ʻO Glycolysis kahi ala metabolic koʻikoʻi ma ka ka metabolism o ke kelepona ka mea e hiki ai i ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o ka glucose ke loaʻa ka ikehu. Ma o ke ʻano o nā hopena enzymatic, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka glycolysis i ka hana ʻana o adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ka mea lawe ikehu mua i nā cell. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana, mālama nui ʻia i loko o nā mea ola o nā ʻano ola a pau, mai ka bacteria a i ke kanaka, he hana koʻikoʻi i nā kaʻina hana ola kino a me nā pathological. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi kikoʻī mākou i nā ʻāpana a me nā pae koʻikoʻi o ka glycolysis, a me kona koʻikoʻi i ka metabolism cellular.
Introduction to Glycolysis: Concept and Function in Cellular Metabolism
ʻO Glycolysis kahi ala metabolic koʻikoʻi no ka metabolism cellular, nona ke kuleana no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka glucose i ikehu hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e ke kelepona. Aia kēia kaʻina hana i loko o nā mea ola prokaryotic a me eukaryotic, i loko o ka cytoplasm a loaʻa iā a pūʻulu o nā hopena biochemical i hoʻoponopono nui ʻia.
ʻO ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi ma hope o ka glycolysis ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikehu ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka glucose I loko o kēia ala, ua wāwahi ʻia ka glucose i ʻelua mau molekole pyruvate, e hoʻohua ai i ka ATP, ke kumu nui o ka ikehu kemika. Ma waho aʻe o ka hana pololei o ATP, pili pū ka glycolysis i ka hana ʻana o ka metabolic precursors no nā ala ʻē aʻe, e like me ka synthesis o nā momona momona a me nā waikawa amino.
ʻO Glycolysis kahi ala anaerobic, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia e koi i ka oxygen no kāna hana, ʻo ia ka hana wikiwiki a maikaʻi hoʻi no ka hana ʻana o ka ikehu i nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa oxygen. ʻOiai ua ʻike nui ʻia no kāna kuleana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ATP, komo pū ka glycolysis i nā kaʻina olaola ʻē aʻe, e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hōʻike gene a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ke kelepona. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo ka glycolysis kahi ala metabolic koʻikoʻi a multifunctional e pāʻani ana i kahi "hana kumu" i loko. ka metabolism o ke kelepona.
Nā ʻanuʻu o Glycolysis: Ka wehewehe kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia pae
No ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i nā ʻanuʻu o ka glycolysis, pono e loaʻa kahi wehewehe kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia pae. Ma lalo iho nei, hōʻike mākou i kahi ʻike piha o nā ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi o kēia kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi o ke ala ala glycolysis metabolic.
1. Māhele Hoʻomākaukau:
– Hoʻololi mua: hoʻololi ʻia ka glucose i glucose-6-phosphate e ka enzyme hexokinase.
– Isomerization: hoʻololi ʻia ka glucose-6-phosphate i ka fructose-6-phosphate ma o ka hopena i hoʻopili ʻia e phosphohexose-isomerase.
- Ka lua o ka phosphorylation: ua hoʻololi ʻia ka fructose-6-phosphate i fructose-1,6-bisphosphate mahalo i ka hana o ka phosphofructokinase-1.
– I ka hopena o kēia māhele, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻelua mau molekele ATP.
2. Māhele Hoʻokaʻawale:
- Ka wehe ʻana o ka fructose-1,6-bisphosphate: Na ka enzyme aldolase e hoʻokaʻawale i ka fructose-1,6-bisphosphate i ʻelua mau mole, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) a me glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
- Isomerization: Hoʻololi ʻia ka DHAP i kahi mole G3P ʻē aʻe e ka enzyme triose-phosphate isomerase. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā molekala ʻelua he G3P.
- A laila, loaʻa ʻelua mau molekala G3P.
3. ATP a me NADH Hana Hana:
- Oxidation: e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mole G3P ka oxidation a me ka phosphorylation. Hoʻemi ʻia ka NAD + i NADH, a loaʻa kahi molela 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
- Hoʻololi ka Phosphate a me ka hana ATP: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ua hoʻololi ʻia i 3-phosphoglycerate mahalo i ka phosphoglyceratokinase, e hana ana i kahi mole ATP.
- Dehydration a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ATP: 3-phosphoglycerate hoʻololi ʻia i 2-phosphoglycerate, hoʻokuʻu i kahi mole o ka wai, a laila i phosphoenolpyruvate me mea hoʻokuʻu hou o ka wai. ʻO ka hope, he mole o ATP.
ʻO kēia mau wehewehe kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia pae o ka glycolysis e hāʻawi i kahi ʻike loea a piha i kēia kaʻina metabolic. ʻO ka hopena, hiki iā ʻoe ke mahalo i ka paʻakikī a me ka pololei o nā ʻanuʻu i komo i ka haki ʻana o ka glucose, he mea nui ia e loaʻa ai ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ATP i loko o kā mākou mau cell. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau ʻanuʻu, hiki ke mahalo a aʻo hohonu i ke kaʻina hana o ka glycolysis a me kona koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana o ka ikehu i loko o ko mākou kino.
Hoʻoponopono i ka Glycolysis: Mechanisms a me nā mea e pili ana i kāna hana
ʻO Glycolysis kahi ala metabolic koʻikoʻi i kuleana no ka haki ʻana o ka glucose i ke kino. cytoplasm o ke kelepona. He mea nui kona pololei hooponopono e malama i ke kaulike i ka ikehu metabolism. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano hana like ʻole e pili ana i kāna hana.
ʻO kekahi o nā hana hoʻoponopono nui o ka glycolysis he manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole. 'O ia ho'i, hiki i nā huahana hope o ke ala ke ho'opa'apa'a i nā enzyme e pili ana i nā hopena ko'iko'i. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o ka ATP, NADH a me ka acetyl-CoA e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻole, e pale ana i ka pau ʻana o nā mea waena e pono ai no nā ala metabolic ʻē aʻe.
Ma kahi o nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole, hoʻopili ʻia ka hana o ka glycolysis e nā mea extracellular. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka glucose i ke kaiapuni he mea koʻikoʻi no kāna hoʻoponopono. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka glucose, hoʻāla ʻia ke ala e hoʻohana pono i kēia substrate ikehu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ma nā mokuʻāina o ka hoʻokē ʻai ʻana a i ʻole ka loaʻa ʻana o ka glucose haʻahaʻa, ua kāohi ʻia ka glycolysis e mālama i ka glucose a hoʻohana i nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe o ka ikehu, e like me nā momona momona. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me ka pH a me ka mahana, hiki ke hoʻopili i ka hana o nā enzyme i komo i ka glycolysis.
Koikoʻi ola o Glycolysis i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikehu
ʻO ka Glycolysis kahi ala metabolic koʻikoʻi no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikehu i nā mea ola ma o kēia kaʻina hana, ua wāwahi ʻia ka glucose i pyruvate, e hana ana i ka ATP a me ka NADH ma ke ʻano he huahana. Loaʻa kēia ʻano o nā hopena kemika i loko o ka cytoplasm o nā cell a hiki ke hana ʻia me ka ʻole o ka oxygen (anaerobic) a i ʻole ke alo o ka oxygen (aerobic).
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka glycolysis aia i kāna kuleana ma ke kumu o ka ikehu wikiwiki. E like me ia i loko o ka cytoplasm, ʻaʻole pili kēia kaʻina i ka hiki ʻana o ka mitochondria, ka mea e hiki ai i nā cell ke loaʻa ka ikehu me ka maikaʻi ma nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka oxygen. No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi ka glycolysis i ka wā o ke koʻikoʻi o ka ikehu, e like me ka hoʻoikaika ikaika a i ʻole ka nele o ka oxygen i loko o nā ʻiʻo a i ʻole nā pūnaewele.
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi olaola ʻē aʻe o ka glycolysis ʻo kona hiki ke hana i nā precursors metabolic i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaʻina kelepona ʻē aʻe. I ka wā o ka glycolysis, hana ʻia nā mea waena e like me ka glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka synthesis o nā lipids a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka pyruvate i loaʻa mai ka glycolysis hiki ke komo i ka pōʻai Krebs i mua o ka oxygen. kumu kalapona a me ka ikehu hou aku no ke kelepona.
Hiki i nā pathologies pili me nā hoʻololi i ka Glycolysis
ʻO Glycolysis kahi ala metabolic koʻikoʻi no ka hana ʻana o ka ikehu i loko o nā cell, akā hiki ke hoʻololi i kāna hana i nā maʻi like ʻole. Ma lalo nei, hōʻike mākou i kekahi o nā maʻi e pili ana i kēia mau hoʻololi:
1. Ka nele o ka glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD): He hoʻoilina kēia pathology a ua ʻike ʻia e ka hemahema o ka enzyme G6PD, kahi mea nui i ke ala glycolysis. ʻO ka hopena, ʻaʻole hiki i nā cell ke hoʻoulu i ka ikehu, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hōʻailona e like me hemolytic anemia, luhi, a me ka jaundice.
2. Hipoglucemia: Hiki mai ka Hypoglycemia i ka ha'aha'a 'ana o ke ki'eki'e o ka glucose i ke koko. Hiki i nā hōʻailona ke komo i ka noʻonoʻo, ka huikau, ka hopu ʻana a me ka paʻakikī o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana.
3. ʻO ke kanesa a me ka hopena Warburg: ʻIke ʻia kahi hanana i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hopena Warburg i ka nui o nā maʻi maʻi maʻi, kahi e piʻi ai ka glycolysis, ʻoiai me ka lawa o ka oxygen. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai i nā maʻi maʻi ke loaʻa koke i ka ikehu e pono ai lākou e ulu a puʻunaue ʻO ka hopena Warburg ua pili pū me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka aggressiveness a me ke kū'ē i ka lāʻau maʻamau.
ʻO nā pilina pili kino: Ka pilina o Glycolysis me nā ala ʻē aʻe o ka cellular metabolism
ʻO Glycolysis kahi ala metabolic koʻikoʻi e kū nei i loko o ka cytosol o nā cell, a ʻo kāna hana nui ka hoʻololi ʻana i hoʻokahi mole mole glucose i ʻelua mau molekole pyruvate, ʻoiai e hana ana i ka ATP a me ka NADH. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hana kēia ala i kahi kaʻawale i ka metabolism cellular, akā pili pū me nā ala metabolic ʻē aʻe, e ʻae ai i ka hoʻohui ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono kūpono o ke kahe ʻana o ke kalapona a me ka ikehu i loko o ke kelepona.
ʻO kekahi o nā pilina metabolic nui o ka glycolysis me ke ala gluconeogenesis. Ma o kēia ala anabolic, hiki ke hoʻololi hou ʻia ka pyruvate i hana ʻia i ka glycolysis i ka glucose, ka mea nui i loko o ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa, e ʻae ai i ka mālama ʻana i nā pae glucose koko. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia pilina no ka mālama ʻana i ke koena o ka ikehu ma ke kino.
ʻO kekahi pilina koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka pōʻai waikawa tricarboxylic, ʻike pū ʻia ʻo Krebs cycle a i ʻole ka citric acid cycle. Hiki i ka pyruvate i loaʻa mai ka glycolysis ke komo i ka pōʻai Krebs e hoʻokahe piha ʻia, e hana ana i ka NADH a me FADH.2. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau pūhui ikaika i ke kaulahao lawe electron, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hana ʻana o ATP.
Manaʻo e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka Glycolysis i nā kaʻina biotechnological a me ke olakino
ʻO Glycolysis kahi ala metabolic koʻikoʻi e hana nui i nā kaʻina biotechnological a me ke olakino. Hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i kēia ala ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana ʻana o nā huahana biotechnological a hoʻoikaika i ka metabolism olakino i ke kino. Eia kekahi mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo nui e hoʻonui i ka pono o ka glycolysis:
1. E hoʻomalu i ka hāʻawi glucose: ʻO Glucose ka substrate nui o ka glycolysis. ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka lako o ka glucose he mea nui ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i kēia ala metabolic. I nā kaʻina hana biotechnological, ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohana i ka media moʻomeheu waiwai i ka glucose a nānā mau i nā pae glucose e hoʻoponopono i nā kūlana moʻomeheu. E pili ana i ke olakino o ke kanaka, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai kaulike e hāʻawi ana i ka lako o nā kalapona he mea nui ia e hōʻoia i ka metabolism glycolytic maikaʻi.
2. Hoʻoponopono i ka hana o nā enzymes nui: Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Glycolysis e kekahi pūʻulu enzymes e hoʻolalelale i nā hopena like ʻole o ke ala metabolic. Hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana o kēia mau enzyme ke hoʻololi i ka wikiwiki a me ka pono o ka glycolysis. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou i ka modulation o ka enzyme phosphofructokinase, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka pono o ka glycolysis i nā kaʻina biotechnological kikoʻī.
3. E hōʻoia i kahi kaʻina hana fermentation kūpono: I loko o nā kaʻina hana biotechnological a me ke olakino, pili pili ka glycolysis i ka fermentation. ʻO ka Fermentation ke ala hope loa o ka glycolysis a hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hua a me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana hope. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kūlana fermentation, e like me ka mahana, ka pH, a me ke alo o nā cofactor, he mea koʻikoʻi ia e hōʻoia i ka glycolysis maikaʻi. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kānana microbial kūikawā me hana kiʻekiʻe Hiki i ka fermentation a i ʻole genetic engineering o nā mea ola ke hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ka pono holoʻokoʻa o ka glycolysis a me ka fermentation.
Nīnau a me nā Pane
Nīnau: He aha kaglycolysis a he aha kāna hana i loko o ka metabolism cellular?
A: ʻO Glycolysis kahi ala metabolic waena e hana ʻia i loko o ka cytoplasm o nā cell a he ʻāpana o ka metabolism cellular. ʻO kāna hana nui ka haki ʻana o ka glucose e loaʻa ai ka energy ma ke ʻano o ATP.
Nīnau: He aha nā pae o ka glycolysis?
A: ʻO ka Glycolysis he ʻumi mau hopena enzymatic hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ka pae hoʻomākaukau a me ka pae ikaika. I ka manawa hoʻomākaukau, hoʻokomo ʻia kahi mole o ATP e hoʻololi i ka glucose i ka fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; a i ka manawa ikehu, ua hanaia elua mole o ATP, elua o NADH a elua o pyruvate.
Nīnau: He aha ka mea nui o ka glycolysis i ka hana ikehu?
A: ʻO Glycolysis kahi ala anaerobic metabolic e hāʻawi koke i ka ikehu i nā cell i ka nele o ka oxygen. Eia hou, hiki i ka pyruvate i hana ʻia i loko o ka glycolysis ke komo i nā ala metabolic ʻē aʻe, e like me ka pōʻai Krebs, e hoʻohua i nā molekala ATP hou aʻe.
Nīnau: He aha nā mea hoʻoponopono o ka glycolysis?
A: Hoʻoponopono ʻia ka Glycolysis e nā ʻano enzyme a me nā kumu. Aia ma waena o lākou nā enzymes phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) a me ka hexokinase, e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono allosteric Ua hoʻopili pū ʻia e ka loaʻa ʻana o nā substrates, e like me ke ʻano o ka glucose a me ka ratio ATP / AMP.
Nīnau: Pehea ka pili o ka glycolysis i nā maʻi metabolic?
A: Hiki i nā loli i ka glycolysis ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi metabolic. No ka laʻana, i nā hihia o ka enzyme deficiency, e like me ka maʻi ʻo Von Gierke, ʻaʻole hiki ke wāwahi maikaʻi ʻia ka glucose, e hopena i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka glucose i loko o ke koko.
Nīnau: Aia kekahi mau metabolites i hana ʻia i ka wā glycolysis?
A: ʻAe, i ka glycolysis e hana ʻia nā metabolites ʻē aʻe me ka pyruvate a me ka ATP. Hoʻopili kēia mau mea i ka NADH, kahi mea lawe electron, a me 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, e lawelawe nei ma ke ʻano he substrate no ka hana ATP ma hope o ka substrate-level phosphorylation.
Nīnau: He aha ka pilina ma waena o ka glycolysis a me ka lactate metabolism?
A: I ka anaerobic glycolysis, hoʻemi ʻia ka pyruvate i lactate me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka NADH, pēlā e pale ai i ke kūkulu ʻana o NADH a hiki i ka glycolysis ke hoʻomau i ka hana ʻana i ka ATP. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka lactate i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he substrate e nā ʻiʻo ʻē aʻe a i hoʻohuli hou ʻia i pyruvate.
Nā Manaʻo Hope Loa
I ka hopena, he hana koʻikoʻi ka glycolysis i ka metabolism cellular, kahi e hana ai i ka cytoplasm o nā cell. Ma o ke ʻano o nā hopena kemika, ua wāwahi ʻia ka glucose e hana i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ATP. Pono kēia kaʻina hana no ka hana a me ke ola ʻana o nā cell a pau. Eia kekahi, hāʻawi ka glycolysis i nā precursors no nā kaʻina metabolic ʻē aʻe, e like me ka synthesis o fatty acids a me nā waikawa amino.
ʻO Glycolysis kahi kaʻina hana i hoʻoponopono nui ʻia, kahi e komo ai nā enzyme kikoʻī a hana ʻia nā mea waena. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia kēia mau molekala waena i nā ala metabolic ʻē aʻe, ma muli o nā pono a me nā kūlana physiological o ke kelepona. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā substrates a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā enzyme regulator e hoʻopili i ka wikiwiki a me ka pono o ka glycolysis.
ʻOiai ʻo ka glycolysis he kaʻina anaerobic, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia e koi i ka oxygen, pili pū ia me nā ala aerobic metabolic. I ka wā anaerobic glycolysis, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka pyruvate i lactate, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka NAD + a ʻae i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kaʻina hana i nā kūlana o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen haʻahaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ma ke alo o ka oxygen, hiki i ka pyruvate ke komo i ka hanu cellular a hoʻoneʻe ʻia i CO2 a me ka wai, e hoʻonui ai i ka ikehu.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, glycolysis metabolism kelepona hele he hana kī i ka ikehu metabolism o nā pūnaewele, e hiki ai i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka glucose e hoʻohua koke i ka ikehu. ʻO kāna hoʻoponopono pololei a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana physiological ʻokoʻa e lilo ia i kumu kumu no ka hana ʻana o nā mea ola. Me ka kānalua ʻole, ʻo ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke aʻo ʻana o ka glycolysis e hāʻawi iā mākou i kahi ʻike maikaʻi aʻe o nā mīkini metabolic a me kā lākou hopena i ke olakino a me nā maʻi.
ʻO wau ʻo Sebastián Vidal, he ʻenekinia kamepiula makemake nui i ka ʻenehana a me DIY. Eia kekahi, ʻo wau ka mea nāna i hana tecnobits.com, kahi aʻu e kaʻana like ai i nā kumu aʻo e hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka ʻenehana i nā mea a pau.