12 Electronic Distribution Exercises: Test Your Knowledge

Kev faib hluav taws xob yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv chemistry thiab physics, thiab kev paub nws yuav tsum muaj kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus. Txhawm rau ntsuas koj qhov kev paub thiab ntxiv dag zog rau koj cov kev txawj ntse, peb tau npaj 12 qhov kev faib tawm hluav taws xob. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tshawb xyuas txhua qhov kev tawm dag zog no kom ntxaws, tsom mus rau lawv qhov kev siv tau zoo thiab muab cov lus piav qhia meej thiab meej rau lawv cov kev daws teeb meem. Npaj txhij los tawm tsam koj txoj kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb no thiab txhim kho koj cov txuj ci kev faib hluav taws xob!

1. Taw qhia txog kev faib hluav taws xob hauv quantum txoj kev xav

Kev faib hluav taws xob hauv quantum txoj kev xav yog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab tias electrons raug teeb tsa nyob ib puag ncig lub nucleus hauv atom. Hauv seem no, peb yuav tshawb txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub ncauj lus no thiab kawm paub siv lawv li cas hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej.

Thawj kauj ruam hauv kev nkag siab txog kev faib hluav taws xob yog kom nkag siab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Pauli cais tawm, uas tau hais tias tsis muaj ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv tib lub atom tuaj yeem muaj tib yam ntawm quantum tooj. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias electrons yuav tsum nyob sib txawv zog thiab sublevels nyob rau hauv ib tug atom.

Qhov thib ob, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub txog Aufbau txoj cai, uas hais txog cov kab ke uas cov orbitals tau sau rau hauv atom. Txoj cai no pab peb txiav txim siab qhov kev txiav txim uas cov electrons raug faib rau hauv cov qib sib txawv ntawm lub zog thiab cov qib sub. Piv txwv li, peb paub tias qib 1 ua ntej qib 2, thiab lwm yam.

2. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev faib hluav taws xob hauv chemistry

Kev faib hluav taws xob hauv chemistry yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog cov qauv thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm atoms thiab molecules. Qhov kev faib tawm no tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob li cas nyob ib puag ncig lub atomic nucleus, ua raws qee cov cai thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus. Hauv seem no, peb yuav tshawb txog qee lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb txog kev faib hluav taws xob hauv chemistry.

Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev faib hluav taws xob yog Aufbau txoj cai, uas hais tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau ntxiv rau qis zog orbitals ua ntej ua kom muaj zog dua orbitals. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov electrons tau ntim rau hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub zog, ua raws li daim duab qhia orbital thiab hwm Hund txoj cai, uas tau hais tias electrons sau lub orbitals ib tus zuj zus thiab ua ntej ua khub.

Txhawm rau sawv cev rau kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom, kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob, uas qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas cov hluav taws xob faib tawm hauv cov qib sib txawv ntawm lub zog thiab qib sub. Piv txwv li, kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm cov pa oxygen atom yog 1s² 2s² 2p⁴, uas qhia tau hais tias nws muaj 2 electrons hauv qib 1s, 2 electrons hauv qib 2s, thiab 4 electrons hauv qib 2p.

3. Cov kev faib hluav taws xob yog dab tsi thiab vim li cas lawv tseem ceeb?

Cov kev faib hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv chemistry kom nkag siab tias electrons raug teeb tsa hauv lub atom li cas. Cov kev tawm dag zog no tso cai rau peb txheeb xyuas qhov kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus thiab nkag siab tias lub orbitals tau ntim cov electrons li cas.

Kev faib hluav taws xob yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias nws tso cai rau peb los kwv yees cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev ntawm cov khoom. Los ntawm kev paub txog kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nws cov reactivity, nws lub peev xwm los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab nws tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw.

Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los daws cov kev tawm dag zog no, tab sis lawv txhua tus ua raws cov kauj ruam ntau. Ua ntej, koj yuav tsum paub cov kev cai rau kev sau orbitals, xws li Aufbau txoj cai, Pauli cais txoj cai, thiab Hund txoj cai. Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob yog tom qab ntawd teeb tsa ntawm daim duab lossis siv tsab ntawv thiab tus lej cim. Thaum kawg, nws raug kuaj xyuas tias qhov kev faib khoom ua raws li cov cai sau thiab tias tag nrho cov xov tooj hluav taws xob muaj tseeb.

4. Sib tw koj txoj kev paub: 12 qhov kev faib hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob los sim koj qhov kev txawj ntse

Hauv seem no, peb nthuav qhia 12 qhov nyuaj ntawm kev faib hluav taws xob uas yuav sim koj cov txuj ci chemistry. Txhua qhov kev tawm dag zog no yuav nyuaj rau koj los siv koj txoj kev paub txog kev faib tawm ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv cov qib sib txawv thiab qib qis ntawm lub atom. Tsis tsuas yog lawv yuav pab koj txheeb xyuas cov hauv paus, tab sis lawv tseem yuav muab rau koj xyaum daws teeb meem kev faib hluav taws xob. zoo.

Rau txhua qhov kev tawm dag zog, peb yuav muab koj nrog a kauj ruam yog kauj ruam piav qhia txog yuav daws qhov teeb meem li cas. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb yuav muab cov lus qhia thiab cov qauv rau koj los pab koj nkag siab. Yog tias koj xav tau kev tshuaj xyuas sai ntawm cov hauv paus ntawm kev faib hluav taws xob, koj tuaj yeem siv peb cov kev qhia sib tham sib tham, uas yuav muab rau koj ua tiav cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ncauj lus.

Tsis tas li ntawd, peb pom zoo kom siv cov cuab yeej xws li cov ntawv teev sijhawm thiab cov duab Lewis kom pom cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kom meej meej. Cov cuab yeej no yuav pab koj txheeb xyuas cov naj npawb ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv txhua qib thiab qib sub. Nco ntsoov tias tus yuam sij rau kev daws cov kev tawm dag zog no yog ua tib zoo txheeb xyuas cov kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm txhua lub atom thiab ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus tsim los ntawm Aufbau txoj cai, Hund txoj cai thiab txoj cai ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws spin multiplicity.

5. Kev ua 1: Kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm hydrogen atom

6. Kev ua 2: Kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom

Cov pa roj carbon atom yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov organic chemistry. Nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txiav txim siab txoj kev carbon atoms ua ke nrog lwm cov khoom. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom, qee qhov yuav tsum tau ua raws cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb.

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias cov pa roj carbon atom muaj 6 electrons. Cov electrons no tau muab faib rau hauv ntau qib zog hu ua plhaub. Thawj qib zog, lossis plhaub 1, tuaj yeem muaj txog li 2 electrons. Lub zog thib ob, lossis lub plhaub 2, tuaj yeem muaj txog li 8 electrons. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom, cov plhaub no yuav tsum tau ntim rau hauv kev txiav txim kom muaj zog ntxiv.

Cov pa roj carbon atom muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv qab no: 1s² 2s² 2p². Qhov no txhais tau hais tias thawj 2 electrons pom nyob rau hauv plhaub 1, nyob rau hauv lub 1s orbital. Tom ntej no 2 electrons pom nyob rau hauv plhaub 2, nyob rau hauv lub 2s orbital. Qhov kawg 2 electrons muaj nyob rau hauv lub plhaub 2, nyob rau hauv lub 2p orbital. Qhov kev faib hluav taws xob no qhia peb li cas cov electrons tau teeb tsa hauv qhov sib txawv orbitals ntawm carbon atom.

7. Kev ua 3: Kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine ion

Txhawm rau txiav txim siab txog kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine ion, peb yuav tsum xub nco ntsoov tias chlorine ion, Cl-, tau txais ib qho hluav taws xob, uas txhais tau tias Tam sim no nws muaj ntau tshaj ntawm tus nqi tsis zoo. Qhov no cuam tshuam rau txoj kev faib hluav taws xob thoob plaws lub atom lub zog. Hauv qab no yog ib kauj ruam los ntawm kauj ruam yuav daws li cas qhov teeb meem no:

1. txheeb xyuas tus naj npawb atomic ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine ntawm lub rooj zaum. Chlorine tus naj npawb atomic yog 17, txhais tau tias nws muaj 17 electrons nyob rau hauv nws thawj lub xeev nruab nrab.

2. Tom qab tau txais ib qho hluav taws xob, chlorine tam sim no muaj 18 electrons tag nrho. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov kev faib hluav taws xob, nco ntsoov tias cov hluav taws xob sau cov qib hluav taws xob hauv ib qho kev txiav txim tshwj xeeb: 2, 8, 8, 1. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias thawj 2 electrons sau lub zog 1, tom ntej 8 sau lub zog theem 2. ntawm lub zog 8. , tom ntej no 3 sau lub zog theem 4 thiab lub xeem electron occupies lub zog theem XNUMX. Nco ntsoov hais tias lub zog ntau zog yog ntxiv los ntawm lub nucleus thiab muaj peev xwm ntau dua los tuav electrons.

3. Yog li ntawd, kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine ion yuav yog cov hauv qab no: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶. Qhov txiaj ntsig no qhia peb tias cov tshuaj chlorine muaj tag nrho ntawm 18 electrons faib rau ntau qib zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm kev ua ib qho ion nrog tus nqi ntawm -1, nws tau txais kev ruaj ntseg ntau dua vim qhov ua tiav ntawm nws lub zog sab nraud.

8. Kev Ua Haujlwm 4: Kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov pa oxygen atom

Cov pa oxygen atom muaj atomic tooj ntawm 8, uas qhia tau hais tias nws muaj 8 electrons nyob rau hauv nws cov hluav taws xob configuration. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab txog kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov pa oxygen, peb yuav tsum ua raws li cov txheej txheem ib ntus. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau muab faib rau hauv qib sib txawv ntawm lub zog, hu ua plhaub. Thawj lub plhaub ze ntawm lub nucleus tuaj yeem muaj txog li 2 electrons, qhov thib ob mus txog 8 electrons, thiab qhov thib peb txog 8 electrons.

Rau cov pa atom, peb pib los ntawm kev sau lub plhaub ze tshaj plaws rau lub nucleus, uas yog thawj lub plhaub. Peb muab 2 electrons rau hauv lub plhaub no. Tom qab ntawd, peb txav mus rau lub plhaub tom ntej thiab tso cov 6 electrons ntxiv. Qhov no muab peb cov hluav taws xob faib ntawm 2 hauv thawj txheej thiab 6 hauv txheej thib ob. Ib txoj hauv kev los sawv cev qhov no yog sau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov pa oxygen li 1s² 2s² 2p⁴.

Cov hluav taws xob faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov pa oxygen tuaj yeem pom tau raws li kev teeb tsa uas cov hluav taws xob sau cov plhaub sib txawv thiab subshells raws li Aufbau txoj cai. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov kev faib hluav taws xob no pab peb nkag siab tias qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob tau teeb tsa hauv cov pa oxygen atom thiab lawv cuam tshuam li cas nrog lwm cov atoms hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv no yog qhov tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem tshuaj thiab cov khoom ntawm cov pa oxygen hauv cov tshuaj sib txawv.

9. Kev Ua Haujlwm 5: Kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov hlau ion (Fe2+)

Hauv qhov kev tawm dag zog no, peb yuav kawm los txiav txim siab kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov hlau ion (Fe2+). Hlau yog ib qho kev hloov pauv thiab nws cov kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob tuaj yeem txiav txim siab siv txoj cai aufbau thiab Pauli txoj cai tsis suav nrog.

Yuav pib, peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias hlau muaj atomic tooj ntawm 26, uas txhais tau tias nws muaj 26 electrons. Los ntawm poob ob lub electrons los ua Fe2 + ion, nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav hloov.

Thawj kauj ruam yog los sau cov kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm lub nruab nrab hlau atom. Qhov no yog ua tiav los ntawm kev siv lub zog qib daim duab lossis Aufbau txoj cai. Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm nruab nrab Fe yog 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6. Tam sim no, peb yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account tias cov hlau (II) ion tau poob ob lub electrons, yog li peb yuav tsum tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob sab nraud, ua raws li Pauli cais tawm txoj cai. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev faib hluav taws xob yuav yog 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6. Qhov kev faib hluav taws xob no yog kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov hlau (II) ion..

10. Xyaum 6: Kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm calcium ion (Ca2+)

Hauv qhov kev tawm dag zog no, kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm calcium ion (Ca2+) yuav raug tshuaj xyuas. Yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nkag siab txog kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm calcium thiab yuav ua li cas nws hloov mus rau qhov zoo ion.

Calcium muaj tus lej atomic ntawm 20, txhais tau tias nws muaj 20 electrons hauv nws lub xeev nruab nrab. Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm calcium hauv nws lub xeev hauv av yog 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum calcium poob ob lub electrons los ua Ca2 + ion, nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov pauv.

Thaum peb poob ob lub electrons los ntawm lub plhaub 4s, cov hluav taws xob faib ntawm calcium ion ua 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov calcium ion muaj cov qauv hluav taws xob zoo ib yam li cov roj argon noble. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog qhov kev faib hluav taws xob no, peb tuaj yeem nkag siab tus cwj pwm thiab cov khoom ntawm calcium ion hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab hauv nws cov kev cuam tshuam nrog lwm hom tshuaj.

11. Xyaum 7: Kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov nitrogen atom

Txhawm rau daws qhov kev faib tawm hluav taws xob rau cov nitrogen atom, peb yuav tsum ua raws qee cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb. Ua ntej, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias nitrogen atom muaj atomic tooj ntawm 7, txhais tau tias nws muaj 7 electrons.

Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog txiav txim siab qhov kev txiav txim uas cov orbitals tau sau. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, peb siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus aufbau, uas hais tias orbitals tau sau rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub zog. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau muab faib rau hauv lub orbitals raws li txoj cai aufbau kom txog thaum cov hluav taws xob tas mus li.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nitrogen, peb pib los ntawm sau lub 1s orbital, uas muaj peev xwm tuav tau ib tug siab tshaj plaws ntawm 2 electrons. Tom ntej no, peb sau lub 2s orbital nrog 2 ntau electrons. Tom ntej no, peb sau peb lub p orbitals (2px, 2py thiab 2pz) nrog rau 3 electrons ntxiv. Thaum kawg, peb xyuas tias peb tau siv 7 cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab tau sau tag nrho cov orbitals los ntawm qis tshaj mus rau siab tshaj plaws.

12. Xyaum 8: Kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov sulfur atom

Sulfur yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg nrog atomic tooj 16 thiab lub cim S. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov sulfur atom, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub cov qauv ntawm cov atom thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm leej faj yog tau los ntawm kev ua raws li txoj cai ntawm Aufbau daim duab, uas tau hais tias cov hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom tau ntim rau hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub zog.

Thawj kauj ruam los txiav txim siab txog kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov sulfur atom yog kom paub nws tus lej atomic, uas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog 16. Los ntawm qhov ntawd, cov electrons yuav tsum tau muab rau cov qib sib txawv: qib 1 tuaj yeem muaj txog li 2 electrons, qib. 2 txog 8 electrons thiab qib 3 txog 6 electrons. Ua raws li txoj cai no, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau muab los ntawm lub zog siab tshaj mus rau qis tshaj plaws kom txog rau thaum tus lej atomic tau mus txog.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm leej faj, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li hauv qab no: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁴. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias theem 1 muaj 2 electrons, theem 2 muaj 8 electrons, theem 3 muaj 2 electrons nyob rau hauv lub sublevel thiab 4 electrons nyob rau hauv lub p sublevel. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv txhua qib yuav tsum sib npaug rau tus lej atomic ntawm lub caij.

13. Kev Ua Haujlwm 9: Kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm magnesium ion (Mg2+)

Thaum cov magnesium ion (Mg2+) tau tsim, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kom nkag siab zoo dua Nws cov khoom tshuaj. Kev faib hluav taws xob piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas cov hluav taws xob faib rau hauv cov plhaub sib txawv thiab cov subshells ntawm atom lossis ion. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm magnesium ion, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim lossis tau txais kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob.

Cov magnesium ion (Mg2+) muaj qhov zoo ntawm 2+, txhais tau tias nws tau poob ob lub electrons piv rau nruab nrab magnesium atom. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tam sim no nws muaj 10 electrons es tsis yog tus thawj 12. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab txog kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm Mg2+, peb yuav tsum muab cov 10 electrons no rau cov plhaub sib txawv thiab cov subshells raws li kev tsim kho.

Peb pib los ntawm kev muab cov electrons mus rau lub plhaub innermost, uas yog thawj (n = 1). Txij li thaum electrons sau nyob rau hauv ascending kev txiav txim ntawm lub zog, thawj electron raug xa mus rau 1s sublevel. Tom qab ntawd, yim lub electrons tom ntej no raug xa mus rau lub plhaub thib ob (n = 2), mus rau 2s thiab 2p sublevels. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li cov magnesium ion tau poob ob lub electrons, peb tsuas muaj ob lub electrons sab laug los faib. Cov no tau muab tso rau hauv 2s sublevel, tawm hauv 2p sublevel khoob. Yog li ntawd, cov hluav taws xob faib ntawm magnesium ion (Mg2+) yog 1s2 2s2.

14. Kev ua 10: Kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm lithium atom

Lub lithium atom muaj ib qho kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb uas txiav txim siab seb nws cov electrons raug faib li cas hauv qib sib txawv ntawm lub zog thiab qib sub. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov kev faib hluav taws xob no, peb tuaj yeem siv Aufbau txoj cai thiab Hund cov cai thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov kev cai sib npaug zog.

Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm lithium atom tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua raws cov kauj ruam hauv qab no:

1. Txiav txim siab tus naj npawb atomic ntawm lithium, uas yog 3. Qhov no qhia peb tias lithium atom muaj peb lub electrons.
2. Nrhiav cov electrons nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv zog theem thiab sublevels. Thawj qib zog, hu ua K qib, tuaj yeem muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 2 electrons, thaum lub zog thib ob, hu ua L qib, tuaj yeem muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 8 electrons.

3. Muab cov hluav taws xob tso rau hauv qib K ua ntej, Lithium muaj ib qho hluav taws xob hauv qib K.

4. Muab cov electrons seem nyob rau theem L. Lithium muaj ob lub electrons nyob rau theem L.
5. Kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm lithium atom yog 1s² 2s¹. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias lithium muaj ib tug electron nyob rau theem K thiab ob lub electrons nyob rau theem L.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm lithium atom ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm quantum mechanics, uas qhia peb seb qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog thiab cov qib siab npaum li cas. Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm lithium muab peb cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev faib tawm ntawm nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab nws txoj kev ruaj ntseg hauv nws lub xeev hauv av.

Hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xa tawm tau nthuav tawm yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb los sim thiab ntxiv dag zog rau koj qhov kev paub hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm chemistry. Los ntawm lawv, koj tau muaj lub sijhawm los paub txog cov kev cai tswjfwm kev faib khoom ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov qib sib txawv thiab cov qib ntawm cov atoms.

Los ntawm kev daws cov kev tawm dag zog no, koj tuaj yeem sim koj lub peev xwm los siv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev faib hluav taws xob, xws li Aufbau txoj cai, Pauli txoj cai cais tawm, thiab Hund txoj cai. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj tau kawm siv lub sij hawm los txiav txim seb tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons nyob rau hauv txhua theem thiab sublevel.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias kev faib hluav taws xob yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog cov khoom thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj. Los ntawm kev paub txog cov ntsiab lus thiab kev txawj ntse uas cuam tshuam nrog cov kev tawm dag zog no, koj yuav tau npaj los ua kom koj nkag siab txog cov qauv atomic thiab chemistry feem ntau.

Nco ntsoov tias kev xyaum ua tas mus li thiab kev daws teeb meem yog qhov tseem ceeb los txhawb koj txoj kev paub. Peb pom zoo kom koj txuas ntxiv tshawb nrhiav cov kev tawm dag zog zoo sib xws thiab nkag mus rau lwm yam ntsig txog kev faib hluav taws xob. Qhov no yuav tso cai rau koj los txhim kho koj cov kev txawj ntse thiab txhim kho lub hauv paus ruaj khov hauv thaj chaw tseem ceeb heev zoo li chemistry.

Hauv kev xaus, kev daws cov kev faib hluav taws xob no tau muab sijhawm rau koj los sim koj qhov kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm chemistry. Los ntawm kev xyaum txuas ntxiv thiab tshawb xyuas cov ncauj lus no, koj yuav nyob ntawm koj txoj hauv kev los ua tus kws tshaj lij hauv kev xa khoom hluav taws xob thiab ntxiv dag zog rau koj lub hauv paus hauv chemistry feem ntau.