Xam cov qauv ceev ntawm lub teeb Nws yog ib qho txheej txheem Qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb hauv physics. Qhov zoo tas li no muaj tus nqi tas mus li thiab tsis hloov pauv hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev, tab sis nws qhov kev txiav txim siab meej yuav tsum muaj txheej txheem nruj thiab nruj. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tshawb xyuas kom meej cov kauj ruam uas yuav tsum tau los xam qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb formula, xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub teeb thiab cov kev sib npaug. Los ntawm kev sim ntsuas mus rau cov qauv theoretical koom nrog, peb yuav ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov txheej txheem tsim nyog kom tau txais tus nqi tseeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb no. Npaj txhij los pib ntawm txoj kev taug kev zoo nkauj ntawm kev xam cov mis rau qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb.
1. Kev taw qhia txog kev ceev ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo
Cov mis rau kev ceev ntawm lub teeb yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm physics. Nws yog tus nqi tas li hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev thiab tseem ceeb heev hauv ntau ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Nws qhov kev tshawb pom tau hloov pauv peb txoj kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab tau ua rau muaj kev nce qib tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab quantum physics.
Txhawm rau kom nkag siab qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog nws cov ntsiab lus thiab yuav ua li cas nws muab tau. Hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb (c) txhais tau tias yog qhov kev ncua deb uas lub teeb mus hauv chav tsev ntawm lub sijhawm. Cov mis no yog qhia lej raws li c = λν, qhov twg λ sawv cev rau lub wavelength thiab ν yog qhov zaus. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum muaj kwv yees li ntawm 299,792,458 meters ib ob.
Ib qho piv txwv zoo kom nkag siab zoo dua cov qauv no yog xav txog lub teeb tawm los ntawm lub hnub qub nyob deb. Raws li lub teeb mus los ntawm qhov chaw, nws lub wavelength tuaj yeem hloov pauv vim Doppler nyhuv thiab nthuav dav ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub wavelength, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov ceev ntawm lub hnub qub txav mus los yog nce mus. Qhov no muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev kawm txog kev tsim thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
2. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb txog kev ceev ntawm lub teeb
Qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis tu ncua hauv physics uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv peb txoj kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws tus nqi yog txiav txim siab ntawm 299,792,458 meters ib ob hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev, thiab nws yog qhov theoretical siab tshaj plaws ceev uas txhua yam khoom lossis cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem mus. Txhawm rau kom nkag siab qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb kom raug, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov qee cov ntsiab lus hauv siab.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias lub teeb propagates nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm electromagnetic tsis. Cov nthwv dej no muaj cov hluav taws xob thiab cov hlau nplaum sib nqus, uas oscillate perpendicular rau ib leeg thiab yog perpendicular rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev nthuav tawm. Lub teeb tuaj yeem taug kev ob qho tib si hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev thiab los ntawm cov khoom siv xov xwm, xws li huab cua lossis dej, txawm hais tias nws qhov ceev tau txo qis hauv cov xov xwm no vim muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom nruab nrab.
Lwm lub tswv yim tseem ceeb yog qhov kev sib txheeb tshwj xeeb, tau hais los ntawm Albert Einstein hauv xyoo 1905. Raws li qhov kev xav no, qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb yog qhov tsis tu ncua rau txhua tus neeg soj ntsuam, tsis hais tus txheeb ze ceev ntawm lawv. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw tsis yog qhov tseeb, tab sis nyob ntawm tus neeg soj ntsuam. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov nce hauv kev ceev ntawm ib yam khoom Kev txav mus los ua nyuaj zuj zus thaum nws mus txog qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam xws li lub sij hawm dilation thiab ntev contraction.
3. Kev ntsuas qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo tagnrho
Nws yog ib tug complex tab sis fascinating txheej txheem. Txawm hais tias nws yuav zoo li nyuaj thaum xub thawj, hmoov zoo muaj ntau txoj hauv kev thiab cov cuab yeej uas ua rau txoj haujlwm no yooj yim dua. Hauv qab no yuav nthuav qhia a kauj ruam yog kauj ruam ncauj lus kom ntxaws qhov teeb meem no raug thiab ntseeg tau.
Thawj kauj ruam yog los xyuas kom meej tias koj muaj qhov chaw tsim nyog, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig. Nws raug nquahu kom ua qhov ntsuas hauv qhov chaw kaw, qhov tsaus ntuj, zam qhov ncaj qha ntawm lub teeb sab nraud. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom siv yog nyob rau hauv zoo meej thiab raug calibrated.
Tom ntej no, ib lub teeb-emitting ntaus ntawv, xws li ib tug laser, thiab ib tug txais tos system uas yuav ntes tau lub emission teeb liab yog siv. Nws raug nquahu kom tso ob qho khoom siv ntawm qhov chaw paub thiab nyob deb. Tom qab ntawd, lub sijhawm nws siv rau lub teeb liab kom tau txais los ntawm tus xa mus rau lub receiver yog ntsuas. Lub sijhawm no yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb los xam qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb uas siv cov mis V = D / T, qhov twg V sawv cev rau qhov ceev thiab D qhov kev ncua deb.
4. Yam uas cuam tshuam qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv nruab nrab
Qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb hauv nruab nrab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum ua txhua yam kev suav lossis kev sim. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov ntsuas qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab, uas txiav txim siab seb qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb qeeb qeeb lossis nrawm npaum li cas thaum nws hla dhau. Lub refractive index nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm qhov nruab nrab, thiab tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv.
Lwm yam uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb hauv nruab nrab yog qhov kub thiab txias. Raws li qhov kub ntawm qhov nruab nrab nce ntxiv, cov khoom uas ua rau nws txav mus sai dua, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nce hauv qhov ntom ntawm qhov nruab nrab thiab, yog li ntawd, txo qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, los ntawm kev txo qhov kub ntawm qhov nruab nrab, qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb tuaj yeem nce ntxiv.
Tsis tas li ntawd, lub siab kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb hauv nruab nrab. Raws li lub siab nce, cov molecules los yog hais ntawm nruab nrab compression thiab txav los ze zog rau ib leeg. Qhov no ua rau qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb nthuav tawm kom txo qis, vim tias cov khoom nyob ze dua thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua ntawm lawv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, thaum lub siab txo qis, cov khoom sib cais thiab qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb tuaj yeem nce ntxiv.
5. Cov txheej txheem rau kev xam qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb hauv ib qho nruab nrab
Muaj ob peb. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws yog siv cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev thiab qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb hauv nruab nrab hauv nqe lus nug.
Txhawm rau xam qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb hauv ib qho nruab nrab, koj tuaj yeem siv tus qauv v = c / n, qhov twg v yog qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb hauv nruab nrab, c yog qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev, thiab n yog qhov ntsuas ntawm refraction. ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Lub refractive index yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb propagates nyob rau hauv ib tug nruab nrab piv rau nws ceev nyob rau hauv lub nqus tsev vacuum.
Txhawm rau ua qhov kev suav no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tus nqi ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab uas koj xav xam qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb. Tus nqi no yuav txawv nyob ntawm qhov nruab nrab, yog li ntawd uas yog qhov tsim nyog sab laj cov ntaub ntawv siv los yog tshawb nrhiav qhov chaw ntseeg tau. Thaum tus nqi ntawm qhov refractive index paub, nws tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv cov qauv thiab qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv qhov nruab nrab yuav xam tau.
6. Daim ntawv thov ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb formula hauv optics
Txhawm rau siv qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo hauv optics, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account ntau yam tseem ceeb. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub nqus tsev vacuum yog ib tug universal tas li uas yog sawv cev los ntawm tsab ntawv "c", nrog rau kwv yees li ntawm 299.792 kilometers ib ob. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog qhov tseem ceeb los tsim cov kev suav nrog rau kev nthuav tawm ntawm lub teeb.
Ib qho kev siv ntau tshaj plaws ntawm kev ceev ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo hauv optics yog kev suav ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Lub refractive index, sawv cev los ntawm tsab ntawv "n", yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb propagates nyob rau hauv nruab nrab piv rau qhov ceev nyob rau hauv lub nqus tsev vacuum. Nws tuaj yeem suav nrog cov qauv n = c / v, qhov "v" sawv cev rau qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb hauv nruab nrab hauv nqe lus nug. Qhov kev suav no tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ntau qhov xwm txheej, los ntawm kev txiav txim siab qhov sib txawv ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo raws li nws dhau los ntawm lub prism, mus rau kev tsim cov lo ntsiab muag thiab cov khoom siv kho qhov muag.
Muaj ob peb txoj hauv kev thiab cov cuab yeej siv los siv qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb mis hauv optics. zoo. Ib qho kev xaiv yog siv online simulators lossis lub laij lej uas tso cai rau koj nkag mus rau cov txiaj ntsig sib xws thiab ua cov lej suav tau. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau yam kev kawm hauv daim ntawv qhia thiab cov piv txwv muaj nyob hauv online. Cov peev txheej no tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo kom nkag siab txog cov tswv yim theoretical thiab lawv cov ntawv thov hauv cov teeb meem tiag tiag hauv ntiaj teb.
7. Kev suav ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb uas siv cov txheej txheem sim
Kev xam qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb siv cov kev sim yog ib txoj kev nyuaj tab sis ntxim nyiam. Nrog ntawm keeb kwm, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim ntau txoj hauv kev los txiav txim siab qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb nrog qhov tseeb. Hauv qab no yog ib tug step-by-step qhia rau xam qhov ceev no:
1. Rotating mirror method: Txoj kev no siv daim iav uas tig ntawm qhov ceev tsis tu ncua. Lub teeb ci yog muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw paub txog ntawm daim iav no, kom lub teeb pom kev rov qab mus rau qhov chaw pib. Los ntawm kev ntsuas lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm rau lub teeb mus rau qhov kev ncua deb, thiab paub lub angular tshaj tawm ntawm daim iav, qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb yuav xam nrog tus formula V = ω * d, qhov twg V yog qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb, ω yog tus angular tshaj tawm ntawm daim iav thiab d yog qhov paub deb.
2. Fizeau Method: Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, lub iav log tig ntawm qhov kev paub ceev yog siv thiab muab tso rau hauv txoj kev ntawm lub teeb ntawm lub teeb. Lub teeb ntawm lub teeb no yog reflected tawm ntawm daim iav thiab rov qab los ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov hniav ntawm lub log mus rau tus neeg soj ntsuam. Los ntawm kev ntsuas lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab cov teeb pom kev tshwm sim thiab paub qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm lub log, qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb tuaj yeem suav tau los ntawm kev siv cov mis V = N * λ * f, qhov twg V yog qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb, N yog qhov tus naj npawb ntawm cov hniav ntawm lub log, λ yog lub wavelength ntawm lub teeb thiab f yog kev sib hloov zaus ntawm lub log.
Hauv kev xaus, qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb mis yog lub cuab yeej muaj zog rau kev nkag siab thiab ntsuas qhov kev nthuav tawm ntawm lub teeb hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev. Los ntawm nws qhov kev suav, peb tau tshawb nrhiav qhov sib txawv approximations thiab qhov tsis tu ncua koom nrog hauv qhov kev sib npaug tseem ceeb no. Kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis kev nce qib raws li cov qauv no tau hloov pauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm physics thiab kev sib txuas lus thoob ntiaj teb.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb yog tas li nyob rau hauv lub nqus tsev vacuum thiab plays lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev kawm, los ntawm astronomy mus rau hluav taws xob engineering. Lub peev xwm los xam thiab nkag siab cov qauv no coj peb los ze zog rau kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab tso cai rau peb los tsim cov thev naus laus zis tshiab uas nyob ntawm qhov ceev ceev no.
Raws li cov kev txwv ntawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb nthuav dav, xam qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb yuav txuas ntxiv yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev vam meej. Nws txoj kev kawm txuas ntxiv thiab kho kom zoo yuav ua rau muaj kev xav tshiab thiab kev tshawb pom uas yuav ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis yav tom ntej.
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, kev suav ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb mis yog ib qho kev qhuab qhia zoo siab thiab tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb thiab cov kev siv tswv yim uas nyob ib puag ncig peb. Nws qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees tsis tau thiab, thaum peb txuas ntxiv mus tshawb txog thaj chaw loj ntawm physics, cov qauv no yuav tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm peb txoj hauv kev kom paub ntau dua ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig peb.
Kuv yog Sebastián Vidal, tus kws kho tshuab computer mob siab rau kev siv tshuab thiab DIY. Tsis tas li ntawd, kuv yog tus tsim tecnobits.com, qhov twg kuv qhia cov lus qhia ua kom siv thev naus laus zis ntau dua thiab nkag siab rau txhua tus.