Nā Mea Maʻalahi a me nā Mea Hui Pū ʻia

ʻO nā mea maʻalahi, nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea hoʻohui, he mau mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka kemika a pāʻani i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā noi ʻenehana a me ka ʻepekema. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi kikoʻī mākou i ka manaʻo o nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea hoʻohui, e nānā ana i kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa, nā waiwai a me nā ʻano o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi, hiki iā mākou ke mahalo maikaʻi i ka hopena o nā mea i ko mākou kaiapuni a me ke ʻano o kā lākou noiʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻopunipuni e hoʻomau i ka holomua o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana.

1. Hoʻolauna i nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea waiwai i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: maʻalahi a me ka hui. Hana ʻia nā mea maʻalahi i hoʻokahi ʻano o ka ʻātoma, aʻo nā mea hoʻohuihui i hana ʻia i ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā ʻano o nā ʻātoma i hoʻohui ʻia me ke kemika. Aia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia mau ʻāpana ʻelua ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a hui pū ʻia o nā atom.

ʻO nā mea maʻalahi nā mea i loko o nā ʻātoma a pau o ke ʻano like. No ka laʻana, oxygen (O₂) he mea maʻalahi ia no ka mea ua hana ʻia ʻelua mau ʻātoma oxygen, aʻo ka nitrogen (N₂) he mea maʻalahi hoʻi i hana ʻia me nā ʻātoma nitrogen ʻelua.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā mea hoʻohuihui nā mea i hana ʻia i nā ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole. No ka laʻana, carbon dioxide (CO₂) he mea hui pū ʻia me hoʻokahi ʻātoma kalapona a me ʻelua mau ʻātoma oxygen. ʻO kekahi laʻana ka wai (H₂ʻO), i haku ʻia me ʻelua mau mana hydrogen a me hoʻokahi ʻātoma oxygen. I loko o kēia mau mea, hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻātoma ma o nā mea paʻa kemika e hana i nā molekala.

2. Ka wehewehe a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia

ʻO ka mea maʻalahi Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia nā mea i hana ʻia i hoʻokahi ʻano o ka atom, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea maʻalahi ʻē aʻe ma o nā kaʻina hana kemika a kino paha. Loaʻa kēia mau mea kemika ma ka papa periodic a hōʻike ʻia e nā hōʻailona. Kekahi mau laʻana ʻO nā mea maʻalahi ka oxygen (O), hydrogen (H) a me ke kalapona (C).

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mea hoʻohuihui Hana ʻia lākou me ka hui ʻana o ʻelua mau mea kemika a ʻoi aku paha ma nā ʻāpana i wehewehe ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau mea i nā mea maʻalahi ma o nā hoʻololi kemika. Hōʻike ʻia lākou e nā kumulāʻau kemika, e hōʻike ana i ka haku ʻana a me ka nui o kēlā me kēia mea i loaʻa i loko o ka mea hoʻohui. ʻO nā laʻana o nā mea hui pū ʻia ka wai (H₂O), kalapona kalapona (CO₂) a me ka paʻakai maʻamau (NaCl).

Hōʻike ʻokoʻa nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia ma ke ʻano o kona mau waiwai kino a me kemika. ʻO nā mea maʻalahi ka mea maʻamau i loko o kahi kūlana paʻa, wai a i ʻole kinoea a ua wehewehe ʻia nā helu heheʻe a me ka paila. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā mea hoʻohuihui ke loaʻa i nā kūlana kino like ʻole a loaʻa nā waiwai kikoʻī e like me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka helu paila, conductivity uila, solubility, a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e ʻokoʻa ma muli o ke ʻano kemika o ka mea i nīnau ʻia.

3. Ka waiwai kino a me ke kemika o na mea ma'alahi

ʻO nā mea maʻalahi ka mea i hana ʻia i hoʻokahi ʻano ʻātoma. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o kēia mau mea ma o nā ʻano loiloi like ʻole. E pili ana i nā waiwai kino, nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka helu heheʻe, ka paila paila, ka nui, ka uila a me ka thermal conductivity, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, hiki ke ana ʻia. Hāʻawi kēia mau waiwai iā mākou i ka ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hana a me ke ʻano o ka pilina me kona kaiapuni.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka nā waiwai kemika ʻO nā mea maʻalahi e haʻi mai iā mākou pehea lākou e hana ai me nā mea ʻē aʻe a me ko lākou hiki ke hana i nā pūhui hou. Aia kekahi o kēia mau waiwai i ka reactivity, stability, electron affinity, electronegativity, a me ka hiki ke hana i nā paʻa kemika. He mea nui kēia mau waiwai kemika no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā mea a me ko lākou pono i nā kaʻina hana ʻenehana a me nā hana kemika.

He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo he hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o nā mea maʻalahi ma muli o nā kūlana i loaʻa ai. Hiki i nā mea e like me ke kaomi, ka mahana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ʻē aʻe ke hoʻololi i kēia mau waiwai. No laila, pono e noʻonoʻo i kēia mau ʻano i ka wā e hana ana i nā haʻawina a me nā loiloi o nā waiwai o nā mea maʻalahi. Eia kekahi, pono ka ʻike o kēia mau waiwai no ka ʻike ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea, a me kā lākou noi ʻana ma nā ʻano ʻepekema a me nā ʻoihana.

4. Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea hui

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka mea ma luna o ka haku melemele a me nā waiwai kino o nā pūhui. He kuleana koʻikoʻi kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mea waiwai a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana ma nā ʻano ʻepekema a me nā ʻoihana. Aia ma lalo iho nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike like ʻole:

1. Nā mea hoʻohui kino: ʻO ia nā pūhui i loaʻa ke kalapona i loko o ko lākou ʻano molekala. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau pūhui i loko o ke kemika organik a loaʻa i loko o nā kinikona he nui, nā mea a me nā mea kūlohelohe. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pūhui organik i kekahi mau ʻāpana, e like me nā alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amines, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

2. Nā mea hoʻohuihui ʻole: Kū'ē i nā pūhui organik, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ke kalapona i loko o ko lākou ʻano mole. Hoʻopili kēia mau pūhui i nā ʻano mea like ʻole, e like me nā oxides, hydroxides, acids, bases, paʻakai, a me nā metala. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pūhui inorganic i kekahi mau pūʻulu e like me ko lākou kemika a me ke kino.

3. Nā pūhui Macromolecular: He mau pūhui polymeric lākou i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hana hou ʻana o nā ʻāpana molekala kumu, i ʻike ʻia he monomers. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau pūhui i ka ʻepekema waiwai a hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā plastics, elastomers, fibers a me nā matrices no nā mea hana. Hiki i nā pūhui Macromolecular ke synthetic a kūlohelohe paha.

5. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia i ke kemika

ʻO nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea hoʻohui he mea nui i ke aʻo ʻana i ka kemika, no ka mea e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka mea. Hana ʻia kahi mea maʻalahi i hoʻokahi ʻano o ka ʻātoma, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea hoʻohui i hana ʻia me ka hui ʻana o nā ʻātoma like ʻole. Loaʻa iā lāua nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa a me nā waiwai e pili ana i nā hopena kemika.

Pono nā mea maʻalahi i ka kemika no ka mea ʻo ia nā mea kūkulu kumu o ka mea. ʻO ia nā mea kumu e hiki ai iā mākou ke kūkulu a hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻohui kemika o nā pūhui. No ka laʻana, he mau mea maʻalahi ka oxygen (O) a me ka hydrogen (H) i ka hui ʻana, lilo i wai (H).₂O), he mea hui. Me ka ʻike ʻole o nā mea maʻalahi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i nā hopena kemika.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā mea hoʻohuihui i ka kemika, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea a mākou e ʻike ai i ko mākou kaiapuni o kēlā me kēia lā. Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou me nā mea kemika like ʻole i hui pū ʻia e nā paʻa kemika. Hiki i kēia mau mea ke komo i nā hopena kemika a hoʻololi ʻia i mea hoʻohui a i ʻole nā ​​mea maʻalahi. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau ka paʻakai papaʻaina (NaCl), i haku ʻia me ka chlorine (Cl) a me ka sodium (Na). ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻomaopopo a wānana i nā hopena kemika o nā mea hoʻohuihui he mea nui ia ma nā ʻano kemika he nui, e like me ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka mahiʻai.

6. Nā laʻana o nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea kemika ma ke ʻano he maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia, ma muli o ko lākou haku ʻana. Hana ʻia kahi mea maʻalahi i hoʻokahi ʻano o ka ʻātoma, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea hoʻohui i hana ʻia me ka hui ʻana o ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā ʻano ʻātoma. Aia ma lalo kekahi mau laʻana o nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū me kāna mau noi.

ʻO kahi laʻana o kahi mea maʻalahi he oxygen (O₂), i haku ʻia me nā ʻātoma oxygen. Pono ka Oxygen no ka hanu ʻana a hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻoihana like ʻole, e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, metallurgy, a me ka hana kemika. ʻO kekahi laʻana ʻo ke gula (Au), he metala hanohano i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea nani, nā mea uila, a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea lapaʻau kiʻekiʻe.

E pili ana i nā mea hoʻohuihui, he laʻana maʻamau ka wai (H₂OLE). Hana ʻia ka wai me nā ʻātoma hydrogen a me ka oxygen, a he mea nui ia no ke ola ma ka Honua. Ma waho aʻe o ka lilo ʻana i mea koʻikoʻi, hoʻohana ʻia ka wai i ka ʻoihana meaʻai, ka hana ikehu a me ka hana ʻana i nā kemika. ʻO kekahi laʻana he kalapona kalapona (CO₂), i loaʻa i ka lewa a hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻopau ahi, a me nā noi ʻoihana a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea inu carbonated.

7. Nā ʻano hana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hoʻohuihui

Aia nā ʻano hana like ʻole no ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hoʻohuihui, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻoihana like ʻole a me nā laboratories. Ma lalo iho nei kekahi o nā ala i hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia kaʻina hana:

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kemika: Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana i kahi mea hoʻohui mai nā hopena kemika i hoʻomalu ʻia. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia kaʻina hana, pono e ʻike i nā reagents pono a hahai i kahi ʻano o nā ʻanuʻu kikoʻī. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka synthesis kemika e nā ʻenehana like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻohui synthesis, substitution synthesis a me ka metathesis synthesis.

Oxidation a me ka hoemi: ʻO ka oxidation a me ka hoʻemi ʻana he mau kaʻina kemika kahi e hoʻololi ai nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā ​​​​iona o kahi mea i ko lākou kūlana oxidation. Hoʻokomo pinepine kēia mau kaʻina i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā electrons ma waena o nā pūhui, e ʻae ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea hui hou. ʻO ka oxidation e pili ana i ka nalowale o nā electrons, aʻo ka hoʻemi ʻana e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā electrons.

8. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea hoʻohui

ʻO nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea hui pū kekahi mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ma ke kemika. Hana ʻia nā mea maʻalahi i hoʻokahi ʻano o ka ʻātoma, aʻo nā mea hui pū ʻia i ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā ʻano o nā ʻātoma ma kahi ʻāpana i wehewehe ʻia. Aia ma lalo iho nā nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o kēia mau ʻano ʻelua:

1. Hoʻohui: ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea hui pū ʻia aia i ko lākou haku ʻana. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea maʻalahi me nā ʻātoma o ka mea kemika hoʻokahi, ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano ua like nā ʻātoma a pau i loko o ka mea. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hana ʻia nā mea hoʻohui me nā ʻātoma o nā mea kemika like ʻole, e hoʻāla ai i nā waiwai a me nā ʻano like ʻole.

2. Pono: Aia kekahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i nā waiwai o kēia mau mea. Loaʻa i nā mea maʻalahi nā waiwai like ʻole ma nā ʻāpana āpau o ka hāpana, no ka mea, ua like nā ʻātoma a pau. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka oxygen molecular (O2) kahi mea maʻalahi i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia kahi paila a me ka nui. ʻO ka mea like ʻole, hiki i nā mea hoʻohuihui ke loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole ma muli o ka hapa o nā mea i loaʻa. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka wai (H2O) a me ke kalapona kalapona (CO2) he mau mea hui pū me nā helu hoʻolapalapa ʻokoʻa a me nā density.

3. Nā mea paʻa kemika: He ʻokoʻa ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia ma ke ʻano o nā mea paʻa kemika. Hoʻopaʻa pū ʻia nā mea maʻalahi e nā mea paʻa kemika ikaika, e like me ka covalent a i ʻole nā ​​mea paʻa metala, he paʻakikī ke wāwahi. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻopili ʻia nā mea hoʻohui e nā mea paʻa kemika nāwaliwali, e like me nā paʻa covalent ionic a i ʻole polar. 'O ia ho'i, hiki ke ho'oka'awale 'ia nā mea i hui 'ia i loko o ko lākou mau mea ho'ohui me nā ka'ina kemika.

I ka pōkole, hana ʻia nā mea maʻalahi i hoʻokahi ʻano o ka ʻātoma a loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole, aʻo nā mea hui pū ʻia me nā ʻātoma o nā mea like ʻole a hiki ke loaʻa nā waiwai hoʻololi. Eia kekahi, hoʻopaʻa pū ʻia nā mea maʻalahi e nā mea paʻa kemika ikaika, aʻo nā mea hoʻohuihui e paʻa pū ʻia e nā kaula nāwaliwali.

9. Nā hoʻololi kemika e pili ana i nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia

10. Nā hopena kaiapuni o nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia

He mea koʻikoʻi loa ia i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka kemika a me ka ecology. Hiki i kēia mau mea ke loaʻa ka hopena nui i ka kaiaola a me ke olakino kanaka.

ʻO kahi laʻana o kahi mea maʻalahi i loaʻa nā hopena kūlohelohe ʻino ʻo carbon dioxide (CO₂). Hoʻopuka ʻia kēia kinoea i ka wā e puhi ʻia ai nā wahie mōʻalihaku a hāʻawi i hoʻomehana o ka honua. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o CO₂ pili i ka lewa i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka wā, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā pāpale hau polar a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kai. Pono e hana i nā hana e hōʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o CO₂ a hoʻēmi i nā hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau.

Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hiki i nā mea hoʻohuihui ke loaʻa nā hopena kūlohelohe maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia ka pesticides i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mahiʻai. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea kemika no ka mālama ʻana i nā pest a hoʻonui i ka huahana mahiʻai, akā hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohaumia i ka lepo a me ka wai a pili i nā holoholona a me nā mea ulu. Pono e hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides a hoʻolaha i nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻomau i ka mahiʻai e pale i ka kaiapuni. Eia kekahi, he mea koʻikoʻi ka mālama pono ʻana i kēia mau mea kemika e pale aku i ka hoʻohaumia a hōʻemi i nā pilikia. no ke olakino kanaka a holoholona.

11. Ka 'awa'awa a me ka mālama pono 'ana i nā mea ma'alahi a hui pū

He kumuhana koʻikoʻi ka ʻona o nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia ma nā ʻano hana like ʻole, e like me ke kemika, ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka ʻoihana. He mea nui ka mālama pono ʻana i kēia mau mea i mea e pale aku ai i nā pilikia a pale i nā pōʻino. E hāʻawi kēia ʻāpana i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a me nā alakaʻi no ka ʻike pono ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea ʻona.

ʻO ka hana mua e mālama i nā mea ʻawaʻawa me ka palekana ʻo ka ʻike ʻana iā lākou a kamaʻāina i kā lākou mau waiwai. He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻike i nā pilikia e pili ana i kēlā me kēia mea, a me kona hopena i ke olakino a me ke kaiapuni. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, ʻōlelo ʻia e nīnau i nā pepa palekana o nā mea, i loaʻa ka ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i kā lākou mau waiwai kino a me nā kemika, a me nā hana pale a me ke kōkua mua i ka hihia o ka ʻike.

Ke ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻawaʻawa, pono e mālama pono i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana i nā mea pale pilikino, e like me nā mīkina lima, nā makaaniani palekana a me kahi ʻaʻahu, e pale i ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana me ka ʻili a me nā maka. Pēlā nō, he mea nui ka mālama ʻana i nā mea i loko o kahi wahi e hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻia a i ʻole, e hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻoneʻe uahi e pale aku ai i ka inhalation o nā mahu a me nā kinoea. Eia kekahi, pono e loaʻa kahi wahi mālama palekana, ma kahi mamao o nā kumu wela a i ʻole nā ​​​​puana ahi, a pono e hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā ipu me ka ʻike e pili ana i kā lākou ʻike a me ka pōʻino.

12. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka maʻemaʻe ma nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia

ʻO ka maʻemaʻe o nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū kekahi ʻano koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka kemika a me nā ʻano ʻepekema ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka maʻemaʻe o kahi mea e hoʻoholo ai i kona maikaʻi a me ka hilinaʻi i nā hoʻokolohua a me nā kaʻina hana. Hiki i ka hele ʻana o nā haumia ke hoʻopilikia i nā hopena i loaʻa a hoʻololi i ka pololei o nā loiloi i hana ʻia. No laila, pono e hōʻoia i ka maʻemaʻe o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia.

Aia nā ʻano hana like ʻole e loiloi a hōʻoia i ka maʻemaʻe o nā mea. ʻO kekahi o nā mea maʻamau ka spectroscopy, e ʻae ai i nā haumia e ʻike ʻia ma o ka nānā ʻana o ka absorption, emission a i ʻole nā ​​​​māmā. Eia hou, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana chromatography e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana o kahi hui a hoʻoholo i ko lākou maʻemaʻe. ʻO kēia mau ʻenehana he pololei loa a hilinaʻi hoʻi, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mau mea pono no ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi i nā laboratories a me nā mea kanu ʻoihana.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he mea nui e haʻi i ka maʻemaʻe o nā mea i hiki ke loaʻa i nā hopena no nā pilikia olakino a palekana. I nā manawa he nui, hiki i ka hele ʻana o nā haumia ke hoʻoulu i nā hopena i makemake ʻole ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻawaʻawa. No laila, pono e hoʻokō i nā noiʻi a me nā noiʻi e hōʻoia i ka palekana o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia a ʻaʻohe mea haumia. Ma kēia ʻano, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana ma nā wahi e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako pale pilikino e hōʻemi i nā pilikia.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo ka maʻemaʻe o nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea hui pū kekahi mea koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana. He mea nui kona loiloi a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka maikaʻi o nā hopena i loaʻa, a me ka pale ʻana i nā pilikia i ke olakino a me ka palekana. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana loiloi pololei a hilinaʻi, e like me ka spectroscopy a me ka chromatography, hiki iā mākou ke hōʻoia i ka maʻemaʻe o nā mea a hōʻoia i kā lākou noi kūpono i nā kaʻina ʻepekema a me nā ʻoihana. [HOPE

13. Nā ʻano o ka nānā ʻana a me ke ʻano o nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia

Aia kekahi mau mea e ʻae iā mākou e ʻike a noiʻi i kā lākou mau waiwai kino a me kemika. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ʻano hana ma nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka noiʻi ʻepekema, ka ʻoihana kemika a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO kekahi o nā mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia e wehewehe ʻia ma lalo nei.

ʻO kekahi o nā ala maʻamau ʻo ka chromatography, ʻo ia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻāpana o kahi hāpana ma o kā lākou launa pū ʻana me kahi pae kū a me kahi pae kelepona. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma luna o nā ʻokoʻa o ka pili o nā ʻāpana no nā pae ʻelua. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Chromatography no ke kālailai ʻana i nā huila paʻakikī a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke alo a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā pūhui like ʻole. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano chromatography e pili ana i ka chromatography layer thin, chromatography gas, a me ka chromatography wai hana kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO kekahi ala koʻikoʻi ʻo ka spectroscopy, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka nānā ʻana i ka pilina o nā mea me ka radiation electromagnetic. Hiki iā Spectroscopy ke loaʻa iā mākou ka ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o kahi mea, a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kona ʻano. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano spectroscopy i hoʻohana nui ʻia he absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, a me ka nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ʻAe kēia mau ʻano iā ʻoe e ʻike a helu i nā mea like ʻole a me nā pūhui i loaʻa i loko o kahi laʻana, a me ke aʻo ʻana i ko lākou ʻano a me nā waiwai.

14. Nā kuanaʻike a me nā holomua i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia

Aia nā hiʻohiʻona o ka wā e hiki mai ana a me nā holomua nui i ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ko lākou ʻano a me nā waiwai. Ua loaʻa kekahi o nā holomua koʻikoʻi ma ke kahua o ka spectroscopy, ka mea i ʻae i nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea hoʻohui e nānā ʻia a hōʻike pololei ʻia. Mahalo i kēia ʻenehana, ua hiki ke ʻike i nā ʻano mea like ʻole e hana ai i kahi mea, a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kona ʻano molekala.

Ua loaʻa kekahi holomua koʻikoʻi ma ke kahua o ka synthesis o nā mea kemika. Hiki i nā ʻano hana synthesis hou ke loaʻa i nā pūhui paʻakikī i kahi ala ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomau. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻenehana no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea maʻalahi, ka mea i wehe i nā puka i ka hana ʻana i nā mea hou me nā waiwai i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a me nā noi maʻalahi.

E pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona e hiki mai ana, manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomau ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia a hāʻawi i nā holomua nui ma nā ʻano hana like ʻole. No ka laʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana e ʻike ʻia nā mea hou me nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa, hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou a me nā noi i nā wahi e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka ikehu a me ka ʻoihana. Pēlā nō, ʻimi ʻo ia e hoʻomohala i nā ʻenehana holomua no ka nānā ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea ma ka pae molekala, e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo ka holomua o ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea hoʻohui i ʻae i ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i ko lākou ʻano a me nā waiwai. ʻO ka spectroscopy a me ka synthesis kemika he mea nui i kēia holomua, e hāʻawi ana i ka pololei i ka nānā ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā pūhui paʻakikī. Eia kekahi, hōʻike ka manaʻo o ka wā e hiki mai ana ka ulu ʻana i kēia kahua, me ka hiki ke ʻike i nā mea hou me nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana holomua no kā lākou noiʻi.

I ka hopena, ʻo nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea hui pū kekahi mau mea kumu i ka kemika a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mea. Ma o ka noiʻi ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i kēia mau mea, ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke ʻike a hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea i ko lākou mau ʻano kumu. Hana ʻia nā mea maʻalahi i hoʻokahi ʻano o ka ʻātoma, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea i hui pū ʻia me ka hui pū ʻana o ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā waiwai a me nā ʻano o nā pūhui kemika like ʻole. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻike o nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea hoʻohui i ʻae i nā holomua nui ma nā ʻano he nui, e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻenekinia a me ka ʻoihana. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hui ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o nā mea i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea a me nā ʻenehana hou. ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea hui pū kekahi mau kumu paʻa i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻike ʻepekema a he mea nui ia no ka holomua o ke kaiāulu holoʻokoʻa.