Organelle pūnaewele kahi e lawe ʻia ai ka Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis He kaʻina hana ia koʻikoʻi no ke ola ʻana o nā meaola photosynthetic, e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu lā i ikehu kemika hoʻohana. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana Loaʻa ia i loko o kahi organelle pūnaewele koʻikoʻi, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka chloroplast. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi kikoʻī mākou i nā ʻano a me nā hana o kēia organelle, a me ke ʻano o kona ʻano a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka holomua o ka photosynthesis. Ma o ka loiloi ʻenehana, e hāʻawi mākou i kahi ʻike ākea o ke kuleana nui a ka chloroplast i ke kaʻina hana o ka photosynthesis a me kona koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana o nā mea ola photosynthetic.

1. Ka wehewehe⁢ o ke kinona paaniani kahi e hanaia ai ka photosynthesis

ʻO ka chloroplast ka cellular organelle kahi e hana ai ke photosynthesis. He mea kūʻokoʻa kēia⁢ organelle i nā mea kanu⁤ a me kekahi mau mea ola kiʻi unicellular. ʻO ka chloroplast he organelle membranous i loaʻa ma nā keʻena o nā lau a me nā ʻiʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo. o nā mea kanu.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka chloroplast he membrane waho ʻelua e hoʻopuni ana i kahi ākea i kapa ʻia ʻo stroma. Aia i loko o ka stroma kahi ʻōnaehana o nā membrane kūloko i kapa ʻia ʻo thylakoids. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā thylakoids i loko o nā puʻu i kapa ʻia ʻo grana a loaʻa ka chlorophyll, ka puaʻa ke kuleana no ka hopu ʻana i ka lā. ʻO kēia mau thylakoids ke kuleana no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pae mua o ka photosynthesis, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka pae hilinaʻi māmā.

I loko o ka ⁤chloroplast, ‌a me ka ⁤thylakoids, aia kekahi mau mea nui e like me ribosomes, ⁤DNA a me nā plastids. ⁢Na Ribosomes ke kuleana no ka ‍synthesis o‌ nā polokina e pono ai no ka hana photosynthesis. He ʻokoʻa ka DNA Chloroplastic no ka mea, ua hoʻoili ʻia mai ka makuahine wale nō ma o kāna keiki. ʻO nā ⁤ plastids i loko o ka chloroplast ke kuleana no ka mālama ʻana i nā starch a me nā lipid i hana ʻia i ka wā photosynthesis.

2. Koʻikoʻi o ka chloroplast i ka hana photosynthetic

ʻO ka ‌chloroplast‌ kahi‌ mea koʻikoʻi i ke kaʻina photosynthetic o nā mea kanu. A laila, e kikoʻī ʻia nā hana nui⁤ a me nā ʻano o ka chloroplast.

1. Ka hana ikehu: Loaʻa i ka chloroplast nā puaʻa ʻōmaʻomaʻo i kapa ʻia ʻo chlorophyll, hiki ke hopu i ka ikehu. o ke kukui lā. Mahalo i kēia kaʻina hana, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hopu māmā, hiki i ka mea kanu ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu māmā i ka ikehu kemika, mālama ʻia ma ke ʻano o adenosine triphosphate (ATP) a me ka nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Pono kēia mau pūhui e hoʻokō i nā hopena biochemical o photosynthesis.

2. Hana ʻia ka oxygen: I ka wā photosynthesis, ʻo ka chloroplast⁢ ke kuleana no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka oxygen i ke kaiapuni. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka photolysis o ka wai, ka mea i hana ʻia i loko o nā thylakoids, loaʻa ka oxygen kinoea ma ke ʻano he huahana hope loa. Pono kēia ⁤oxygen⁢ no ka hanu aerobic o nā mea ola a me ka mālama ʻana i ke koena kemika o ka lewa o ka Honua.

3. Ka mālama ʻana i nā puaʻa: Ma waho aʻe o ka chlorophyll, mālama ka chloroplast i nā puaʻa ʻē aʻe e like me ka carotenoids a me nā xanthophylls ʻO kēia mau puaʻa ke kuleana no nā kala melemele, ʻalani a me ka ʻulaʻula o kekahi mau mea kanu a ʻo kā lākou hana nui ka pale ʻana i ka chlorophyll pōʻino i hana ʻia e ka lā ikaika. No laila, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka ⁢chloroplast i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea kanu i nā ⁢light a me nā kūlana kaiapuni.

3.⁤ Ka hale a me nā mea nui i loko o ka chloroplast

I loko o ka chloroplast, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi e pono ai no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka photosynthesis, kahi hana koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai i nā mea kanu. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano a me ka hana o kēia mau ʻāpana, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike piha i ke ʻano o kēia hana koʻikoʻi no ke ola mea kanu.

ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui i loko o ka chloroplast ʻo ia ka thylakoid membrane, nona ke kuleana no ka hale chlorophyll, kahi puaʻa i kuleana no ka lawe ʻana i ka lā e pono ai no ka photosynthesis. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā membrane thylakoid i nā hale i hoʻopaʻa ʻia⁢ i kapa ʻia he grana, aia nā chloroplasts. Hāʻawi kēia mau kīʻaha i kahi ākea ākea no ka hōʻiliʻili māmā a kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o ka photosynthesis.

ʻO kekahi mea koʻikoʻi ʻo ka stroma, ʻo ia ka matrix gelatinous i loaʻa ma waena o nā membrane thylakoid. Hana ʻia kēia māhele i loko o ka stroma, kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ai nā haʻalulu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i carbon dioxide a me ka ikehu i mālama ʻia ma ke ʻano o ATP a me NADPH, i hana ʻia ma ka pae māmā.

4. Nā hana o nā puaʻa photosynthetic i ka lawe ʻana o ka lā

Pono nā hana o nā puaʻa kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi no ka lawe ʻana o ka lā i loko o nā mea ola hiki ke photosynthesis. ʻO kēia mau puaʻa, aia i loko o nā keʻena o nā mea kanu, nā algae a me kekahi mau bacteria,⁢ loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī e hiki ai iā lākou ke launa pū me ka mālamalama i nā lōʻihi nalu like ʻole.

1. Hoʻopili māmā ʻia: ʻO nā puaʻa Photosynthetic, e like me ka chlorophyll, koho koho i ka lā ma nā lōʻihi nalu like ʻole. ʻO kēia ma muli o kā lākou ʻano kemika kūʻokoʻa, e hāʻawi iā lākou i ka hiki ke komo i kekahi mau kala o ka mālamalama a hōʻike i nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka chlorophyll a ka mea e hoʻomoʻi nui i ke kukui uliuli a me ka ʻulaʻula, a ʻo ka chlorophyll b ka mea e komo nui i ke kukui uliuli a me ka melemele. ʻAe kēia i nā mea ola photosynthetic e hana i ka nui o ka ikehu lā i loaʻa.

2. Ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka ikehu: He kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi nā puaʻa Photosynthetic i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka ikehu i hopu ʻia mai ka mālamalama i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. I ka wā o ka photosynthesis, hoʻololi ʻia ka ikehu mai kekahi puaʻa i kekahi a hiki i kahi mole i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kikowaena pane, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai no ka hana ʻana i ka ikehu kemika. He mea nui kēia hoʻoili ikehu kūpono no ka hana pono o ka photosynthesis.

3. Ka pale aku i ka poino oxidative: Ma waho aʻe o kā lākou kuleana i ka absorption o ka lā, ʻo nā pigment photosynthetic kekahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka pale ʻana i nā cell photosynthetic mai ka pōʻino oxidative ma muli o ka overexposure i ka ⁢light. Ma ka lawe ʻana i ka lā, pale kēia mau puaʻa i ka ikehu māmā mai ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi oxidative a no laila e hoʻopōʻino i nā ʻāpana kelepona paʻakikī.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, he nui ka ⁢ a he mea nui no ka hana o photosynthesis. Hāʻawi kēia mau puaʻa i ka hoʻopili koho ʻana o ka māmā, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu kūpono a me ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino oxidative, no laila e hōʻoia i ka hopu ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu lā e nā mea ola photosynthetic.

5. ʻO ka envelope chloroplast a me kāna ⁢ kuleana i ke kahe‌ o ⁢metabolites

I loko o ka ʻano o ke kelepona I loko o nā mea kanu, he kuleana ko ka chloroplast i ka photosynthesis, ke kaʻina hana e hopu ai lākou i ka ikehu lā a hoʻololi i nā meaʻai no ka mea kanu. I kēia manawa, he mea nui e hōʻike i ke koʻikoʻi o ka envelope chloroplast, he membrane pālua e hoʻopuni ana a pale i kēia organelle kī i ke ola mea kanu.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka envelope chloroplast me kahi membrane o waho a me kahi membrane i loko, i haku ʻia me nā lipid a me nā protein. Ke hana nei kēia mau membrane ma ke ʻano he pale koho e hoʻoponopono ai i ke kahe ʻana o nā metabolites, e ʻae ana i kekahi mau molekala e komo a haʻalele i ka chloroplast ma ke ʻano hoʻomalu hanu ana.

Ma waho aʻe o kāna hana ma ke ʻano he pale koho, hoʻokani ka envelope chloroplast i kahi koʻikoʻi i ka lawe metabolite. Ma o nā ʻauwai kikoʻī, hiki i nā molekole pono no ka photosynthesis, e like me carbon dioxide a me ka māmā, hiki ke komo i ka⁤ chloroplast. Pēlā nō, hiki ke hūnā ʻia nā huahana hope o photosynthesis, e like me ka glucose, i loko o ka cytosol o ke kelepona no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻina metabolic ʻē aʻe.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo ka envelope chloroplast, i haku ʻia me kona membrane waho a me loko, he hana koʻikoʻi i ke kahe ʻana o nā metabolites i loko o nā mea kanu. ʻAʻole wale ia e hana ma ke ʻano he pale koho, akā e ʻae ia i ka lawe ʻana i nā molekala e pono ai no ka photosynthesis a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā huahana hope loa e hōʻoia i nā kaʻina hana metabolic i loko o ka chloroplast, no laila e hōʻoia i ka ola a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu.

6. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana membrane chloroplast a me kona pilina me ATP synthesis

ʻO nā chloroplasts nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi i loko o nā mea kanu a me kekahi mau mea hana kiʻi kiʻi, no ka mea, ʻo lākou ke kuleana no ka lawe ʻana i ka photosynthesis. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka ATP synthesis i nā chloroplasts, pono e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano paʻakikī o kā lākou ʻōnaehana membrane.

ʻO ka chloroplast he ⁢i haku ʻia me ʻelua mau membrane waho a me kahi ʻōnaehana membrane i loko e pili ana i ka thylakoids a me ka grana. -kapa ʻia he splicing space a i ʻole stroma. Ma loko o kēia mau thylakoids intracrystic, aia nā protein koʻikoʻi no ka synthesis o ATP, i kapa ʻia ʻo ATP synthases, nona ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana i ka ikehu kemika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu māmā i hopu ʻia ma ka māhele ⁢light o photosynthesis.

Aia ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻōnaehana membrane chloroplast a me ka synthesis ATP i ke kahe ʻana o nā protons ma o nā membrane thylakoid. I ka wā māmā o photosynthesis, hoʻohana ʻia ka ikehu māmā e hoʻoili i nā electrons o ke kaulahao o ka lawe electron i loko o ka thylakoid membranes, e hana ana i ka gradient electrochemical o nā protons. Pono kēia gradient proton no ka ʻae ʻana i nā synthases ATP e hoʻohui i ka synthesis ATP me ka hoʻoili electron, ma o kahi kaʻina i kapa ʻia ʻo oxidative phosphorylation.

7. Nā pōʻaiapili kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi i loko o ka organelle cellular a me ko lākou pilina me ka hoʻopaʻa kalapona

He koʻikoʻi ko nā pōʻaiapili kiʻi kiʻi i loko o ka ʻāpana kelepona i kapa ʻia ʻo ka chloroplast, ke kuleana no ka lawe ʻana i ka photosynthesis i loko o nā mea kanu a me nā algae. i nā mea kanu a aia ko lākou koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana i ka biomass a me ka ikehu.

I ka pōʻai ʻo Calvin-Benson, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa kalapona i loko o nā mea kanu a me nā algae i ka wā pōʻeleʻele o ka photosynthesis. I loko o kēia pōʻaiapuni, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi mole glucose mai ⁢carbon dioxide, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ⁤energy mai ka lā i hopu ʻia ma ke ʻano o ATP a me NADPH. Pono kēia kaʻina hana no ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, no ka mea, hoʻohana ʻia ka glucose ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka ikehu a ma ke ʻano he precursor no ka synthesis o nā pūhui organik ʻē aʻe.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka citric acid cycle, i ʻike ʻia ʻo Krebs cycle, he hana koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana o ka ikehu i ka organelle cellular. Hana ʻia kēia pōʻai i loko o ka matrix chloroplast a nona ke kuleana no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā pūhui organik i hana ʻia i ka wā māmā o photosynthesis, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ATP. ⁤Eia kekahi,⁤ ka ʻakika citric pōʻai pū kekahi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā precursors no ka synthesis o nā molekala organik, e like me nā amino acids a me nā lipids pono no ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu.

8. Nā hana hoʻoponopono o ka photosynthesis i loko o ka chloroplast

ʻO ka Photosynthesis kahi kaʻina ‌vital⁢ no nā meaola e hopu‌ a hoʻololi i ka ikehu o ka lā i ikehu kemika. I loko o ka chloroplast, he organelle koʻikoʻi i kēia kaʻina hana, aia nā hana hoʻoponopono e hiki ai ke mālama i ke kaulike a me ka pono i ka hana ʻana o nā pūhui ikehu.

ʻO kekahi o nā hana hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi i ka chloroplast he pane ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o nā huahana photosynthesis. Ke piʻi ka manaʻo o kekahi mau pūhui, e like me ATP a i ʻole NADPH, i nā pae kiʻekiʻe, ua kāohi ʻia nā pae hope o ka photosynthesis e pale aku i ka ikehu ʻole. Mālama kēia hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai a pale i ka hōʻiliʻili nui ʻana o nā pūhui i hiki ke ʻona i ke kelepona.

ʻO kekahi hana hoʻoponopono i loko o ka chloroplast ka pane i ka ikaika māmā. Loaʻa i nā chloroplasts nā puaʻa photosynthetic, e like me ka chlorophyll, e hopu ana i ka ikehu māmā. Eia naʻe, hiki i ka nui o ka māmā ke hoʻonui i nā ʻōnaehana lawe electron a hoʻoulu i nā ʻano oxygen reactive. No ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino i ka ʻōnaehana chloroplast, hoʻāla ʻia nā mīkini hoʻoponopono e hoʻopau i ka ikehu keu e like me ka wela, ma o nā kaʻina hana i kapa ʻia ʻo non-photochemical deexcitation. Mālama kēia mau mīkini i ka chloroplast mai nā kūlana koʻikoʻi a ʻae iā ia e hoʻomau i ka hana. me ka pono ma nā pae like ʻole o ka mālamalama.

9. Nā kumu kaiapuni e hoʻoikaika i ka pono kiʻi kiʻi o ka⁢ organelle

Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka pono kiʻi kiʻi o ka organelle ⁤ma muli o nā ʻano kaiapuni like ʻole e pili ana i kāna hana. ʻO ka pono o ka organelle e hoʻonui i kāna hana.

• Ka ikaika māmā: He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka nui a me ka maikaʻi⁤ o ka mālamalama hanana i ka hana photosynthetic. Hiki i ke kukui ke hoʻopōʻino i ka organelle, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lawa ka mālamalama hiki ke kaupalena i ka hiki ke photosynthesize. ala kūpono.
• Mahana: He hopena koʻikoʻi ka mahana o ke kaiapuni i nā hopena kemika i hana ʻia i loko o ka organelle. Hiki i ka hoʻonui⁢ i ka wela ke hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ka photosynthesis, akā inā i ʻoi aku kekahi paepae, hiki ke hopena i ka pōʻino hiki ʻole.
• Loaʻa ka wai: He mea nui ka wai ⁢no ka photosynthesis, no ka mea ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaʻina lawe electron a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā huahana hope loa. Hiki i ka nele o ka wai ke kaupalena i ka pono photosynthetic a hoʻoulu i ke koʻikoʻi i ka organelle, e hōʻemi ana i kona hiki ke hana i ka photosynthesis me ka maikaʻi.

Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻaʻole hana kaʻawale kēia mau mea kaiapuni, akā pili lākou i kekahi i kekahi e hoʻoikaika i ka pono photosynthetic o ka organelle. No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi ka mālama ʻana i kahi kaulike kūpono o kēia mau mea e hōʻoia i ka hana maikaʻi loa o ka organelle ma ke ʻano o ka photosynthesis. Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā organelles Photosynthetic e hoʻololi i nā kūlana kaiapuni like ʻole, a ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o kēia mau mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ko lākou pono pono e hoʻonui i ka hana ikehu ma o photosynthesis.

10. Nā noi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka photosynthesis ma ka ʻoihana a me ka noiʻi

Photosynthesis ma ka ʻoihana:

Loaʻa i ka Photosynthesis nā ʻano noi like ʻole i ka ʻoihana, mahalo i kona hiki ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu o ka lā i loko o nā mea kūlohelohe. ʻO kekahi o nā mea hiki ke hoʻohana:

• Ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai: Pono ka Photosynthesis i ka mahiʻai a me ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai, e like me nā cereals, nā huaʻai, a me nā mea kanu, pili i kēia kaʻina e ulu a ulu. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana pū ʻia ka photosynthesis i ka hana meaʻai ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā microorganisms photosynthetic, e like me ka algae, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā huahana e like me ka agar-agar a me ka spirulina flakes.
• Hanau ikehu hou⁤: ʻO Photosynthesis‌ kahi mea kumu ikehu hiki ke hoʻololi hou ʻia. Hiki i nā pūnaewele Photovoltaic, ma muli o ke kumu o ka photosynthesis, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka lā i uila. ⁢Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻenehana i⁤ i ka hana ʻana i nā panela lā, kahi⁢ i kaulana a hoʻokō pono i ka hana ʻana i ka ikehu maʻemaʻe a hoʻomau.

Photosynthesis ma⁤ noiʻi:

He hopena nui nō hoʻi ka Photosynthesis ma ke kahua o ka noiʻi ʻepekema. ʻO kekahi o nā wahi e mālama ʻia nei nā haʻawina:

• Koola olaola: He hana koʻikoʻi ka Photosynthesis i nā mea kanu, no laila he mea nui kāna aʻo ʻana e hoʻomaopopo i ka physiology a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. Ke noiʻi nei ka poʻe ʻepekema i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e pili ana i ka photosynthesis, e like me ka hōʻiliʻili māmā, ka ʻai ʻana o CO.₂ a me ka hana ʻana o ka oxygen, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono a me ka huahana o nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia.
• Nā wahie olaola: ʻO ⁢ Artificial⁤photosynthesis kekahi o nā laina noiʻi nui loa i ka hana ʻana i nā biofuels. Ke hana nei nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻomohala i nā ʻōnaehana hiki ke hoʻohālike i ke kaʻina hana o ka photosynthesis kūlohelohe, e hana i ka ikehu mai nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia, e like me ka wai a me ka carbon dioxide, ma ke ʻano kūpono a hoʻomau.

Ma ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, hiki i ka photosynthesis ka mana nui i ka ʻoihana a me ka noiʻi, ma ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka ikehu hou, a i ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻike ʻepekema i nā kula e like me ka biology mea kanu a me ka hanauna o nā biofuels. ⁢ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia hana hoihoi o nā mea kanu e ʻae i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hopena hoʻomau a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kaiapuni.

11. Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a me ka hoʻololi ʻana e hoʻonui i ka pono photosynthetic

I ka ʻimi mau ʻana e "hoʻonui i ka pono kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi o nā mea kanu," ua manaʻo ʻia nā hoʻomaikaʻi like ʻole a me nā hoʻololi genetic i hiki ke loaʻa ka hopena nui i ka huahana a me ka hoʻomau o ka mahiʻai. ⁢Eia kekahi o nā ala e hiki ai i ka hoʻoponopono genetic⁤ ke hoʻomaikaʻi‌ i kēia kaʻina olaola kumu:

• Hoʻonui i ka hopu māmā: Hiki ke hana i nā hoʻololi genetic e hoʻonui i ka hiki o nā mea kanu ke hopu i ka lā, ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka chlorophyll a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i nā puaʻa photosynthetic hou.
• ʻO ka ʻoi loa o ka photosynthesis⁤ C4: ʻO ka photosynthesis C4 kahi hana hoʻololi i hoʻomohala ʻia e kekahi mau mea kanu e hoʻonui i ka pono kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi ma lalo o nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe a me nā pae haʻahaʻa ⁢CO2. Ma o nā hoʻololi genetic, hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia nā genes e mālama i kēia ʻano photosynthesis i loko o nā mea kanu ʻaʻole maoli.
• Hoemi⁢ o ka photoinhibition: ʻO ka Photoinhibition kahi mea e hoʻopōʻino ai ka nui o ka lā i nā ʻōnaehana hopu ikehu o ka mea kanu, e hōʻemi ana i kona pono kiʻi kiʻi. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā hoʻololi genetic e hiki ai i nā mea kanu ke pale maikaʻi i kēia koʻikoʻi, pēlā e hoʻonui ai i ka pono holoʻokoʻa o ke kaʻina hana.

ʻO kēia kekahi o nā hoʻomaikaʻi a me nā hoʻololi genetic i hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pono photosynthetic o nā mea kanu. He mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā moʻo e pono ai ke aʻo pono ʻana i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni a me ka socioeconomic, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻano etika a me ka hoʻoponopono.

12. Ka mea nui o ka chloroplast i ka hana ʻana o ka oxygen a me kona hopena i ke kaiapuni

ʻO Chloroplasts nā organelles i loko o nā keʻena o nā mea kanu a me nā algae ʻōmaʻomaʻo e pāʻani i ke kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka photosynthesis, kahi kaʻina e hana ai ka oxygen a hoʻololi ʻia ka ikehu o ka lā i ikehu kemika. Aia kona koʻikoʻi i kona hiki ke synthesize i ka glucose mai carbon dioxide a me ka wai, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lā ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu.

He mea nui ka hana ʻana o ka oxygen e nā chloroplasts no ka mālama ʻana i ke ola ma ka Honua. Ma o photosynthesis, hoʻopuka kēia mau ʻāpana i ka oxygen ma ke ʻano he hopena ʻoiai e hopu ana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i carbon dioxide, kahi kinoea hoʻomaʻemaʻe, no ka hana ikehu. ʻO ka oxygen i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kēia kaʻina hana ke kuleana no ka mālama ʻana i ke koena o nā pae o ka oxygen i ka lewa, e ʻae ai i ka hanu ʻana e nā mea ola aerobic⁤ a kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea olaola.

Ma nā ʻōlelo kaiapuni, he kuleana ko ka chloroplast i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau. Ma ka hopu ʻana i ke kalapona kalapona a me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā ia no ka photosynthesis, hana kēia mau ʻāpana e like me ke kalapona ʻana, e kōkua ana e hōʻemi i ka neʻe ʻana o kēia kinoea i ka lewa. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka oxygen e nā chloroplasts e kūʻē i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ululāʻau a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā kinoea hoʻohaumia, e hāpai ana i kahi kaiapuni hoʻomau no nā ʻano ola āpau ma ka honua.

13. Ka pilina ma waena o ka photosynthesis a me ka hana biomass i nā mea ola photosynthetic

ʻO ka Photosynthesis kahi kaʻina kumu no ka hana ʻana i ka biomass i nā mea ola photosynthetic. Ma o kēia mīkini paʻakikī, hiki i nā mea kanu a me nā mea ola autotrophic ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu māmā mai ka lā i ka ikehu kemika, no laila e hāʻawi i ke kumu no ka hana ʻana i nā mea ola.

Loaʻa ka photosynthesis ⁢ i loko o ⁢ nā chloroplasts o nā mea kanu,‌ i loaʻa nā puaʻa i kapa ʻia he chlorophyll. Hoʻopili kēia mau puaʻa i ka lā a hoʻohana iā ia e hoʻomaka i ke ʻano o nā hopena kemika e hoʻololi i ka carbon dioxide a me ka wai i glucose a me ka oxygen. Ma o ke kaʻina hana photosynthesis, hopu nā mea kanu i ke kalapona i loaʻa i loko o ka carbon dioxide lewa a hoʻokomo i loko o ka biomass ma ke ʻano o nā kalapona, lipids a me nā protein.

Hoʻopili ʻia ka hana ʻana o⁢ biomass ma photosynthesis e nā kumu like ʻole, ma waena o ia mau:

• ʻO ka ikaika māmā: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka māmā māmā i ka kiʻekiʻe o ka photosynthesis a no laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana biomass.
• ʻO ka hoʻonui kalapona kalapona: ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike kalapona kalapona e hiki ke hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ka photosynthesis a me ka hana biomass.
• Loaʻa ka wai: Pono ka lako wai kūpono no ka photosynthesis a me ka hana biomass.
• Mahana: ʻO ka Photosynthesis kahi hopena enzymatic i hoʻopili ʻia e ka wela. Hiki i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka wela ke hoʻopilikia i ka hana biomass.

I ka pōkole, koʻikoʻi ke ola no ka mālama ʻana i nā kaiaola honua. Ma o photosynthesis, hiki i kēia mau mea ola ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu lā i biomass, hāʻawi i ka meaʻai a me ka ikehu no nā mea ola ʻē aʻe ma ⁢ke kaulahao meaʻai. Pono ke aʻo ʻana i kēia pilina no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana ʻana o nā kaiaola a hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā no ka hana mau ʻana o nā meaʻai a me nā wahie hou.

14. Ka noiʻi ʻana a me ka holomua ʻana i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka organelle photosynthetic

Noiʻi e hiki mai ana

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka organelle photosynthetic kahi kahua e ulu mau ana e hōʻike ana i nā wahi noiʻi he nui no ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO kekahi o nā kumuhana e hoʻāla ai i ka hoihoi nui:

• E ʻimi i nā hana molekala i pili i ka photosynthesis a me kona pilina me nā kaʻina hana kelepona ʻē aʻe.
• E noʻonoʻo i nā hoʻololi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi i loko o nā meaola like ʻole e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ke ʻano o ko lākou ulu ʻana i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana.
• E noiʻi i ka pilina ma waena o ka organelle kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi a me nā hale pūnaewele ʻē aʻe, e like me nā chloroplasts a me ka mitochondria.

Nā holomua⁤ i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka organelle photosynthetic

I loko o nā makahiki, ua nui nā holomua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka organelle photosynthetic a me kāna hana ʻana.

• ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea nui o ka organelle photosynthetic, e like me ka chlorophyll a me nā pigments accessory.
• ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kaʻina biochemical a me ka molecular e pili ana i ka hopu ʻana i ka mālamalama a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu māmā i ka ikehu kemika.
• ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana kiʻi kiʻi holomua e ʻae i ka organelle photosynthetic e nānā a aʻo ʻia ma kahi pae microscopic.

Ua kōkua nui kēia mau holomua i ko mākou ʻike ʻana i ka photosynthesis a ua kau i ke kumu no ka noiʻi a me nā ʻike e hiki mai ana ma kēia kahua.

Nīnau a me nā Pane

Nīnau: He aha ke ʻano o ke kelepona i hana ʻia ai ke photosynthesis?
Pane: ʻO ka chloroplast ka cellular organelle kahi e hana ai ke photosynthesis.

Nīnau: He aha ka chloroplast?
A: ʻO ka ‌chloroplast ‍he ʻāpana membranous i loaʻa i loko o nā keena o⁤ nā mea ola photosynthetic, e like me nā mea kanu a me kekahi mau limu. Loaʻa iā ia ka chlorophyll a me nā puaʻa ʻē aʻe e pono ai no ka photosynthesis.

Nīnau: He aha ka hana o ka chloroplast i ka photosynthesis?
A: ʻO ka hana nui o ka chloroplast i ka photosynthesis ʻo ia ka hopu ʻana i ka ikehu māmā mai ka lā a hoʻololi iā ia i ikehu kemika I loko o kēia kaʻina hana, ʻo ka chlorophyll i ka mālamalama a hoʻohua i ka ikehu i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻololi i ke kalapona a me ka wai i ka glucose a me ⁢oxygen.

Nīnau: He aha nā mea ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i ka chloroplast?
A: Ma waho aʻe o ka chlorophyll, loaʻa i ka chloroplast kekahi mau puaʻa ʻē aʻe e like me nā carotenoids, e kōkua ana i ka lawe ʻana i ka mālamalama. Loaʻa iā ia nā enzymes a me nā protein e pono ai e hoʻokō i nā pae like ʻole o ka photosynthesis.

Nīnau: Pehea ke ʻano o ka chloroplast?
A: Hōʻike ka chloroplast i kahi hoʻolālā kūloko i hoʻopuni ʻia e ka membrane pālua a loaʻa nā membrane kūloko i kapa ʻia ʻo thylakoids, ʻo ia ka grana. Hoʻopili ʻia ka grana e nā membrane i kapa ʻia he stromas, a i loko o ia mau mea ka stroma, kahi matrix gelatinous kahi e loaʻa ai nā enzymes a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Nīnau: Aia ma hea ka chloroplast i loko o ke kelepona?
A: Loaʻa ka chloroplast i loko o ka cytoplasm o nā mea kanu a me nā algae ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Hāʻawi ʻia ia i loko o ke kino o ka mea kanu, akā pili nui i nā ʻiʻo i ʻike ʻia i ka mālamalama, e like me nā lau a me nā kumu ʻōmaʻomaʻo.

Nīnau: Loaʻa anei ka photosynthesis i nā chloroplasts wale nō?
A: ʻAe, loaʻa ka photosynthesis i loko o nā chloroplasts ʻo ia wale nō ka mea hiki ke hoʻokō i ka photosynthesis ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka chlorophyll a me nā puaʻa photosynthetic.

Nīnau: Aia kekahi mau ʻāpana kelepona ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka photosynthesis?
A: ʻOiai ʻo nā chloroplasts nā ʻāpana nui kahi e hana ai ke photosynthesis, ua ʻike pū ʻia ʻo ka mitochondria, ʻo ia nā ʻāpana e mālama ana i ka hanu cellular, hiki ke kuleana lua i ka hana ʻana i ka ikehu kemika i ka wā⁢ photosynthesis. ⁢Akā, pono ka noiʻi hou aʻe e hoʻomaopopo pono i kēia pilina.

Ke Ala i Mua

I ka hopena, hiki iā mākou ke hōʻike i ke koʻikoʻi o ka organelle cellular kahi e hana ai ka photosynthesis. Ma o kēia kaʻina hana, hiki i nā mea kanu a me nā mea ola autotrophic ʻē aʻe ke hana i kā lākou meaʻai ponoʻī, e hoʻohuli ana i ka ikehu o ka lā i mea hoʻohuihui.

ʻO ka organelle ke kuleana no ka photosynthesis, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka chloroplast, he ʻano hana kūikawā nui e hiki ai ke hopu i ka lā a hoʻokō i nā hopena kemika paʻakikī e pono ai no ka hana ʻana o ka glucose a me ka oxygen. Eia kekahi, aia i loko o kona membrane i nā puaʻa e like me ka chlorophyll, ke kuleana no ka lawe ʻana o ka mālamalama a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaʻina photosynthetic.

Mahalo i ka photosynthesis, ua hōʻoia ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka oxygen i ka lewa, e hopena i kahi kaulike koʻikoʻi no ke ola ma kā mākou honua. ʻO nā meaola heterotrophic, e like me nā holoholona, ​​ke hilinaʻi nei i kēia kaʻina hana e loaʻa ai ka ikehu a me nā meaʻai meaʻai e pono ai ko lākou ola.

He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka noiʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka organelle cellular kahi e lawe ʻia ai ka photosynthesis e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike e pili ana i ka hiki o ke ola ke hoʻohana pono i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a me kāna hoʻololi ʻana i ke kaiapuni. Ma o ka noiʻi mau ʻana, ʻimi mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o kēia kaʻina hana ⁤a me kona hoʻohana ʻana ma nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka ⁤production⁢ o ka meaʻai⁤ a me ka ikehu hou. ,

I ka pōkole, ʻo ka organelle cellular kahi e lawe ʻia ai ka photosynthesis he ʻāpana kumu i ka hana o nā mea ola autotrophic. ʻO kona koʻikoʻi a me nā hopena i ka biology a me ka ecology he ākea, kahi i alakaʻi ai i kāna aʻo ʻana a me kāna loiloi i nā makahiki. Me ka kānalua ʻole, ʻo ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia kahua e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻomau i ka ʻike a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pono o ka photosynthesis i ko mākou kaiāulu.