He hale koʻikoʻi ka membrane cell no ka hana ʻana o nā cell, no ka mea, hoʻoponopono ia i ka lawe ʻana o nā mea i loko ona. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia kaʻina lawe kelepona no ke ola a me ka hana pono o nā mea ola. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi mākou i ka halihali kelepona ma waena o ka membrane cell me ka kikoʻī, e nānā ana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me nā kaʻina hana.
ʻO ka hoʻolauna ʻana i ka membrane cell a me ka lawe kelepona
ʻO ka membrane cell he hale kumu e hoʻopuni ana i nā cell a pau a mālama i ke kahe o nā mea i loko a i waho o ia mau mea. ʻO ia ka ka nui o ka lipida bilayer, i hana ʻia e nā phospholipids, ka mea i hana i kahi barrier impermeable i ka hapa nui o nā mole. Ma waho aʻe o nā phospholipids, loaʻa i ka membrane cell nā proteins, carbohydrates, a me ka cholesterol e pāʻani i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka lawe kelepona.
ʻO ka halihali kelepona ke kaʻina hana e neʻe ai nā molekala a me nā ʻāpana ma waena o ka membrane cell. ʻElua mau ʻano nui o ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona: ka halihali passive a me ka transport active. ʻAʻole pono i ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu a hiki ke hana me a i ʻole e kūʻē i ka gradient concentrate. Loaʻa iā ia ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi, hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻalahi a me ka osmosis.
ʻO ka halihali hoʻoikaika, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pono ka ikehu e hoʻoneʻe i nā molekala a me nā ʻāpana kūʻē i ka gradient concentrate. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka lawe ikaika ʻana ʻo ia ka pāpaʻi sodium-potassium, e hoʻohana ana i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ATP e mālama i nā pae kūpono o ka sodium a me nā ion potassium i loko a i waho o ke kelepona.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka membrane cell
ʻO ka membrane cell kahi kumu kumu no ka hana ʻana o nā cell, no ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i kā lākou hana ʻana a hiki ke hoʻololi i nā mea me ke kaiapuni. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia me kahi lipid bilayer, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai nā protein like ʻole, nā lipids a me nā kalapona.
Hoʻokumu nui ʻia ka lipid bilayer e nā phospholipids, nona ke poʻo polar hydrophilic a me ʻelua huelo hydrophobic. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻonohonoho iā lākou iho i pili nā poʻo polarized i ka wai i loko o ke keena a ma waho, aʻo nā huelo hydrophobic e kuhikuhi ana i loko o ka bilayer. Hāʻawi kēia hoʻonohonoho i kahi pale impermeable i ka hele ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā mea.
Ma waho aʻe o nā phospholipids, loaʻa i ka membrane cell nā ʻano protein like ʻole. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau protein he mea hoʻohui, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hele lākou i ka lipid bilayer, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe he peripheral a loaʻa wale ma ka ʻili o ka membrane. Hiki i kēia mau protein ke loaʻa nā hana like ʻole, e like me ka lawe ʻana i nā molekala ma waena o ka membrane, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he ʻae no nā mea kikoʻī, a i ʻole ke komo ʻana i nā kaʻina hana hōʻailona cell.
Nā hana a me nā kuleana o ka membrane cell
He mea koʻikoʻi ka membrane cell i loko o ke kelepona e hana ana i nā hana koʻikoʻi a me nā kuleana no ka hana pono o ke kino. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia me kahi lipid bilayer a me nā protein e hana i kahi pale koho ma waena o loko a me waho o ke kelepona. Aia ma lalo iho kekahi o nā hana nui a me nā kuleana i hoʻokani ʻia e ka membrane cell:
1. Barrier koho: ʻO ke ʻano o ka lipid bilayer e hiki ai i ka membrane cell ke hoʻoponopono i ka hele ʻana o nā molekole like ʻole i loko a me waho o ke kelepona. He mea nui kēia e "mālama" i ka homeostasis a pale i ke koena o loko o ke kelepona mai nā loli o waho.
- Hiki ke koho ʻia: Aia i ka membrane cell nā protein transport e hoʻomalu i ka hele ʻana o nā ion a me nā molekole kikoʻī, e ʻae ana i ke komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o nā mea pono no ke kelepona.
- Endocytosis a me exocytosis: Hoʻokomo pū ka membrane cell i nā kaʻina hana o ka endocytosis (ka lawe ʻana i nā mea mai ke kaiapuni waho) a me ka exocytosis (ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea ma waho o ke kelepona) ma o nā vesicle lawe.
2. Ke kamaʻilio kelepona: ʻO ka membrane cell pāʻani i kahi kuleana nui i ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma waena o nā cell a me ko lākou kaiapuni.
- Membrane receptors: Hiki i nā protein membrane cell ke hana ma ke ʻano he mea hōʻailona hōʻailona, e ʻae ana i ke kelepona e launa pū me nā hormones, neurotransmitters, a me nā molekele hōʻailona ʻē aʻe.
- ʻO ka hui pūnaewele pūnaewele: Ke komo nei kekahi mau protein i loko o ka membrane cell i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o nā pūnaewele, e ʻae ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻiʻo a me ke kamaʻilio intercellular.
3. Kūkulu a me ke kākoʻo: Ma waho aʻe o kāna mau hana hoʻoponopono a me ke kamaʻilio, hāʻawi ka membrane cell i ke ʻano a me ke kākoʻo i ke kelepona. ʻO kekahi o nā ala e hoʻokō ai i kēia kuleana:
- Pono pono kelepona: Hoʻopuni ka membrane cell a pale i nā mea i loko o ke kelepona, e pale ana i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana a i ʻole ka pōʻino.
- Ke ʻano a me ka maʻalahi: Mahalo i kāna ʻano lipid a me ka protein, hiki i ka membrane cell ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano, hoʻololi i nā loli like ʻole a me ka neʻe ʻana o ke kelepona.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hana ka membrane cell i nā hana koʻikoʻi a me nā kuleana no ka cell, me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hele ʻana o nā molekala, kamaʻilio kelepona, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke ʻano a me ke kākoʻo. Inā ʻaʻole ia, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana kūpono o nā mea ola.
ʻO nā ʻano o ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona ma waena o ka membrane
Aia nā mea like ʻole e ʻae i ke komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o nā mea i loko o nā cell. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau mīkini e mālama i ke koena o loko o ke kelepona a hoʻoponopono i ka hele ʻana o nā molekole like ʻole ma o kona membrane.
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano nui o ka halihali kelepona ʻo ia ka halihali passive, e hana ʻia me ka ʻole o ka hoʻolilo ʻana o ka ikehu. I loko o kēia ʻano o ka lawe ʻana he diffusion maʻalahi, kahi e neʻe ai nā molekala i makemake i kahi gradient kuʻuna pololei, me ka ʻole o ke komo ʻana o nā protein transport. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, lawe ʻia ka diffusion maʻalahi me ke kōkua o nā protein transport kikoʻī e ʻae ai i ka hele ʻana o nā mea ma o ka membrane me ka ʻole o ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka ikehu.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka transport active kahi ʻano o ka lawe kelepona e koi ai i ka ikehu e hoʻokō i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea e kūʻē i kā lākou gradient concentrate. ʻO kahi laʻana o ka lawe ikaika ʻana ʻo ia ka pāpaʻi sodium-potassium, e hoʻohana ana i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ka adenosine triphosphate (ATP) e kipaku aku i nā ion sodium a ʻae i nā ion potassium e komo i loko o ke kelepona. . Eia kekahi, aia nā uniport, symport a me nā mea lawe antiport, he mea nui ia no ka lawe ikaika ʻana o nā molekole like ʻole ma waena o ka membrane cell.
ʻO ka lawe ʻana aku: diffusion a me osmosis
He hana koʻikoʻi ka halihali passive i ke ola cellular, e hiki ai i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea ma waena o ka membrane cell me ka ʻole o ka pono o ka ikehu hou. ʻO ka diffusion a me ka osmosis ʻelua ʻano o ka halihali passive e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana kumu ma kēia hana.
ʻO ka diffusion kahi kaʻina e neʻe ai nā molekole mai kahi ʻāpana ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike haʻahaʻa, i mea e hiki ai i ke kaulike. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo he hiki ke hoʻolaha ʻia ma ke ʻano maʻalahi a maʻalahi paha.
- Hiki ke hoʻopuehu maʻalahi ke hele pololei nā molekala ma ka lipid bilayer o ka membrane cell.
- ʻO ka diffusion maʻalahi, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e hana ʻia ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā protein lawe kikoʻī, e ʻae ai i ka hele ʻana o nā mea nui a polarized paha.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka osmosis kahi ʻano o ka halihali passive e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai ma o ka membrane semipermeable, mai kahi dilute a hypotonic solution i kahi hopena concentrated a hypertonic paha. Hana ʻia kēia no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ʻike o nā solutes ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka membrane. I ka osmosis, hiki i nā cell ke hoʻololi i ko lākou leo ma muli o nā ʻano o ka hopena a me ka permeability o ka membrane.
ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka hana: ka lawe a me ka lawe pū ʻana i nā pamu
ʻO Transport a me ka lawe pū ʻana i nā pamu:
Ma ke kahua o ka lawe ikaika, ʻo nā pamu kaʻa a me ka cotransport ʻelua mau kaʻina kumu no ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea ma waena o nā membrane cell. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ikehu no ka lawe ʻana i nā molekala a me nā ion e kūʻē i kā lākou gradient kuʻuna, e mālama ana i ka homeostasis a hoʻoponopono i ke koena o nā solutes i loko o nā cell. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pili ka cotransport i ka lawe like ʻana o ʻelua a ʻoi aʻe solutes ma waena o ka membrane, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka gradient concentrate i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka transport pump.
ʻO nā pamu kaʻa he mau polokina transmembrane kūikawā nui e hana ana ma ke ʻano he molecular motors. ma waena o ka membrane. He kī nui kēia mau pamu i nā kaʻina physiological pono, e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hiki o ka membrane i nā nerve a me nā ʻiʻo ʻiʻo, ka lawe ʻana i nā mea i loko o nā puʻupaʻa, a me ka huna ʻana o nā neurotransmitters i nā synapses neuronal.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka cotransport kahi kaʻina hana kaʻa kaʻa lua e pili ana i ka gradient concentrate i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka paila lawe mua. I loko o kēia mau ʻōnaehana cotransport, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he symporters, lawe ʻia kekahi mea ma kona gradient concentrate, a lawe ʻia kekahi mea ʻē aʻe e kūʻē i kona gradient, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka gradient concentration. movement o ka mua. He mea nui kēia hana i loko o ka ʻōpū, kahi e komo ai nā meaʻai e like me ka glucose a me nā waikawa amino, a ma nā tubules renal, kahi e hoʻopili hou ʻia ai nā mea i kānana ʻia e nā puʻupaʻa.
Koʻikoʻi o ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona ma nā kaʻina olaola
ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona he hana koʻikoʻi no ke ola a me ka hana ʻana o nā mea ola. Ma o kēia hana, hiki i nā cell ke hoʻoneʻe i nā molekala a me nā mea i loko a i waho o lākou, e ʻae i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā nutrients, metabolites a me nā hōʻailona kemika.
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻoihana nui o ka lawe kelepona ʻo ia ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike homeostatic i loko o ke kaiapuni o loko. Ma o kēia kaʻina hana, hiki i nā cell ke hoʻoponopono i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea i loko o lākou a hōʻoia i kahi wahi kūpono no ka hana kūpono o nā hopena biochemical. Eia kekahi, ʻae ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā ʻōpala a me nā toxins i hiki ke hōʻeha i ke kelepona.
Aia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka halihali kelepona, e like me ka halihali passive a me ka lawe ʻana. I ka lawe ʻana i ka passive, neʻe nā molekala ma ko lākou gradient neʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai kahi ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe a hiki i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i ka lawe ʻana i ka hana, neʻe nā molekala i ko lākou ʻano gradient, pono ia i ka ikehu. He mea nui kēia ʻano kaʻa no ka lawe ʻana i nā molekala e kūʻē i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, e ʻae ana i ka cell e hōʻiliʻili i nā mea pono no kāna hana.
ʻO nā mīkini lawe a hoʻoponopono i ka membrane cell
ʻO ka membrane cell kahi hoʻonohonoho koho nui e hoʻoponopono i ka hele ʻana o nā mea i loko a i waho o ke kelepona. Pono lākou e mālama i ke kaulike a me ka hana pono o ke kelepona.
- Ka lawe ʻana aku: ʻo kēia ʻano kaʻa kaʻa i lalo i ka gradient concentrate a ʻaʻole koi i ka hoʻolilo ikehu. I loko o passive transport ʻelua mau mea nui mechanism:
- Hoʻolaha maʻalahi: Neʻe nā molekule mai nā wahi kiʻekiʻe a i nā wahi haʻahaʻa ma waena o ka membrane cell.
- ʻO Osmosis: ʻo ia ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai ma waena o ka membrane cell, mai kahi hopena hypotonic a i kahi hopena hypertonic.
- Ka halihali ʻeleu: Pono kēia ʻano o ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu kelepona e hoʻoneʻe i nā mea i kūʻē i ka gradient kuʻuna. ʻO ka ʻelua kumu nui ʻeleu ʻoihana:
- ʻO ka pāpaʻa sodium-potassium: Hoʻohana kēia pamu i ka ikehu mai ATP e kipaku aku i nā ion sodium mai loko mai o ke kelepona a lawe i nā ion potassium i loko o ke kelepona.
- Endocytosis a me exocytosis: ʻae kēia mau kaʻina i ke komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o nā molekala nui a i ʻole nā particle ma o nā vesicle e hoʻohui a hoʻokaʻawale paha mai ka membrane cell.
I ka hopena, he mea nui lākou no ka hana pono o nā cell. Hoʻomaopopo kēia mau hana i ka komo ʻana o nā mea pono a haʻalele i ke kelepona ma ke ʻano hoʻomalu, pēlā e mālama ai i ke kaulike kūloko. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau hana a me kā lākou hoʻoponopono he mea nui ia e aʻo i ka homeostasis a me nā kaʻina physiological like ʻole i nā mea ola.
Nā mea e pili ana i ka lawe kelepona
ʻO ka halihali kelepona he kaʻina hana i hoʻoponopono nui ʻia e hiki ai ke kahe o nā molekala a me nā mea ma waena o ka membrane cell. Aia nā kumu like ʻole e hiki ke hoʻopili i kēia ʻano hana koʻikoʻi, mai ke ʻano kino a me ke kemika a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau pūhui. Ma ʻaneʻi, e ʻimi mākou i kekahi o nā kumu nui hiki ke hoʻololi i ka lawe kelepona.
Nui o nā molekala: ʻO ka nui o nā molekole e hoʻāʻo ana e hele i ka ka membrane cell kekahi o nā mea nui. Hiki ke hele maʻalahi i nā molekala liʻiliʻi, e like me ke kinoea a me kekahi mau mea hydrophobic, i ka lipid bilayer me ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā molela nui e like me nā protein a me nā waikawa nucleic e koi aku i nā kaʻina hana paʻakikī, e like me ka endocytosis a me ka exocytosis, e lawe ʻia i loko a i waho o ke kelepona.
ʻO ka gradient concentrate: Hōʻike ka gradient hoʻonaʻauao i ka ʻokoʻa o ka neʻe ʻana o kahi mea ma waena o ke kikowaena extracellular a me ka intracellular space. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia kumu no ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona, no ka mea, e neʻe ana nā mea i lalo i ka gradient, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai kahi ʻāpana ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe a hiki i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Hoʻohana ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi a me ka lawe ʻana i kēia gradient no ka lawe ʻana i nā molekole kūʻē i ke kahe kūlohelohe a mālama i ke koena o loko o ke kelepona.
Hiki i ka uila: Ma waho aʻe o ka gradient concentrate, pili pū ka mana uila i ka lawe kelepona. He ʻokoʻa ko nā cells i ka hoʻoili uila ma waena o loko a me waho, e hana ana i kahi hiki uila. Hiki i kēia ke hoʻololi i ka lawe ʻana i nā ion i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma o nā ala ion a me nā mea lawe. Hiki i ka mana uila ke makemake a keakea paha i ka holo ʻana o nā ion, e pili ana i ko lākou kuhikuhi a me kā lākou uku.
ʻO nā hoʻololi i ka membrane cell a me kā lākou hopena i ka lawe ʻana
Hiki i nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka membrane cell ke loaʻa nā hopena like ʻole no ka lawe ʻana i nā mea i loko a i waho o ke kelepona. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia mau hoʻololi ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka haku mele lipid o ka membrane, ka hele ʻana o nā protein i hoʻololi ʻia, a i ʻole ka hana hewa ʻana o nā mea lawe kelepona.
ʻO kekahi o nā hopena maʻamau o kēia mau hoʻololi ʻana ʻo ka emi ʻana o ka permeability membrane cell. Hōʻike kēia ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi mea hiki ke hele i ka membrane me ka hana like, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā kaʻina hana o ka lawe ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻōpala kelepona. Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki i ka membrane cell i hoʻololi ʻia ke hopena i ka hōʻiliʻili nui ʻana o kekahi mau mea, hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mānoanoa a i ʻole nā hoʻokomo i loko o ke kelepona.
ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻololi ʻē aʻe i ka cell membrane ʻo ia ka hemahema o nā mea lawe kelepona. ʻO kēia mau polokina ke kuleana no ka ʻae ʻana i ke kaʻe ʻana o nā mea kikoʻī ma waena o ka membrane. Ke hoʻololi ʻia ka membrane, hiki i nā mea lawe ke lilo i kā lākou hana maʻamau, e hopena i ka emi ʻana a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana o ka hiki ke lawe. Hiki i kēia ke loaʻa nā hopena koʻikoʻi ma nā kaʻina kelepona e like me ke kamaʻilio intercellular, ka homeostasis ionic, a me ka lawe ʻana o ka neurotransmitter ma nā synapses.
Nā noi a me ka pili o ka halihali kelepona i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka biotechnology
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka halihali kelepona i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka biotechnology, no ka mea e hiki ai i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea i loko a i waho o nā cell, kahi mea koʻikoʻi no ka hana pono o nā mea ola. Ma lalo iho nei kekahi o nā noi kaulana loa a me ka pili o kēia hanana i kēia mau kahua:
1. Ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau: Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻike o ka lawe kelepona no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o nā cell e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻolālā i nā moleke e hiki ke hele i nā membrane cell. me ka pono a hiki i kāu wahi o hana. Ua maʻalahi kēia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau pololei a pilikino no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi like ʻole.
2. Hoʻōla Gene: He mea nui hoʻi ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona i ka gene therapy, kahi hoʻolālā therapeutic hoʻohiki e mālama i nā maʻi genetic. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā vectors viral a i ʻole nā viral, hiki ke hoʻokomo i nā mea genetic i loko o nā cell e hoʻoponopono i nā hoʻololi a hāʻawi i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka synthesis o nā protein therapeutic. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka lawe kelepona i ke komo ʻana o nā mea genetic i loko o nā cell a me kāna ʻōlelo pololei.
3. ʻEnekinia Tissue: I ka ʻenekinia kiko, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka halihali kelepona i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻiʻo a me nā kino. Pono e hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o nā scaffolds a i ʻole nā hale ʻekolu-dimensional i nā meaʻai a hoʻopau i nā ʻōpala no ko lākou ulu pono a me ka hana. Hoʻohana ʻia ka halihali kelepona e hoʻolālā i nā ʻōnaehana e ʻae ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā molekole ma waena o nā cell a me ko lākou kaiapuni, no laila e hoʻolaha i ka hiki a me ka hana o nā kiko.
ʻO ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana a me nā wahi o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana i ka halihali kelepona
Ma ke kahua o ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana i ke aʻo ʻana i ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona, ua manaʻo ʻia e hana ʻia nā holomua nui ma nā wahi like ʻole. a me ka puka ʻana o nā mea ma o ka membrane cell.
Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokō ʻia ka noiʻi hohonu ma nā ʻano "ʻokoʻa" o nā mea lawe kelepona, e like me ka glucose a me ka amino acid transporters, no ka mea hiki i kā lākou haʻawina ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā maʻi e pili ana i ka metabolism a hoʻomohala i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. kou lapaau ana.
ʻO kekahi wahi ʻōlelo hoʻohiki o ka noiʻi ʻo ia ke aʻo ʻana i nā pilina ma waena o nā protein carrier a me nā ʻāpana kelepona ʻē aʻe, e like me nā lipids a me nā enzymes. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o kēia mau pilina pili i ka lawe ʻana i nā kelepona e ʻae i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kikoʻī hou aʻe a hoʻopuka i nā hoʻolālā therapeutic pololei i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Nā hopena a me nā ʻōlelo paipai no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka lawe ʻana i loko o ka membrane cell
I ka hopena, ua hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo pono i nā ʻano hana like ʻole no ka neʻe ʻana o nā molekala a me nā ion ma o ka membrane. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau hana, passive a me ka hana, no ka hana pono ʻana o nā cell a he kumu nui i nā kaʻina olaola he nui.
ʻO kekahi o nā hopena koʻikoʻi i loaʻa, ʻo ia ka noho ʻana o ka halihali passive, ka mea i hana ʻia me ka ʻole o ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka ikehu a makemake i ka gradient concentrate. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kēia ʻano kaʻa e ka diffusion maʻalahi, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e nā protein transport a i ʻole ma ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi ʻia e nā kaila ion. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka lawe ʻana i kahi kaʻina hana e koi ai i ka ikehu a ʻae i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea kūʻē i ka gradient concentrate. Lawe ʻia kēia ma o nā protein transport i kapa ʻia ʻo pumps, e hoʻohana ana i ka ATP e lawe i ka halihali.
Ma muli o nā ʻike o kēia noiʻi, ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻomau i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā protein transport a me nā kaila ion i loaʻa i loko o ka membrane cell, a me kā lākou hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ko lākou komo ʻana i nā maʻi a me nā pilikia. Pēlā nō, he mea nui ia e komo i loko o ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻōpala lawe ikaika a me kā lākou kuleana i ka homeostasis cellular. ʻO ka mea hope loa, manaʻo ʻia e ʻimi i nā hoʻolālā therapeutic hou e hoʻohana pono ai i ka ʻike i loaʻa e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i loko o ka membrane no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kuhikuhi pono ʻia i nā maʻi e pili ana i nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka halihali kelepona.
Nīnau a me nā Pane
Nīnau: He aha ka membrane cell?
A: ʻO ka membrane cell he ʻano lahilahi a maʻalahi e hoʻopuni a hoʻomalu i nā mea o loko. He mea koʻikoʻi ia o nā pūnaewele a pau a he kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka lawe ʻana i nā kelepona.
Nīnau: He aha ke ʻano o ka membrane cell?
A: ʻO ka membrane cell ka mea nui i haku ʻia me kahi lipid bilayer, i haku ʻia me nā phospholipids.
Q: He aha ka hana nui o ka membrane cell?
A: ʻO ka hana nui o ka membrane cell ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hele ʻana o nā molekala a me nā ion i loko a i waho o ke kelepona. Hoʻokō ʻia kēia ma o nā kaʻina lawe lawe kelepona ʻokoʻa.
Nīnau: He aha nā ʻano like ʻole o ka lawe kelepona?
A: ʻElua mau ʻano nui o ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona: ka halihali passive a me ka lawe hana. ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka passive e pili ana i ka diffusion maʻalahi, ka hoʻopili maʻalahi, a me ka osmosis. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka lawe ʻana i ka pāpaʻi sodium-potassium a me ka lawe ʻana e nā vesicle.
Nīnau: Pehea ka simplediffusion ma waena o ka membrane cell?
A: ʻO ka diffusion maʻalahi ka neʻe ʻana o nā molekole mai kahi ʻāpana ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe a i kahi ʻāpana haʻahaʻa, me ka pono ʻole o ka ikehu hou.
Nīnau: He aha ka hoʻolaha maʻalahi?
A: ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻalahi kahi ʻano o ka halihali passive kahi e hele ai nā molekala i ka membrane cell me ke kōkua o nā protein transport kikoʻī. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa kēia mau protein i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea kikoʻī, e like me ka glucose a i ʻole nā waikawa amino, ma waena o ka membrane.
Nīnau: He aha ka osmosis?
A: ʻO ka Osmosis kahi ʻano hoʻopuehu kūikawā kahi e neʻe ai ka mea hoʻoheheʻe, ka wai maʻamau, e neʻe i loko o kahi membrane semipermeable i ka hopena me ka ʻoi aku ka nui o nā solutes. He mea nui kēia kaʻina hana no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike osmotic i nā cell.
Nīnau: He aha ke kuleana o ka paila sodium-potassium i ka lawe kelepona?
A: ʻO ka pāpaʻi sodium-potassium he mea hoʻolale hoʻokele ikaika e hoʻohana ana i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ATP e puhi i nā ion sodium mai loko mai o ke kelepona a me nā ion potassium i loko o ke kelepona. He mea nui kēia kaʻina hana no ka mālama ʻana i ka hiki o ka membrane a hoʻoponopono i ke kaulike ion.
Nīnau: He aha ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana i nā vesicles?
A: ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona e nā vesicle e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā vesicle membranous e hoʻopili ai i nā mea i loko o ke kelepona a lawe iā lākou i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kelepona a i waho paha o ia mea. a ma waho o ke keena.
ʻO ke ala e hahai ai
I ka hopena, ʻo ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona ma waena o ka membrane cell kahi hana kumu no ke ola o nā cell. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano mea lawe a me nā ala i loko o ka membrane cell e hiki ai i ka hoʻoili pono ʻana o nā mea ma waena o ka pale lipid. Hoʻoponopono nui ʻia a mālama ʻia kēia mau mīkini lawe kelepona, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ke kaulike o ka hoʻohui kemika o ka cytoplasm a me ke kaiapuni extracellular.
ʻO ka membrane cell, he ʻano koho permeable, hiki iā ia ke lawe i nā molekala i makemake i ka gradient concentrate a i ʻole e kūʻē iā ia, ma muli o nā pono o ke kelepona. Eia kekahi, he mea koʻikoʻi nā transporters a me nā kahawai i ke kamaʻilio intercellular a me ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis.
ʻO ka mea nui, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka halihali kelepona ma waena o ka membrane i ʻelua mau ʻāpana nui: ka lawe passive a me ka lawe hana. ʻAʻole pono ka halihali passive i ka ikehu hou a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻike ma waena o ka membrane. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pono ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ka ATP a ʻae i ka lawe ʻana o nā molekala e kūʻē i ka gradient concentrate.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo ka lawe ʻana i ke kelepona ma waena o ka membrane cell he hana koʻikoʻi no ka hana pono ʻana o nā cell. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana a me nā hana maʻamau o kēia kaʻina hana no ka noiʻi ʻepekema a me ka holomua o ka biology cell. i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka biotechnology. ʻ
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