Nā Kelepona Haploid a me Diploid

Hoʻolauna:

ʻO nā pūnaewele haploid a me nā diploid nā ʻano kumu ʻelua o nā pūnaewele i loaʻa i loko o nā mea ola unicellular a me multicellular. ʻO kēia mau pūnaewele, ʻoiai ke kaʻana like ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana, hana i nā hana like ʻole i loko o nā mea ola. Ma kēia 'atikala, e 'imi kiko'ī mākou i nā 'ano a me nā hana o ka haploid a me ka diploid cell, a me ko lākou ko'iko'i ma nā 'ano like 'ole o ka biology. Ma o ka ʻenehana a me ka neʻe ʻana, e hōʻike mākou i nā ʻano hana hoihoi i lalo o kēia mau ʻano cell ʻelua, e hoʻomālamalama ana i ko lākou koʻikoʻi i ka hana hou ʻana, ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea ola.

1. Introduction to haploid and diploid cell

ʻO nā pūnaewele haploid a me diploid nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole ʻelua i loaʻa i loko o nā mea ola. ʻOkoʻa ka nui o kēia mau cell i ka helu o nā chromosomes i loaʻa iā lākou.

I loko o nā pūnaewele haploid, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka helu o nā chromosomes i ka hapalua i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā cell diploid. ʻO ia hoʻi, loaʻa i nā pūnaewele haploid hoʻokahi pūʻulu o nā chromosomes, ʻoiai ʻelua mau pūʻulu diploid, hoʻokahi mai ka makua kāne a hoʻokahi mai ka makuahine.

Aia ke koʻikoʻi o kēia mau pūnaewele i kā lākou kuleana i ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hoʻololi genetic o nā mea ola. Hoʻokumuʻia nā pūnaewele Haploid e ke kaʻina hana o ka meiosis, kahi e ho'ēmi ai i ka helu o nā chromosomes i ka hapalua. Hoʻohui kēia mau pūnaewele i ka wā o ka hoʻomomona ʻana e hana i kahi cell diploid, kahi i loaʻa ai ka ʻike genetic mai nā mākua ʻelua. He mea nui kēia kaʻina o ka meiosis a me ka hoʻomoʻo ʻana no ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke ola a me ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano..

2. Ka wehewehe a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā pūnaewele haploid a me diploid

ʻO nā pūnaewele haploid a me nā diploid ʻelua ʻano o nā pūnaewele i ʻokoʻa i kā lākou helu o nā chromosomes. Loaʻa i nā pūnaewele Haploid hoʻokahi pūʻulu chromosomes, ʻoiai aia nā pūnaewele diploid ʻelua pūʻulu piha. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻokoʻa i ka helu chromosome no ka hana hou a me nā genetics.

Loaʻa nā pūnaewele haploid i loko o nā mea ola hoʻokahi a i ʻole i kekahi mau pae o ke ola o nā mea ola multicellular. He mau pūnae kāne kāne lākou, i ʻike ʻia he gametes, i hana ʻia ma o ke kaʻina i kapa ʻia meiosis. Hoʻopau ʻo Meiosis i ka hapa o ka helu o nā chromosomes i loko o kahi cell diploid, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā cell haploid. Aia i loko o kēia mau pūnaewele ka hapalua o ka mea genetic o nā pūnaewele diploid a hoʻohui i ka wā o ka hoʻoulu ʻana e hana hou i kahi cell diploid.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā cell diploid i nā mea ola multicellular. Aia i loko o kēia mau pūnaewele ʻelua pūʻulu chromosomes, hoʻokahi mai kēlā me kēia makua. Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou ma o ka replication DNA a me ka māhele cell i kapa ʻia ʻo ka mitosis. Hoʻomaopopo ka mitosis i ka loaʻa ʻana o kēlā me kēia cell kaikamahine i ka helu like o nā chromosomes me ka cell makua. ʻO kēia ʻano cell ke kuleana no ka ulu ʻana, hoʻomohala a mālama i nā ʻiʻo i loko o nā mea ola multicellular.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻokoʻa nā cell haploid a me diploid i ka helu o nā chromosomes i loko o lākou. ʻOiai he hoʻokahi pūʻulu chromosomes piha nā pūnana haploid a loaʻa i loko o nā mea ola hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā ​​pae kikoʻī o ka pōʻaiapuni o ke ola, aia nā pūnaewele diploid ʻelua mau pūʻulu chromosomes a ʻoi aku ka maʻamau i nā meaola multicellular. He mea nui kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ka hana hou ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā genetics.

3. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o nā pūnaewele haploid a me diploid i ka hana hou ʻana

I ka hana hou ʻana, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā haploid a me diploid. Loaʻa i nā pūnaewele Haploid hoʻokahi pūʻulu o nā chromosomes, ʻoiai aia nā pūnaewele diploid ʻelua pūʻulu chromosomes. Aia ke koʻikoʻi o kēia mau cell i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻohua i ka ʻano like ʻole a hōʻoia i ka hoʻouna pololei ʻana o ka ʻike genetic mai kekahi hanauna ai kekahi.

Loaʻa nā pūnaewele haploid i loko o nā meaola e hoʻohua i ka moekolohe, e like me nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Hana ʻia kēia mau pūnaewele ma o ka meiosis, kahi kaʻina e puʻunaue ai i ʻelua mau pūnaewele diploid e hoʻohua i ʻehā mau pūnana kaikamahine haploid. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa genetic i hana ʻia e ka meiosis e hōʻoia i ka ʻokoʻa ʻana o nā keiki mai ko lākou mau mākua a mai kekahi i kekahi, e makemake ana i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻololi a ola.

No lākou, ʻelua kope o kēlā me kēia chromosome, hoʻokahi mai ka makua kāne a hoʻokahi mai ka makuahine. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau cell mai ka hui ʻana o ʻelua mau haploid cell i ka wā fertilization. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pūʻulu chromosomes ʻelua e hiki ai ke hoʻoponopono i ka pōʻino DNA a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hoʻololi ʻino ma o ka recombination DNA a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻoponopono. Hoʻohui hou, hōʻoia ka diploidy i kēlā me kēia keena kaikamahine i kahi kope piha o ka genome, he mea nui ia no ka hana pono o ke kino.

4. Ke kaʻina hana o ka haploid a me diploid cell i loko o multicellular organisms

He mea nui ia no ka hana hou ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o ke ola. Ma kēia kaʻina hana, māhele ʻia nā pūnaewele diploid e hana i nā pūnaewele haploid, a laila hoʻohui ʻia e hoʻāla hou i nā pūnaewele diploid. E wehewehe ʻia nā ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi o kēia kaʻina hana ma lalo nei.

1. Māhele pūnaewele: Hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana me ka puʻunaue cell, kahi e puʻunaue ai hoʻokahi cell diploid ma o ka meiosis e hana i ʻehā mau pūnaewele haploid. I ka wā meiosis, ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu o ka mahele pūlima, ʻike ʻia ʻo meiosis I a me meiosis II. Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻanuʻu e ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hāʻawi hou ʻana i nā chromosomes, ka hopena i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā keena kaikamahine me ka hapalua o ka helu o nā chromosomes e like me ke kelepona makuahine. ʻO ka mahele pūnaewele kahi kaʻina hana i hoʻoponopono nui ʻia e koi ai i ka hana o nā ʻano genes a me nā protein hoʻoponopono.

2. Hoʻohui ʻia o nā pūnaewele haploid: Ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā cell haploid, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohui i ka wā o kahi kaʻina i kapa ʻia ʻo fertilization. I ka fertilization, hoʻohui ʻia kahi cell haploid o ke kumu makuahine me kahi cell haploid o ka makua kāne, e hoʻāla ana i kahi cell diploid me ka hoʻohui genetic piha. He mea nui kēia hui ʻana o nā cell haploid e mālama i ke kaulike genetic a hōʻoia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka genetic i loko o nā meaola multicellular.

3. Hoʻomohala a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka cell: Ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā cell diploid, hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻomohala a hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻāpana kūikawā. I loko o kēia kaʻina hana, mālama nā genes a me nā protein regulatory i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā genes pono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hana o kēlā me kēia ʻano cell. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale kelepona he hana paʻakikī a hoʻoponopono nui ʻia e hiki ai i nā organism multicellular ke hoʻomohala i nā ʻiʻo kūikawā a me nā ʻāpana e hoʻokō i nā hana kikoʻī.

I ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana, pili ia i ka mahele pūnaewele ma o ka meiosis, ka huiʻana o nā pūnaewele haploid i ka wā o ka hoʻouluʻana, a me ka uluʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana. He mea nui kēia kaʻina hana no ka hana hou ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o ke ola, a ua hoʻoponopono nui ʻia e nā genes a me nā protein. ** ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono pono ʻana o nā cell haploid a me diploid e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hana kūpono o nā mea ola multicellular a me ko lākou hiki ke hoʻololi a ola i nā wahi like ʻole.

5. Nā ʻokoʻa genetic ma waena o nā pūnaewele haploid a me diploid

ʻO kekahi o nā nā ʻokoʻa nui Aia nā genetics ma waena o nā pūnaewele haploid a me diploid i ka helu o nā chromosomes i loaʻa i loko o ka nucleus cell. ʻOiai aia nā pūnaewele haploid i ka hapalua o ka helu o nā chromosomes o kahi ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia, loaʻa i nā cell diploid kahi pūʻulu piha o nā chromosomes. Ma nā pūnaewele haploid, hōʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia chromosome i loko o hoʻokahi kope, ʻoiai i loko o nā pūnaewele diploid he ʻelua kope o kēlā me kēia chromosome, hoʻokahi i hoʻoili ʻia mai kēlā me kēia makua.

Loaʻa kekahi ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ma ke kaʻina hana hou. Hoʻoulu hou ʻia nā pūnaewele haploid ma o ka hoʻomomona ʻana, kahi e hui ai ʻelua mau pūnana haploid e hana he kinikini diploid. Hōʻike kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo i ke kumu o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā cell haploid i loko o nā meaola unicellular a i ʻole i nā pae kikoʻī o ka pōʻai hānau o nā mea ola multicellular. No ko lākou ʻaoʻao, hoʻohua hou nā pūnaewele diploid ma o ka mahele pūlima mitotic, kahi e hoʻopuka ai kēlā me kēia cell diploid i ʻelua mau keena kaikamahine diploid e like me ia.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia mau cell ma ke kiʻekiʻe o nā alleles i loaʻa ma nā chromosomes. Hoʻokahi wale nō kope o kēlā me kēia gene, ʻo ia hoʻi, loaʻa iā lākou hoʻokahi allele no kēlā me kēia gene kikoʻī. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻelua kope o kēlā me kēia gene i nā cell diploid, kahi e hāʻawi ai iā lākou i nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi i nā alleles i kēia manawa. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻano like ʻole no ka ʻokoʻa genetic a me ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano.

6. ʻO ke kuleana o ka haploid a me ka diploid cell i ka genetic variability

He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka haploid a me diploid cell i ka hoʻololi genetic o nā mea ola. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ʻana o nā ʻano a me nā hiʻohiʻona ma waena o nā kānaka o kahi ʻano, a he mea nui ia no ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā heluna kanaka. Ma kēia ʻano, hāʻawi ʻokoʻa nā pūnaewele haploid a me diploid i kēia ʻano like ʻole.

ʻO nā pūnaewele Haploid nā mea i loaʻa hoʻokahi pūʻulu chromosomes. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau cell ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka helu o nā chromosomes i ka wā meiosis, kahi kaʻina hana kūikawā o ka mahele cell. Ma muli o ka haploid, hoʻokahi wale nō kope o kēlā me kēia gene a, no laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻololi genetic. ʻO ka hui hou ʻana o ka genetic i ka wā meiosis e hiki ai i ka hui ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea genetic, e hana ana i nā hui hou o nā alleles a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻano like ʻole o ka heluna kanaka.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, loaʻa i nā pūnaewele diploid ʻelua pūʻulu piha o nā chromosomes, hoʻokahi i loaʻa mai kēlā me kēia makua. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau pūnaewele ma o ka hui ʻana o nā cell haploid i ka wā o ka hānau ʻana. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻelua kope o kēlā me kēia ʻano i loko o nā pūnaewele diploid e hāʻawi i ka redundancy genetic a hiki ke hāʻawi i nā pōmaikaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā loli o ke kaiapuni. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻohui hou ʻia ka genetic i ka wā meiosis i loko o nā cell diploid, kahi e kōkua ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka genetic ma o ka hana ʻana i nā hui hou o nā alleles mai nā mākua ʻelua.

7. Nā ʻano o ka haploid a me ka diploid cell i loko o nā mea ola like ʻole

ʻO nā pūnaewele haploid a me diploid ʻelua ʻano ʻano o nā sela i loaʻa i loko o nā meaola like ʻole. Loaʻa i nā pūnaewele Haploid hoʻokahi pūʻulu o nā chromosomes, ʻoiai aia nā pūnaewele diploid ʻelua pūʻulu chromosomes.

I loko o nā mea ola multicellular, ʻike ʻia nā cell diploid i ka hapa nui o nā ʻiʻo o ke kino, ʻoiai ʻo nā cell haploid ka mea maʻamau i loaʻa i loko o nā ʻōpū hānau a hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohua. No ka laʻana, i loko o ke kanaka, loaʻa nā cell diploid i ka ʻili, nā ʻiʻo, a me nā ʻiʻo ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻo nā cell haploid i loaʻa i loko o nā ovaries a me nā testes.

Ma waho aʻe o ke kanaka, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā cell haploid a me diploid i loko o nā ʻano mea like ʻole. No ka laʻana, i loko o nā mea kanu, loaʻa nā cell haploid i loko o nā ʻāpana hānau, e like me nā stamens a me nā pistils, ʻoiai nā cell diploid i loaʻa i ke koena o ka mea kanu. I loko o nā fungi, hiki ke loaʻa nā pūnaewele haploid i loko o nā kino hua, e like me nā halo, aʻo nā pūnaewele diploid i loaʻa i loko o ka mycelium, ʻo ia ke ʻano o lalo o ka lepo.

8. Nā pono a me nā pōʻino o ka haploid a me ka diploid cell i ka evolution

He mea nui ka haploid a me ka diploid cell i ke kaʻina hoʻololi o nā mea ola. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia o kēia mau pūnaewele nā pono a me nā hemahema e hoʻololi i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻololi a ola i nā ʻano kaiapuni. Aia ma lalo iho kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona pili pono o nā ʻano ʻelua e pili ana i kā lākou hana evolutionary.

Helu haploid

ʻO nā pūnaewele Haploid, e like me kā lākou inoa e hōʻike nei, aia kahi pūʻulu o nā chromosomes, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hapalua o ka huina o nā chromosomes o kahi ʻano. ʻO kekahi o nā pōmaikaʻi nui o nā cell haploid aia i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻololi genetic. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea genetic, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena o nā hoʻololi ʻana no ka mea ua kū pololei lākou. Hiki paha i kēia ke hoʻololi i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kaiapuni, e makemake ana i ke ola o ka ʻano. Eia nō naʻe, he mau hemahema nō hoʻi nā cell haploid, no ka mea, hoʻokahi kope wale nō o kēlā me kēia gene, hiki i nā mutation ʻino ke hōʻeha ʻole me ka ʻole kākoʻo e uku aku iaia.

nā pūpū diploid

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻelua pūʻulu o nā chromosomes nā cell diploid, e hāʻawi ana i ka paʻa genetic ʻoi aʻe a me ka pale ʻana i nā hoʻololi ʻino. Hāʻawi kēia genetic redundancy i kahi pōmaikaʻi evolutionary koʻikoʻi, no ka mea, inā he hewa a pōʻino paha kekahi gene, hiki i kekahi gene ke uku no kāna hana. Eia kekahi, ma ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻelua kope o kēlā me kēia gene, ʻoi aku ka mana o nā cell diploid e hoʻoponopono a hoʻoponopono i nā hewa i loko o ka DNA i ka wā o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka chromosome. Eia nō naʻe, ke kaupalena nei kēia hoʻololi genomic i ka hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻololi genetic i ka wā pōkole, hiki ke lilo i mea pōʻino i nā wahi e koi ai i ka hoʻololi wikiwiki ʻana i nā loli koke.

9. ʻO ka hānau ʻana o ka moekolohe a me nā pūnaewele haploid a me diploid

ʻO ka hoʻohua ʻana i ka moekolohe he kaʻina olaola kahi e hāʻawi ai nā mea ola ʻelua i nā mea genetic e hana ai i kanaka hou. Pono kēia ʻano hana hou i ke komo ʻana o nā cell haploid a me diploid.

ʻO nā pūnaewele Haploid, i kapa ʻia ʻo gametes, aia ka hapalua o ka helu o nā chromosomes e like me nā cell diploid. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Gametes ma o ka meiosis, kahi kaʻina o ka mahele cell e hoʻemi ana i ka helu o nā chromosomes i loko o kahi cell makuahine diploid ma ka hapalua. I loko o nā organism multicellular, kapa ʻia nā gametes kāne he sperm a ʻo nā gametes wahine i kapa ʻia he hua.

ʻO ka hui ʻana o kahi sperm a me kahi hua i ka wā o ka fertilization ka hopena i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi cell diploid, i kapa ʻia he zygote. Aia ka zygote i ka hoʻonohonoho piha o nā chromosomes, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka helu diploid. Mai kēia manawa, e māhele a ulu ka zygote i mea hou.

10. Ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā pūnaewele haploid a me diploid i ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic

He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka haploid a me diploid cell i ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic. ʻO nā pūnaewele Haploid, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he gametes, he mau mea hoʻohua i loaʻa i ka hapalua o ka helu o nā chromosomes o nā cell diploid. Hoʻohui ʻia kēia mau pūnaewele i ka wā o ka hoʻoulu ʻana e hana i kahi cell diploid, i ʻike ʻia he zygote, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka embryo.

I ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic, hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​​​pūnaewele diploid i nā ʻano mea like ʻole, e hana ana i nā ʻiʻo a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka mea ulu. Loaʻa i kēia mau pūnaewele diploid ka ʻano genetic piha a nona ke kuleana no ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻoilina i nā keiki.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hāʻawi nā cell haploid i ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic ma o ko lākou komo ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā gametes. Māhele kēia mau pūnaewele ma o ke kaʻina i kapa ʻia he meiosis, kahi e hoʻemi ai i ka helu o nā chromosomes i ka hapalua. I ka wā o ka fertilization, hoʻohui nā haploid gametes e hana i kahi cell diploid, e ulu aʻe i ke kino piha. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohua wahine e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i ka genetic a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana kaiapuni like ʻole.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, pāʻani nā cell haploid a me diploid i kahi kuleana nui i ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic. Hoʻokumu nā pūnaewele haploid i nā gametes, e hoʻohui ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻoulu ʻana e hana i kahi cell diploid e ulu aʻe i embryo. Mai nā pūnaewele diploid, hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole a me nā ʻāpana o ka mea e ulu nei. ʻO ke kaulike ma waena o kēia mau pūnaewele he mea nui ia no ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic kūpono a me ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻoilina i nā keiki.

11. Haploid a me diploid cell ma ka noiʻi ʻepekema

He mea nui ka Haploid a me ka diploid i ka noiʻi ʻepekema, no ka mea e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā kaʻina genetic a me ko lākou pilina me nā maʻi a me nā pilikia. Loaʻa i nā pūnaewele Haploid hoʻokahi pūʻulu o nā chromosomes, aʻo nā pūnaewele diploid ʻelua mau pūʻulu piha. ʻAe kēia mau ʻokoʻa iā mākou e aʻo i ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o nā genes a me ka nānā ʻana i nā hoʻololi a me kā lākou hopena i nā mea ola.

I ka noiʻi ʻepekema, hoʻohana ʻia nā cell haploid e aʻo i ka ulu ʻana, ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic a me nā genetics. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau cell haploid e hiki ai ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā kaʻina genetic a pehea e hōʻike ʻia ai nā genes. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he mea koʻikoʻi nā cell diploid i ke aʻo ʻana i nā maʻi genetic a me ka noiʻi maʻi kanesa. ʻO kēia mau pūnaewele diploid e ʻae iā mākou e nānā i nā ʻano genetic a pehea e pili ai i ka maʻi, a me ke aʻo ʻana i ka pane ʻana o nā cell i nā ʻano lapaʻau like ʻole a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

I loko o ka noiʻi ʻepekema, aia nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoponopono a aʻo i nā cell haploid a me diploid. Aia kekahi o kēia mau ʻenehana moʻomeheu pūnaewele, genetic engineering, DNA sequencing and advanced microscopy techniques. Hāʻawi kēia mau mea hana iā mākou e nānā i nā cell ma ka pae molecular a hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā kaʻina cellular a me nā genetic. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano holoholona a me nā ʻōnaehana moʻomeheu kelepona ʻekolu-dimensional e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻohālikelike pono a hoʻopaʻa i nā kaʻina olaola i loko o kahi kaiapuni i hoʻomalu ʻia.

12. ʻO nā maʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā pūnaewele haploid a me diploid

ʻO ia nā maʻi genetic i loaʻa mai i nā mea ʻino i ka helu a i ʻole ke ʻano o nā chromosomes. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia mau hoʻololi i ka wā o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kelepona, ka hana hou ʻana a i ʻole ke kūkulu ʻana i nā gametes.

ʻO kekahi o nā maʻi maʻamau e pili ana me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā pūnaewele haploid a me diploid ʻo Down Syndrome, ka mea i loaʻa ke loaʻa i ke kanaka kahi kope o ka chromosome 21. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka lohi ʻana o ka ulu ʻana a me nā ʻano kino ʻokoʻa. ʻO kekahi laʻana ʻo Turner Syndrome, ka mea i loaʻa i nā wahine he hoʻokahi X chromosome ma mua o nā mea maʻamau ʻelua. Hiki i kēia ke hopena i ka infertility a me nā pilikia ulu.

No ka ʻike a mālama ʻana i kēia mau maʻi, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana a me nā mea hana like ʻole. ʻO ka karyotype, no ka laʻana, he hōʻike e hiki ai iā mākou ke nānā i nā chromosomes o ke kanaka a ʻike i kekahi anomali. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻenehana sequencing DNA he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ke aʻo ʻana i nā hoʻololi genetic, e ʻae ana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā genes kikoʻī e pili ana i kēia mau maʻi.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, he mau maʻi genetic lākou i hana ʻia e nā mea ʻino i loko o nā chromosomes. Hiki i kēia mau hoʻololi ke loaʻa i nā hopena koʻikoʻi no ke olakino, no laila he mea nui ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻenehana diagnostic a me nā mea hana pono e ʻike a mālama iā lākou i ka manawa. ʻO ka holomua o ka ʻenehana ua ʻae i ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i kēia mau maʻi a wehe i ka puka i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

13. Nā noi biotechnological o haploid a me diploid pūnaewele

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā cell haploid a me diploid i nā noi biotechnological like ʻole, mahalo i ko lākou ʻano genetic kūʻokoʻa. Ma kēia ʻāpana, e ʻimi mākou i kekahi o nā noi nui o kēia mau cell a pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole.

A o nā noi ʻO ka mea nui loa e pili ana i nā cell haploid a me diploid ko lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka noiʻi genetic. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau cell no ke aʻo ʻana i ka hana o nā genes kikoʻī a hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā mīkini molekala e hoʻokele iā lākou. Ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i kēia mau cell, hiki ke hoʻokō i nā hoʻokolohua e ʻike ai i nā genes pili i kekahi mau kaʻina kelepona a i ʻole phenotypes.

ʻO kekahi wahi e hoʻohana nui ʻia ai nā cell haploid a me diploid ʻo ia ka biotechnology mahiʻai. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia mau pūnaewele no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano i makemake ʻia o nā mea kanu like ʻole. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea kanu kūpaʻa i ka maʻi hana kiʻekiʻe aʻe. Eia kekahi, he mea nui kēia mau cell i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana meaʻai ma o nā ʻenehana e like me ka genetic engineering a me ke koho molecular o nā ʻano agronomic makemake.

14. Nā manaʻo manaʻo ma nā pūnaewele haploid a me diploid i ka biology hou

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo nā cell haploid a me diploid ka mea nui i ka biology hou ma muli o kā lākou kuleana i nā kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohua a me ka hoʻoilina genetic. Loaʻa i nā cell haploid ka hapalua o ka helu o nā chromosomes ma mua o nā cell diploid, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā gametes i loko o nā mea kino. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, loaʻa i nā cell diploid ka helu piha o nā chromosomes a nona ke kuleana no ka hapa nui o nā hana kelepona i loko o nā meaola multicellular.

ʻO kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā cell haploid a me diploid ko lākou hiki ke hana hou. ʻOiai hiki i nā pūnaewele haploid ke hoʻohua i nā gametes haploid i hui pū ʻia i ka wā o ka fertilization e hana i kahi organism diploid, hiki i nā cell diploid ke hana hou ma o ka mitosis, e hana ana i nā keena kaikamahine e like me ka cell makuahine.

ʻO ka mea nui, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā cell haploid i ka genetics a me ka noiʻi ʻepekema. ʻO ka manipulation o nā cell haploid e hiki ai iā mākou ke aʻo i ke kuleana o nā genes kikoʻī i nā kaʻina hana olaola a me nā maʻi. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā cell haploid i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka genetic crop a me ka hana lāʻau lapaʻau, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano genetically modified me nā ʻano makemake.

I ka hopena, he mau mea koʻikoʻi nā haploid a me diploid cell i ke kaʻina hana hou a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā meaola. Loaʻa i nā pūnaewele Haploid hoʻokahi pūʻulu o nā chromosomes, aʻo nā pūnaewele diploid ʻelua mau pūʻulu piha. Hoʻoholo kēia mau ʻokoʻa i nā hana like ʻole a me nā hiʻohiʻona i ke kaʻina ola o nā mea ola.

He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā cell Haploid i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā gametes, nā pūnae sex e pono ai no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wahine. Ma ka hui ʻana me kekahi pūla haploid ʻē aʻe i ka wā o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi cell diploid e hoʻāla ai i kahi mea ola hou. ʻO kēia hoʻololi ʻana ma waena o nā pūnaewele haploid a me nā diploid i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka haplodiplonic cycle, aia i loko o nā mea ola multicellular.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā cell diploid ka ʻano nui o ke kino o nā mea ola. Loaʻa i kēia mau pūnaewele ka ʻike genetic piha a nona ke kuleana no ka ulu ʻana, hoʻomohala a mālama i nā ʻiʻo a me nā kino. I ka wā o ka hoʻohua ʻana i ka moe kolohe, puʻunaue ʻia nā pūnaewele diploid ma o ka meiosis e hoʻohua i nā cell haploid, no laila e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka genetic i nā keiki.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, pāʻani koʻikoʻi nā cell haploid a me diploid i nā hana koʻikoʻi. ʻO kāna ʻokoʻa a me kāna hana ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i nā mea i ka hana hou a me ka hoʻoilina genetic. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona kelepona no ke aʻo ʻana i ka biology a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau genetic.