Ke 'ano o ka mahele Cell i loa'a i 'elua mau mahele

⁢ ʻO ka mahele ⁢cell⁢ He kaʻina hana ia kumu no ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ola. I loko o ka honua o ka biology, aia nā ʻano like ʻole o nā māhele cell, kēlā me kēia me nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kālele ana mākou i kekahi ʻano: ʻo ia ka mea i loaʻa ai nā māhele ʻelua. ʻO kēia hanana, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka bipartition, ka nui bipartition a i ʻole nā ​​​​māhele hou aku, e pili ana i kahi pūʻulu o nā hanana cellular i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia e hoʻomaka ai i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ʻelua mau keena kaikamahine mai hoʻokahi cell makuahine. Ma o ka ʻimi kikoʻī ʻana o kēia kaʻina hana, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻia nā ⁤mechanism kumu a me ko lākou koʻikoʻi i ka cell biology⁢.

1. Hoʻomaka i ke ʻano o ka māhele cell me nā māhele ʻelua

Ma ke aʻo ʻana i ka biology cell, aia kekahi ʻano o ka mahele cell e pili ana i ʻelua mau mahele. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka mahele cell me ʻelua mau māhele, he mea nui ia no ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ola he nui. Ma o kēia mau māhele, hiki i nā pūnaewele ke hana hou a hoʻohua i nā pūnaewele kaikamahine e like me ka cell makuahine. A laila, e nānā nui ʻia ke kaʻina o nā hanana i hana ʻia ⁤i loko o kēia⁤ ʻano o ka mahele cell.

ʻO ka ʻanuʻu mua i ka mahele pūlima me ʻelua mau māhele ʻo ia ka hana hou ʻana o ka mea genetic i loko o ka nucleus o ke kelepona. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana, i kapa ʻia ʻo DNA replication, e hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o kēlā me kēia kelepona kaikamahine i kahi kope piha a pololei o ka DNA o ka cell makua. Ke hoʻopālua ʻia ka DNA a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā chromosomes ʻike ʻia, komo ke kelepona i ka māhele mua o ka mahele cell, i kapa ʻia ʻo interphase. I loko o kēia māhele, hoʻomākaukau ke kelepona e māhele ma ka hana kope ʻana i nā organelles a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka ikehu.

A laila, komo ka pūnaewele i ka mahele pūnaewele mua, i kapaʻia he mitosis. I ka wā o ka mitosis, hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā chromosomes i ke kikowaena o ke kelepona a laila hoʻokaʻawale i nā pole ʻē aʻe. Ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā chromosomes, e māhele ʻia ka cell i ʻelua mau keena kaikamahine, kēlā me kēia me kahi kope piha o nā chromosomes. A laila komo nā keena kaikamahine ʻelua i kahi manawa o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻomau ʻana me ka mahele cell aʻe, i kapa ʻia ʻo meiosis. I ka wā meiosis, māhele hou nā pūnaewele kaikamahine ʻelua, i kēia manawa e hana ana i nā pūnaewele hānau kūikawā.

2. Nā māhele a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kaʻina mahele ʻelua

ʻO ka mahele ʻelua cell⁢ kahi kaʻina kumu i ka hoʻohua ʻana o nā mea ola multicellular. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia kaʻina paʻakikī i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: mitosis a me cytokinesis. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēlā me kēia pae ma lalo nei:

Mitosis:

• Profaʻa: I loko o kēia ⁤phase, ‌ʻoʻopuʻu nā chromosomes a ʻike ʻia. Hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana o ka spindle mitotic a nalowale ka envelope nuklea.
• Ka pae ʻana o ka metaphase: Ma kēia pae, hoʻopololei nā chromosomes i ka⁢ waena o ke kelepona, mahalo i ka hana⁤ ⁣o nā fiber ‌o ka milo mitotic.
• Anaphase: I ka wā anaphase, e ho'oka'awale ana nā lālā o ke ku'eku'e li'ili'i mitotic, e ho'oka'awale ana i nā chromosomes kaikuahine a ne'e iā lākou i nā pole kū'ē o ke kelepona.
• ʻO ke kolu o ka pae: I loko o ke telophase, hiki i nā chromosomes i nā pole a decondense. Hoʻokumu hou ʻia ka envelope nuklea a hoʻomaka kahi membrane cell hou e hana.

Cytokinesis:

• ʻO ka ʻoki ʻana o ke apo actinic: I loko o kēia māhele, hoʻopaʻa ʻia kekahi apo i haku ʻia me nā filament actin ma ka ʻāpana equatorial o ke kelepona, e māhele ana iā ia i ʻelua.
• Hoʻomaʻamaʻa o ka pā kelepona paʻa lima: Ma kēia ʻanuʻu, hana ʻia kahi pā hou ma waena o nā keena kaikamahine, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea mai ka Golgi apparatus.
• Ka pau ana o ka puunaue cell: Ke pau ka cytokinesis, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia keena kaikamahine ke kope like o ka mea genetic a me kāna pūʻulu o nā organelles, e ʻae ai i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻiʻo hou a me ka ulu ʻana o ke ʻano multicellular.

He mea nui ke kaʻina hana ʻelua no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ola multicellular. Ma o ka mitosis a me ka cytokinesis, ua hōʻoia ʻia ka hāʻawi pololei ʻana o nā mea genetic a me nā organelles, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā keena kaikamahine e like me ka cell makuahine. Mālama kēia hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono i ka pono a me ka hana kūpono o nā ʻiʻo a me nā ʻāpana o ke kino. He mea kupanaha pehea e hiki ai i kēia mau mīkini ke hoʻokō i kēia hana paʻakikī me ka pololei a me ka maikaʻi.

3. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana i nā mea genetic

ʻO ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana o nā mea genetic he kaʻina kumu no ka hana pono o nā mea ola. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana, i kapa ʻia ʻo DNA replication, e hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o kēlā me kēia keena kaikamahine i kope pololei a piha o ka mea genetic o ka cell makua. He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ke kūpaʻa genetic a me ka pale ʻana i nā hewa e hiki ai ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi genetic a me ka hana ʻole o ke kelepona.

Nui nā ʻano hana a me nā kaʻina hana i hoʻoponopono ʻia e hōʻoia i ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana o nā mea genetic. Hiki i nā enzymes ke kuleana no ka hana hou ʻana o DNA ke ʻike a hoʻoponopono i nā hewa, e like me ka hoʻokomo ʻana a i ʻole ka holoi ʻana, e hōʻoia i kahi kope pono o ka mea genetic.

Eia kekahi, he mea nui ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana i nā mea genetic e hōʻoia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka paʻa o ka ʻike genetic ma waena o nā hanauna. Loaʻa i ka ⁢DNA⁢ ka ʻike ⁢pono⁤ e ‌synthesize i nā protein a hoʻoponopono i ka hana kelepona. Inā loaʻa nā hewa i ka hana hou ʻana o ka genetic material, hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kaʻina DNA, e hoʻololi i ka ʻike a hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hoʻololi genetic a me nā maʻi hoʻoilina.

• Paʻa Genetic: ʻO ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana o ka mea genetic e hiki ai i ka paʻa o ka ʻike genetic ke mālama ʻia i ka manawa a me nā hanauna.
• Ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi genetic: Hoʻopili pololei a me ka ʻole o nā hewa Hoʻemi ia i ka hiki ʻana o nā genetic mutations a, no laila, hoʻemi i ka hopena o nā maʻi hoʻoilina.
• Hoʻohana pono kelepona: ‌ʻO ke kope ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ⁢genetic material‌ he mea nui ia no ka hana pono ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o nā cell. kāna mau hana kikoʻī.
• Ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻike genetic: ʻO ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana i nā mea genetic e hōʻoia i ka hoʻouna pololei ʻana i ka ʻike genetic i nā keena kaikamahine a mālama ʻia i kēlā me kēia hanauna.

4. ʻO ke kuleana koʻikoʻi o nā microtubules i ka mahele ʻelua

Ma ka mahele cell, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā microtubules ma ke komo ʻana i ka hana a me ka hana ʻana o ka spindle mitotic a me ka spindle meiotic he mea nui kēia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā chromosomes i ka wā o ke kelepona. Ma o nā pilina paʻakikī paʻakikī, hoʻonohonoho nā microtubules ma kahi pūnaewele ʻekolu-dimensional‌ e hiki ai⁤ ke hoʻopololei pololei a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā chromosomes.

ʻO nā microtubules, i haku ʻia me nā dimer tubulin, e hoʻolōʻihi ʻia mai nā kikowaena hoʻonohonoho microtubule a hiki i nā chromosomes a hoʻoulu i nā mana huki e neʻe a hoʻokaʻawale i nā chromosomes ma nā pae anaphase a me telophase o ka mahele cell. Eia kekahi, hana pū kekahi microtubules i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka spindle meiotic, e hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā chromosomes homologous i ka wā meiosis.

Pono ka hoʻoponopono kūpono o ka microtubule dynamics no ka hoʻokaʻawale cell kūpono. ʻO nā protein kaʻa e like me nā dyneins a me nā kinesins ke kuleana no ka lawe ʻana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā microtubules ma nā filament actin a mālama i ko lākou kūpaʻa a me ka paʻa. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā protein hoʻoponopono e like me ka microtubule-associated protein (MAPs) a me ka microtubule-activated protein kinase (AMPK) e hoʻomalu i ka polymerization a me ka depolymerization o nā microtubules, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i kā lākou hana pololei i ka mahele cell.

5. Nā mīkini hoʻokele pōʻaiapuni pūnaewele ma ka mahele me ʻelua mau māhele

6. Nā ʻano o nā pūnaewele i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me nā māhele ʻelua

Aia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā cell i loko o ke kino kanaka e ⁤ʻike i ka mahele pūnaewele ma o nā māhele ʻelua. He mea nui kēia mau ʻano cell no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o ke kino, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻiʻo i hōʻino ʻia ma lalo nei kekahi mau laʻana:

• Pūnaewele hua manu: ʻO nā cell germ ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpū hānau kāne a me ka wahine. Hiki i kēia mau pūnaewele ke puʻunaue ʻelua⁢ manawa e hana i nā gametes, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā hua a me ka sperm. Ua kapa ʻia ka māhele cell mua meiosis I a ʻo ka mahele ʻelua i kapa ʻia meiosis II.
• B lymphocytes: ʻO nā lymphocytes B kahi ʻano o nā pūnaewele ʻōnaehana pale ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana i nā antibodies. Pono kēia mau māhele no nā lymphocytes B e loaʻa ai ko lākou hiki ke ʻike a hoʻopau i nā antigens.
• Epithelial cell⁢: ʻO nā cell epithelial nā mea e laina ana i ka ʻili o loko a me waho o ke kino. ⁢I loko o kekahi mau kiko,​ e like me ⁤ka‌ ʻili a me ka ʻili o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, e loaʻa ana kēia mau cell i ʻelua mahele cell. He mea nui kēia mau māhele no ka mālama ʻana i ka pono o ka ʻiʻo a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka wā e hōʻeha ai a ʻaʻahu paha.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, nui nā ʻano cell i loko o ka⁢ kino kanaka Loaʻa iā lākou ka mahele cell ma o ʻelua mahele. He mea nui kēia⁢ kaʻina no ka hana hou ʻana, ka pane ʻana o ke kino, a me ka hana hou ʻana o ka ʻiʻo. Ma o kēia mau māhele cell, hōʻoia ʻia ka hana kūpono a me ke kaulike o ke kino.

7. Hoʻohālikelike ma waena o ka mahele pūnaewele me ka mahele hoʻokahi a me ʻelua

ʻO ka mahele pūnaewele he kaʻina kumu no ka ulu a me ka hana hou o nā mea ola. ʻElua mau ʻano nui o ka mahele cell: mitosis a me meiosis. ʻO ka mitosis kahi mahele hoʻokahi, aʻo ka meiosis e pili ana i ʻelua mau pūnaewele. Ma lalo iho, e hōʻike ʻia kahi hoʻohālikelike kikoʻī ma waena o kēia mau kaʻina hana ʻelua.

E pili ana i ka pahuhopu o kēlā me kēia ʻano māhele, manaʻo ka mitosis e hana i ʻelua mau keena kaikamahine i like like me ka cell makuahine. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, manaʻo ka meiosis e hoʻohua i nā mea pili i ka wahine, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā hua a me ka sperm, aia i loko o ka hapalua o nā mea genetic o ka cell makuahine.

Ma ke ʻano o ka helu o nā māhele cell, ʻo ka mitosis kahi mahele hoʻokahi, ʻoiai ʻo ka meiosis i hana ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana cell consecutive. I ka wā o ka mitosis, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi pūnaʻi makuahine i ʻelua mau keena kaikamahine like genetically ma o nā ʻāpana ʻehā: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, a me telophase. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ⁢ meiosis he ʻelua mahele kelepona i kapa ʻia ʻo meiosis I a me ka meiosis II, ua haku ʻia kēlā me kēia me nā māhele ʻehā e like me ka mitosis, akā me kekahi mau ʻokoʻa nui. ʻO Meiosis I ka mahele hoʻemi, ʻoiai meiosis II ua like ia me ka mitosis maʻamau.

8. Nā hopena genetic a me ka evolutionary o ka mahele ʻelua pūnaewele

ʻO ka mahele ʻelua kelepona, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka bipartition, he kaʻina kumu i ka hana hou ʻana o nā mea ola hoʻokahi. ⁢Ke hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻano māhele e ka "hoʻopili a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana" o ka mea genetic o kahi cell makuahine, e hoʻoulu ai i ʻelua mau keena kaikamahine like genetically. He nui a hohonu ka hopena genetic o kēia kaʻina hana, no ka mea, hāʻawi lākou i ka ʻano like ʻole a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ola.

ʻO kekahi o nā hopena genetic koʻikoʻi o ka mahele ʻelua cell ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻike genetic. Mahalo i kēia kaʻina hana, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ‌kaikamahine⁢ cell nā mea genetic⁤ a pau mai ka cell makuahine, no laila e hōʻoia i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻike genetic. ʻAe kēia i nā cell e mālama i ko lākou ʻano genetic a hōʻoia i ka hoʻopuka pololei ʻana o nā ʻano hoʻoilina.

ʻO kekahi hopena koʻikoʻi o ka puʻunaue ʻelua ʻo ia ka hanauna o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano ʻoiai he ʻano genetic ke ʻano o nā pūnaewele kaikamahine, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i ka wā o ka hana kope ʻana i ka mea genetic. Hiki i kēia mau hoʻololi ke hāʻawi i nā pono kūpono a i ʻole nā ​​pōʻino i nā pūnaewele kaikamahine, hiki ke hoʻololi i ko lākou ola ʻana a me ka loli lōʻihi o ke kino, ʻo ka mahele ʻelua pū kekahi e ʻae i ka hoʻohui hou ʻana i nā ʻano mea like ʻole nuinui loa.

9. Nā noi no ka mahele ʻelua cell i ka noiʻi ʻepekema a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau

Nā noi ma ka noiʻi ʻepekema:

Ua ⁤e hoʻololi ka lua cell ⁤division i ka ⁣field⁤ o ka ʻimi noiʻi ʻepekema, e ʻae ana i ka holomua o ka ʻike o⁢ mau kaʻina olaola nui. Eia kekahi, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka mahele ʻelua i ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka cellular a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā hoʻololi genetic e pili ana i nā maʻi.

• Ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono genes: Me ka mahele ʻelua kelepona, hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke nānā i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻōlelo o nā genes i nā pae like ʻole o ka ulu ʻana. pōʻaiapuni pūnaewele, e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā hana hoʻomalu o nā kaʻina kelepona.
• Ka noiʻi ʻana i nā maʻi genetic: ʻAe kēia ʻenehana iā mākou e ʻike i nā hoʻololi genetic a e ʻimi i ke ʻano o ka hopena i ke kelepona a me ke kino. He mea pili loa kēia i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi ʻokoʻa, kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai nā kumu molekala.

Nā noi ⁢in⁢ lāʻau lapaʻau:

Ua hoʻololi hou ʻia ka māhele ʻelua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, e wehe ana i nā hiʻohiʻona hou i ka maʻi maʻi, therapy a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lāʻau. ʻO ka ʻike i loaʻa ma o kēia ʻenehana ua alakaʻi i nā holomua nui ma ke ʻano o ka lāʻau lapaʻau hou, mālama maʻi kanesa, a me ka noiʻi ʻana i nā maʻi degenerative.

• ʻO ka ʻike mua ʻana o nā maʻi: ʻO ka mahele pālua ʻelua e hiki ai ke ʻike i nā ʻano ʻano ʻino i loko o nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻiʻo, e ʻae ai i ka hōʻoia mua ʻana o nā maʻi, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka nui o ke ola o ka maʻi.
• Gene Therapy: He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻano hana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau gene, kahi e hoʻokomo ʻia ai nā genes hana i loko o nā pūnaewele poino e hoʻoponopono ai i nā ʻano hana ʻino.
• Ka noiʻi ʻana i nā maʻi neurodegenerative: Ua ʻae ʻia e ka mahele ʻelua cell i ka holomua i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā maʻi e like me Alzheimer a me Parkinson's, e hāʻawi ana i nā hiʻohiʻona hou no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono.

10. Manaʻo no ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana ma luna o ia mahele pūnaewele

Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana e pili ana i ka mahele cell, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopololei i ke aʻo ʻana i nā mīkini molekala e hoʻoponopono i kēia kaʻina hana i loko o nā mea ola e hiki ke hoʻokō piha ʻia ka noiʻi e ʻike i nā protein a me nā genes i komo i loko o ka mīkini hoʻokaʻawale cell. E kōkua kēia i ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā hanana koʻikoʻi e kū mai ana i ka wā o ka hoʻokaʻawale cell a me ko lākou hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole.

ʻO kekahi manaʻo koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hopena o ka māhele cell i loko o ke kahua lapaʻau. Hiki i kahi wahi hoihoi ke noiʻi pehea e hiki ai i nā maʻi a i ʻole nā ​​hana ʻino i nā kaʻina mahele cell ke kōkua i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi e like me ke kanesa. Hiki ke nānā ʻia ka pilina ma waena o nā protein e hoʻoponopono ana i ka māhele cell a me nā ala hōʻailona cell e pili ana i ka ulu ʻole ʻia a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi.

Eia hou, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā haʻawina hoʻohālikelike ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka māhele cell, e like me ka mitosis a me ka meiosis, i mea e hoʻomaopopo pono ai i nā mea like a me nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia mau kaʻina. Hiki i kēia ke komo i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hana a me nā hana o nā protein a me nā genes i pili i kēlā me kēia hanana, a me ka nānā ʻana i nā hopena evolutionary a biomedical o kēia mau ʻokoʻa.

11. Nā ho'āʻo ʻenehana a me ke ʻano no ke aʻo ʻana i ka mahele ʻelua kelepona

:

ʻO ka mahele ʻelua he kaʻina olaola paʻakikī e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ʻelua mau keena kaikamahine mai kahi cell makuahine hoʻokahi. ⁢Ma muli o kona ʻano paʻakikī, e hōʻike ana kāna noiʻi ʻana i nā pilikia ʻenehana a me ke ʻano e koi ai i nā ala kūikawā ma lalo nei, ke hōʻike nei mākou i kekahi o nā mea pilikia i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i kēia ʻano.

1. ʻIke pololei‌ o nā pūnana pū:

• He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻike ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā pūnaʻi kumu i loko o ke kaʻina mahele ʻelua e hoʻomaopopo i kā lākou ʻano a me nā waiwai.
• Pono nā mea noiʻi e hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana holomua, e like me ka cytometry kahe a me ka microscopy confocal, e hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻokaʻawale i nā pūnaewele mai ke koena o ka heluna cell.

2. Hōʻike i ka manawa maoli o ka mahele ⁢lua ⁢cell:

• ʻO ka nānā ʻana⁢ ma manawa maoli ʻO ka mahele ʻelua kelepona he mea nui e aʻo i nā hanana koʻikoʻi i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana.
• ʻO nā holomua i ka microscopy super-resolution a me ka microscopy intravital e ʻae i ka hoʻonā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka hohonu o ke kahua, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻike ʻana i ka mahele ʻelua cell ma ka pae subcellular.

3. ʻIkepili bioinformatic⁢ a me ka hoʻohālike makemakika:

• ʻO ka hana ʻana a me ka ‌analysis⁤ o ⁤data i hana ʻia i ka wā ⁢dual cell division noiʻi ‌e koi i ka ⁢bioinformatic approaches a me ka ⁢mathematic modeling.
• Pono nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻomohala i nā algorithms a me nā hoʻohālike e hoʻohui i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻāpana e hoʻomaopopo i ka pilina molekala a me ke kino.

12. ʻO nā hopena lapaʻau hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me nā māhele ʻelua

:

ʻO ka mahele pūnaewele me nā māhele ʻelua he kaʻina kumu i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ola. Ma waho aʻe o kona koʻikoʻi i ka pae embryonic, hiki i kēia ʻano o ka māhele cell ke loaʻa i nā hopena koʻikoʻi. Aia ma lalo iho kekahi o nā noi a me nā hopena o kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano o ke kino:

• Ka hōʻailona prenatal: He mea koʻikoʻi ka hiki ke nānā i ka mahele cell me ʻelua mau māhele i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa prenatal o kekahi mau ʻano ʻino chromosomal me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana e like me ka biopsy chorionic villus a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai amniotic, hiki ke nānā ʻia a ʻike ʻia ⁢ hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ⁤ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpū.
• Gene therapy: ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana o ka hoʻokaʻawale cell me nā māhele ʻelua hiki ke wehe i nā puka hou ma ke kahua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Ke ʻimi nei kēia ʻenehana e hoʻoponopono i nā maʻi genetic ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka DNA o nā pūnaewele o ka mea maʻi. Ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻomalu a hoʻopololei i ka mahele cell, hiki ke hoʻololi a hoʻoponopono paha i nā genes hemahema i ka ʻiʻo i hoʻopilikia ʻia.
• Cancer⁢Nīnau: ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o ka mahele cell me ʻelua mau māhele hiki ke lilo i mea pili nui i ka noiʻi maʻi maʻi. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻana o kēia kaʻina hana ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hoʻololi hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka tumor. Hiki i kēia ʻike ke kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā lapaʻau hou a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka maʻi kanesa.

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo ka mahele pūlima me ʻelua mau ʻāpana he mau hopena lapaʻau paha i ʻoi aku ma mua o kāna kuleana i ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic. Hiki i kāna aʻo ʻana ke kōkua i ka maʻi prenatal, gene therapy a me ka noiʻi maʻi kanesa, e wehe ana i nā hiʻohiʻona hou i ke kahua lapaʻau a hāʻawi i ka manaolana no ka holomua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

13. ʻO ka pili o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia kaʻina hana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā

He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana ma hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā e hōʻoia i ko lākou pono a me ka pili ʻana i ka pae lapaʻau. ʻO kēia no ka mea e koi ana kēlā me kēia maʻi a i ʻole ka maʻi i kahi ala ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻolālā lapaʻau, a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia kaʻina hana e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻololi i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā pono kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia maʻi.

ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia maʻi a i ʻole ka maʻi. Hoʻopili kēia i ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumu pilikia, nā ʻōnaehana kumu a me nā pahuhopu therapeutic hiki. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo hohonu wale ʻana i ka pathology hiki iā mākou ke hoʻolālā i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono.

Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia kaʻina hana e kōkua iā mākou e loiloi a hoʻohālikelike i ka pono o nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā like ʻole no ka maʻi like. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻike no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻike e pili ana ʻO ia ka mea maikaʻi loa ʻO ke ala lapaʻau e hahai like, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā hopena ʻaoʻao a i ʻole nā ​​pilikia e pili ana i kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau a lawe i nā mea e pono ai e hōʻemi iā lākou.

14. Nā hopena a me nā manaʻo no ka holomua o ka ʻike ma kēia kahua

1. I ka hopena, he mea nui ka holomua o ka ʻike ma kēia kahua, e hāpai ana i ka noiʻi ʻepekema a me ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana. Ua hoʻokō ka poʻe noiʻi i ka ʻike a me ke kālailai ʻana i nā kumu hou o ka ʻike, i ʻae ʻia i ka ʻike nui ʻana i nā hanana i pili pū ʻia hopena.

2. ʻO nā manaʻo no ka wā e hiki mai ana ma kēia kahua ke hoʻohiki nei. ⁤Ma muli o ka holomua o ka ʻike, manaʻo ʻia nā holomua nui ma ke kahua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻenekinia, naʻauao hana a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e pili ana. E wehe ana kēia i nā manawa hou no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ke ola o nā kānaka. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomau ka holomua o ka ʻike ma kēia kahua e hāʻawi i nā manaʻo hou a me nā hoʻonā i nā pilikia o kēia manawa a me ka wā e hiki mai ana.

3. ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo ka holomua o ka ʻike ma kēia kahua he ⁤he ʻenekini no ka holomua‍a me ka hana hou.‍ He mea kupanaha nā mea i loaʻa i kēia manawa, a ua nui ka hiki⁤ e hoʻomau i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā wahi koʻikoʻi. . Pono e hoʻomau i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā ʻepekema, ʻoihana a me ka lehulehu ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa e hoʻomau i ka holomua ma kēia ʻano ʻike hoihoi.

Nīnau a me nā Pane

Nīnau: He aha ka huaʻōlelo ʻenehana e wehewehe ana i ke ʻano o ka mahele cell i loaʻa ai nā māhele ʻelua?
Pane: ʻO ka huaʻōlelo ʻenehana e wehewehe ana i ke ʻano o ka mahele pūlima kahi i loaʻa ai ʻelua mau māhele i kapa ʻia ʻo meiosis. ⁤
Nīnau: He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka meiosis a me ka mitosis?
Pane: ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka meiosis a me ka mitosis aia i ka helu o nā māhele cell e kū ana. ʻOiai e pili ana ka mitosis i hoʻokahi mahele pūnaewele, meiosis, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, e pili ana i ʻelua mau mahele. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mitosis ka mea e hoʻāla ai i nā keena kaikamahine i ka genetically identically me ka cell mother, aʻo ka meiosis ka hopena i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā cell daughter me kahi hui genetic kū hoʻokahi ma muli o ka hoʻohui hou ʻana.
Nīnau: He aha ke ʻano o nā mea ola e ulu ai ka meiosis?
Pane: Loaʻa ka Meiosis i loko o nā mea ola eukaryotic, me nā holoholona, ​​​​nā mea kanu, a me nā haʻi, i ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pūnaewele hānau a i ʻole gametes.
Nīnau: He aha ke kumu o ka meiosis?
Pane: ʻO ke kumu o ka meiosis ka hana ʻana i nā gametes a i ʻole nā ​​​​pūnaewele sex. I ka wā meiosis, māhele ʻia nā pūnaewele diploid i loko o nā pūnana sex haploid me ka hapalua o ka helu o nā chromosomes, e ʻae ana i ka hui pū ʻana a me ka loli ʻana i nā keiki.
Nīnau:⁢ He aha nā pae o ka meiosis?
Pane: ʻO ka Meiosis he ʻelua mahele kelepona i kapa ʻia ʻo meiosis I a me ka meiosis II ʻo ka Meiosis I ka hana hou ʻana o DNA, a ukali ʻia e ʻelua mau māhele nuklea, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻelua mau keena kaikamahine haploid. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka Meiosis II i ka mahele hou ʻana o nā pūnaewele ma muli o ka meiosis I, e loaʻa ana i ʻehā mau keena kaikamahine haploid me ka hapalua o ka helu o nā chromosomes.
Nīnau: Pehea ke koʻikoʻi o ka meiosis i ka hoʻohua kino?
Pane: He mea nui ka Meiosis no ka hoʻohua ʻana i ka wahine, no ka mea, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokumu i nā gametes me kahi hui genetic kūʻokoʻa. Hoʻoikaika kēia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka genetic i ka ʻano, ka hopena i ka hiki ke hoʻololi a me ka loli.
Nīnau: He aha ka hopena inā loaʻa nā hewa i ka wā meiosis?
Pane: ʻO nā hewa i ka wā meiosis, e like me ka chromosome nondisjunction, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā mea ʻino i ka helu o nā chromosomes, e like me Down syndrome i loko o ke kanaka. Hiki i kēia mau hewa ke hoʻopilikia i ka momona a me ka ola o nā gametes, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pilikia hānau i kekahi mau mea ola.
Nīnau: Aia kekahi mau ʻano mahele pūlima ʻē aʻe ma waho o ka meiosis a me ka mitosis?
Pane: ʻAe,⁤ ma waho aʻe o ka⁢ meiosis a me ka mitosis, aia kekahi ʻano māhele cell i kapa ʻia "atypical mitosis." Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻano mahele ma muli o ka hahai ʻole ʻana i ke ʻano maʻamau o ka mitosis a me ka meiosis, a loaʻa i nā kūlana kūikawā e like me ka hana hou ʻana o nā ʻiʻo i loko o nā mea ola multicellular. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mitosis a me ka meiosis nā ʻano maʻamau a aʻo nui ʻia o ka mahele cell.

Nā Manaʻo no ka Wā e Hiki Mai Ana

I ka hopena, ʻo ke ʻano o ka mahele cell kahi i loaʻa ai nā māhele ʻelua, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka meiotic division, he kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hana hou ʻana o nā mea ola. Ma o kēia kaʻina hana, hana ʻia nā keena kaikamahine me ka hapalua o ka helu o nā chromosomes o ka cell makuahine, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻololi genetic a me ka hoʻohui hou ʻana. ʻO ka Meiosis he ʻelua mau papa nui: meiosis I a me meiosis II, kahi i loaʻa ai nā hanana like ʻole e like me ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka hoʻohui hou ʻana o ka genetic material, ka homologation a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā chromosomes a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā keena kaikamahine haploid. ʻO kēia ka mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā gametes me nā ʻano genetic a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke ola i loko o ka ʻano. Eia kekahi, he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea ola i ko lākou kaiapuni. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo a me ke aʻo kikoʻī o kēia kaʻina meiotic e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike no ka hoʻoilina genetic a hōʻike i nā mea pohihihi o ka hānau ʻana. Me ka kānalua ʻole, ʻo kēia ʻano hoihoi o ka mahele cell e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomau o ke ola a me ka lehulehu o nā mea ola ma kā mākou honua. ‍