekole liʻiliʻi ma o ka lipid bilayer me ka ʻole e koi i ka ikehu. ʻO kekahi ʻano hana koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka lawe ʻana, e hoʻohana ana i nā protein transporter e hoʻoneʻe i nā mea kūʻē i kahi gradient kuʻuna. Hoʻoponopono kēia mau mīkini lawe i ke komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o nā ion, nā meaʻai, ka wai a me nā huahana ʻōpala, pēlā e mālama ai i ke koena o nā kelepona.

Hiki ke loaʻa i nā hopena olakino maikaʻi ʻole ke kaulike ʻole i ka permeability membrane cell. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka piʻi ʻana o ka membrane cell permeability ke alakaʻi i ke komo nui ʻana o nā mea ʻawaʻawa a i ʻole ka nalowale o nā meaʻai koʻikoʻi, hiki ke hopena i ka pōʻino cell a i ʻole ka make cell. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka emi ʻana o ka permeability ke hoʻopili i ka hiki o ke kelepona ke komo i nā meaʻai a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻōpala, hiki ke hōʻino i kāna hana kūpono. No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka mana kūpono o ka permeability membrane cell e hōʻoia i ke olakino maikaʻi loa.

Ka noiʻi a me nā noi e hiki mai ana o ka lawe ʻana ma waena o ka membrane cell

He kaʻina koʻikoʻi ka lawe ʻana i ka membrane cell no ke ola ʻana o ke kelepona a ʻo ia ke kumuhana o nā noiʻi he nui i nā makahiki i hala. Ua hoʻolaʻa ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka manawa a me nā kumuwaiwai no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hana e pili ana i kēia kaʻina hana me ka manaʻo e hoʻomohala i nā noi e hiki mai ana e hiki ke hoʻopōmaikaʻi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, biotechnology a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe he nui.

ʻO kekahi o nā wahi koʻikoʻi o ka noiʻi ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana ma waena o ka membrane cell ʻo ia ke aʻo ʻana i nā kahawai ion. ʻO kēia mau alahele he mau protein kūikawā e hiki ai ke hele i nā ion ma o ka membrane cell ma ke ʻano koho a hoʻoponopono ʻia. Ua hiki i ka poʻe ʻepekema ke ʻike i nā ʻano ʻano awāwa ion a ua aʻo i ko lākou ʻano, hana a me ka hoʻoponopono. Ua ʻae kēia mau holomua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia nā kaila ion i nā noi therapeutic e hiki mai ana, e like me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hana uila i loko o ka ʻōnaehana nerve.

ʻO kekahi laina hoʻohiki ʻē aʻe o ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i nā molekole ma waena o ka membrane cell e ka lawe maʻalahi. Ma kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻopaʻa nā molekala i ka lawe ʻana i nā protein e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ko lākou hele ʻana ma ka membrane. Ua aʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema i nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o kēia mau protein transport, me ka manaʻo e hoʻomohala i nā ʻenehana e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā i nā cell a i ʻole nā ​​kikoo paʻakikī. Eia kekahi, ke noiʻi ʻia nei ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia mau protein i ke kahua o ka bioremediation, kahi hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea ʻona mai ka kaiapuni.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i ka membrane cell a hoʻohiki i nā holomua nui i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ke wehe nei nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā kaila ion a me nā protein transporter i nā manawa hou i nā wahi e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, biotechnology a me ka bioremediation. Ke hoʻonui nei ka ʻike o nā ʻano hana i loko o kēia kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi, manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomohala ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻenehana hou e hoʻohana pono ai i ka lawe ʻana i ka membrane cell e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino. a me ke olakino o ke kaiāulu.

Nīnau a me nā Pane

Nīnau: He aha ka membrane cell?
A: ʻO ka membrane cell he hale ia e puni ana i nā pūnaewele a pau, i loko o nā mea ola hoʻokahi-cell a me multicellular. He pale semipermeable ia e pale a hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea i loko o ke kelepona.

Nīnau: Pehea e hana ʻia ai kēia hana ma o ka membrane cell?
A: Hiki ke hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana ma waena o ka membrane cell ma nā ʻano nui ʻelua: ma ka halihali passive a me ka lawe hana. I ka lawe ʻana i ka passive, hoʻoneʻe nā molekole i lalo i kā lākou gradient hoʻonaʻauao, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai kahi ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe aʻe i kahi wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, me ka ʻole o ka ikehu. I ka lawe ʻana i ka ikaika, neʻe nā molekala i ko lākou gradient kuʻuna, e koi ana i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ATP.

Nīnau: He aha nā ʻano o ka halihali passive e kū ana ma waena o ka membrane cell?
A: ʻElua ʻano nui o ka halihali passive: ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi a me ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi. Hoʻomaka ka diffusion maʻalahi i ka wā e hele pololei ai nā molekole liʻiliʻi, e like me ka oxygen a me carbon dioxide, i loko o ka membrane, e neʻe ana mai kahi ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe a i kahi wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. I ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi, ʻaʻole hiki i nā molekala nui a ʻoi aku ke kau ʻia ke hele i ka membrane ma o lākou iho a koi i ke kōkua o nā protein transport e neʻe ma waena o ka membrane.

Nīnau: I ka manawa hea e hiki mai ai ka lawe ʻana ma waena o ka membrane cell?
A: Hoʻomaka ka lawe ʻana i ka wā e neʻe ai nā molekala e kūʻē i kā lākou gradient kuʻuna, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai kahi wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a i kahi ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe. Pono kēia i ka ikehu a lawe ʻia e nā protein transport kikoʻī, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he "pumps" e hoʻoneʻe i nā molekala i ke ala i makemake ʻia. He mea nui ka lawe ʻana no ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis cellular a no nā hana kelepona he nui, e like me ka absorption o nā meaʻai a me ka kipaku ʻana i nā huahana ʻōpala.

Nīnau: He aha nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe e hana ʻia ma waena o ka membrane cell?
A: Ma waho aʻe o ka lawe ʻana i nā mea, hoʻokani pū ka membrane cell i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe i loko o ke kelepona. No ka laʻana, hana ia ma ke ʻano he pale koho e hoʻoponopono i ka hele ʻana o nā ion a me nā mole, mālama i ke kaulike osmotic a komo i nā kaʻina kamaʻilio kelepona ma o ka launa pū ʻana me nā mea loaʻa kikoʻī. ʻO ia hoʻi ke kuleana no ka hoʻopili ʻana o ke kelepona a me ka ʻike ʻana iā ia iho a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

I ka hopena

I ka hopena, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ke kaʻina hana e hele ai nā molekala i ka membrane cell he hanana kumu i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka homeostasis cell. Ma o ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano hana like ʻole e like me ka diffusion maʻalahi, ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi a me ka lawe ʻana i ka hana, hiki i nā molekole ke hoʻokō i kā lākou hana i loko o ke kelepona a i ʻole e kipaku ʻia mai ia mea.

ʻO ka membrane cell, ma ke ʻano he pale koho, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ke komo ʻana a i ʻole ka puka ʻana o nā mea, pēlā e mālama ai i ke koena o loko o ka cell. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻoponopono nui ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā protein transport like ʻole, e hōʻoia i ka ʻae wale ʻia o nā molekala pono e komo a haʻalele paha i ke kelepona, e pale ana i ke komo ʻana o nā mea ʻino a i ʻole ka pakele o nā mea pono.

Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi kēia kaʻina hana no ka hana kelepona, akā loaʻa pū kekahi i nā hopena no nā hana physiological a me nā pathological. He mea nui ka ʻike o nā ʻano molekala e hoʻokele ai i ka permeability membrane cell no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi, a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hana i kēia mau hana i mea e hoʻihoʻi ai i ka homeostasis cellular.

I ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana,ʻo ke koʻikoʻi o kēia kaʻina hana, e puka mai ana ma o ka membrane cell, aia i kona hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā kahe o nā mea a mālama i ka pono a me ke kaulike o nā pūnaewele. ʻO ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o kēia hanana olaola e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻomau i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea huna o ke kelepona a me kona pilina me ke olakino a me nā maʻi, e wehe ana i nā puka hou no ka holomua ʻepekema a me ka olakino.