Yuav them cov atom li cas?

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Hauv ntiaj teb Hauv physics thiab chemistry, ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog tus nqi ntawm atoms. Kev nkag siab yuav ua li cas atoms raug them yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog cov xwm txheej hluav taws xob thiab kev sib cuam tshuam uas tshwm sim ntawm qib microscopic. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tshawb xyuas cov txheej txheem uas atoms tau txais lawv cov nqi thiab seb cov nqi no cuam tshuam rau lawv tus cwj pwm li cas. Los ntawm Bohr tus qauv atomic mus rau qhov kev xav quantum tshaj plaws, peb yuav tshuaj xyuas seb cov nqi raug tsim tawm thiab faib rau hauv atoms li cas. Koom nrog peb ntawm txoj kev taug kev zoo siab no mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb pom tsis pom ntawm subatomic hais thiab tshawb pom tias atoms raug nqi li cas hauv peb lub ntiaj teb.

1. Kev Taw Qhia: Lub tswv yim ntawm kev them nqi hauv atoms thiab nws qhov tseem ceeb hauv physics

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev them nqi hauv atoms yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw ntawm physics. Kev them nqi yog hais txog cov cuab yeej hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom siv subatomic uas txiav txim siab lawv cov kev sib tshuam electromagnetic. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm physics, kev nkag siab txog kev them nqi ua haujlwm li cas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog tus cwj pwm ntawm atom, molecules thiab lub zog uas ua rau lawv.

Tus nqi ntawm atoms tuaj yeem yog qhov zoo, tsis zoo lossis nruab nrab. Cov hluav taws xob, uas yog qhov tsis zoo them nyiaj subatomic hais, orbit ncig lub nucleus zoo. Cov nqi sib txawv no tsim cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntawm kev nyiam uas tuav cov atoms ua ke thiab tso cai tsim cov tshuaj sib txuas.

To taub yuav ua li cas tsub faib nyob rau hauv ib tug atom thiab yuav ua li cas lawv cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau ntau yam ntawm physics, xws li dynamics ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob conductors, tsim ntawm hluav taws xob thiab magnetic teb, thiab kev kawm ntawm phenomena xws li conductivity, polarity thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, rau txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm lossis tus kws tshawb fawb hauv daim teb no, muaj kev paub zoo txog kev them nqi ntawm atoms yog qhov tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog cov hauv paus ntawm physics. thiab nws cov kev siv kev coj ua.

2. Tus qauv atomic thiab kev faib cov nqi hauv atoms

Kev nkag siab d yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab tus qauv thiab tus cwj pwm Ntawm qhov teeb meem nyob rau theem subatomic. Hauv seem no, peb yuav tshawb txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntsig txog lub ncauj lus no thiab muab cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog yuav ua li cas cov nqi raug faib rau hauv atoms.

Cov qauv atomic niaj hnub no, tseem hu ua Schrödinger qauv, muab peb ntau qhov tseeb thiab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntawm cov atom piv rau cov qauv dhau los. Cov qauv no yog ua raws li quantum txoj kev xav thiab piav qhia txog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob raws li cov khoom siv nrog qhov yuav tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus. Tsis zoo li yav dhau los qauv, nyob rau hauv uas electrons tau txiav txim siab mus rau orbit lub nucleus nyob rau hauv lub orbits, Schrödinger tus qauv qhia peb tias qhov chaw thiab lub zog ntawm electrons yog txiav txim los ntawm yoj zog.

Kev faib cov nqi hauv atoms feem ntau yog vim muaj cov electrons thiab protons. Cov hluav taws xob, uas muaj cov nqi tsis zoo, raug faib nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus hauv qib sib txawv ntawm lub zog, hu ua plhaub lossis qib hluav taws xob. Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib qho atom nce, lawv tau muab faib rau hauv cov plhaub sib txawv raws li txoj cai ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau tshaj plaws tau tso cai. Ntawm qhov tod tes, protons, uas muaj tus nqi zoo, pom nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm lub atom thiab txiav txim siab nws tus lej atomic.

3. Subatomic hais thiab lawv cov kev pab cuam rau tus nqi ntawm atoms

Subatomic hais yog lub hauv paus tsev thaiv ntawm atoms thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev them nyiaj rau lawv. Cov khoom no muaj xws li protons, electrons thiab neutrons.

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, protons yog hais nrog ib tug zoo hluav taws xob nqi pom nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm lub atom. Tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv ib lub atom txiav txim siab nws tus lej atomic thiab, yog li ntawd, nws tus kheej tshuaj. Protons yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub atom thiab yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov zoo ntawm cov nucleus.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog cov khoom uas muaj hluav taws xob tsis zoo uas ncig ncig lub nucleus ntawm lub atom. Tus naj npawb ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib lub atom yog sib npaug rau tus naj npawb ntawm protons nyob rau hauv ib tug nruab nrab atom. Electrons yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txiav txim siab cov khoom hluav taws xob ntawm atoms. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev npaj ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv lub zog theem txiav txim lub electronic configuration ntawm lub atom.

Thaum kawg, neutrons yog cov khoom uas tsis muaj hluav taws xob uas tseem muaj nyob hauv lub nucleus ntawm lub atom. Tsis zoo li protons thiab electrons, neutrons tsis ncaj qha rau cov hluav taws xob nqi ntawm lub atom. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov nucleus los ntawm kev sib npaug ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tsis zoo ntawm cov protons.

Hauv cov ntsiab lus, subatomic particles, xws li protons, electrons, thiab neutrons, pab txhawb rau tus nqi ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Protons muab cov nqi zoo, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muab cov nqi tsis zoo, thiab cov neutrons pab tswj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov nucleus. Cov khoom no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm atoms.

4. Protons: cov khoom thauj zoo hauv atoms

Protons, subatomic hais tam sim no nyob rau hauv nuclei ntawm atoms, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau nqa ib tug zoo hluav taws xob nqi. Nws lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv lub atom txiav txim nws tus kheej, vim hais tias txhua yam tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog characterized los ntawm muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm protons nyob rau hauv nws cov nucleus. Cov khoom no, uas muaj qhov loj ntawm kwv yees li 1 atomic mass unit, yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm atoms.

Tus nqi zoo ntawm cov protons yog sib npaug hauv qhov loj rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov electrons tam sim no hauv ib lub atom. Txawm li cas los xij, vim lawv qhov loj dua thiab qhov chaw nyob hauv lub nucleus, protons tsis yooj yim cuam tshuam los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias, nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj xwm txheej, tus naj npawb ntawm protons nyob rau hauv ib lub atom tseem nyob tas li thiab txhais nws cov cim tshwj xeeb.

Electrostatic kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm protons thiab electrons txiav txim siab ntau yam tshuaj thiab lub cev ntawm cov atoms. Piv txwv li, qhov attraction ntawm electrons thiab protons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus yog dab tsi tso cai rau atoms lo ua ke thiab tsim molecules. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kom muaj nuj nqis thiab kev npaj ntawm protons nyob rau hauv lub nuclei ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv yog qhov txiav txim siab lub sij hawm thiab txoj hauv kev uas atoms raug teeb tsa raws li Nws cov khoom tshuaj thiab physics. Hauv luv luv, protons yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab tias atoms cuam tshuam li cas thiab tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov teeb meem hauv ntiaj teb.

5. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob: cov nqi tsis zoo hauv cov atoms

Electrons yog cov nqa ntawm cov nqi tsis zoo hauv atoms thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab ua cov hluav taws xob tam sim no. Cov subatomic hais no orbit nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus ntawm lub atom thiab txiav txim siab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom.

Cov hluav taws xob tau teeb tsa hauv qib sib txawv, lossis cov plhaub hluav taws xob, nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus. Txhua lub plhaub tuaj yeem muaj ntau tus lej ntawm electrons, ua raws li txoj cai octet. Txoj cai no hais tias atoms nyiam ua kom tiav lawv lub plhaub sab nrauv nrog 8 electrons kom ua tiav cov tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov.

Kev faib hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom yog sawv cev los ntawm daim duab hluav taws xob lossis hluav taws xob teeb tsa. Nyob rau hauv daim duab no, txhua theem zog yog sawv cev raws li ib tug kab thiab electrons yog sawv cev raws li cov ntsiab lus los yog xub. Piv txwv li, hydrogen muaj ib qho hluav taws xob ntawm nws lub zog qis tshaj plaws, thaum oxygen muaj 8 electrons kis mus rau ob theem zog. Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub koom haum thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv lub atom, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog nws cov tshuaj lom neeg tus cwj pwm thiab lub cev. [Kom

6. Net nqi thiab hluav taws xob sib npaug hauv atoms

Hauv chemistry, qhov hluav taws xob sib npaug hauv cov atoms yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab tias lawv cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg thiab tsim cov tshuaj sib txawv li cas. Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, tus nqi ntawm lub atom yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv nws cov plhaub hluav taws xob. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm lub atom, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account tus naj npawb ntawm electrons nws tau txais lossis poob los ntawm ionization lossis electron capture.

Ib qho atom tuaj yeem nce lossis poob electrons nyob ntawm nws lub peev xwm los nyiam lossis tso tseg cov electrons. Yog hais tias lub atom muab cov electrons, nws dhau los ua ib qho cation thiab tau txais ib qho hluav taws xob zoo. Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tias ib qho atom tau txais cov hluav taws xob, nws dhau los ua anion thiab tau txais cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tus nqi ntawm ib qho atom yog qhia nyob rau hauv units ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob, hu ua electronvolts (eV).

Txhawm rau txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm ib lub atom, koj tuaj yeem siv lub sijhawm lub sijhawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus, uas muab cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog txog cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm txhua lub atom. Hauv cov lus no, koj yuav pom tus lej atomic, uas qhia txog tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv lub nucleus ntawm lub atom. Tus nqi net yog xam los ntawm rho tus naj npawb ntawm electrons los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm protons. Yog tias qhov tshwm sim zoo, nws txhais tau hais tias lub atom muaj tus nqi zoo, thaum nws tsis zoo, nws muaj tus nqi tsis zoo.

Hauv ntej, lawv yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv chemistry. Net nqi yog hais txog qhov sib txawv ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm protons thiab electrons nyob rau hauv lub atom, txiav txim seb nws yog ib tug cation los yog anion. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab tus nqi net, lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus yog siv thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons raug rho tawm ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov protons. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog cov ntsiab lus no kom nkag siab tias cov tshuaj lom neeg tsim thiab ua li cas.

7. Lub tswv yim ntawm ionization thiab nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog tus nqi ntawm atoms

ionization nws yog ib txoj kev Qhov tseem ceeb hauv chemistry uas cuam tshuam txog kev tau txais lossis poob ntawm electrons los ntawm ib qho atom lossis molecule, uas ua rau tsim cov ions. Ions yog atoms lossis pawg ntawm cov atoms uas muaj hluav taws xob vim qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov protons thiab electrons. Qhov tshwm sim no muaj feem xyuam nrog cov nqi ntawm cov atoms thiab tseem ceeb heev rau kev nkag siab tias cov ntawv cog lus tshuaj li cas thiab cov tshuaj cuam tshuam li cas hauv ib puag ncig sib txawv.

Thaum lub atom tau txais electrons, nws dhau los ua ib qho tsis zoo ion lossis anion, vim nws muaj ntau tshaj qhov tsis zoo. Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tias ib qho atom poob electrons, nws dhau los ua ib qho zoo ion lossis cation, vim nws muaj ntau tshaj ntawm cov nqi zoo. Tus naj npawb ntawm electrons tau txais los yog poob txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm ion tus nqi. Piv txwv li, yog tias sodium atom poob ib qho hluav taws xob, nws dhau los ua sodium ion nrog tus nqi zoo ntawm +1.

Tus nqi ntawm atoms thiab ions yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv chemistry, vim nws txiav txim siab seb atoms cuam tshuam li cas thiab pab pawg ua ke hauv ib qho chaw. Los ntawm ionization, atoms tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab tsim cov qauv ruaj khov. Piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim ntawm sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium atom poob ib qho hluav taws xob thiab dhau los ua ib qho zoo ion, thaum cov tshuaj chlorine atom nce electron thiab dhau los ua ib qho tsis zoo ion. Cov ions opposite no nyiam thiab daim ntawv cog lus los tsim ib qho chaw ruaj khov ionic.

Hauv cov ntsiab lus, lub tswv yim ntawm ionization yog hais txog kev nrhiav tau lossis poob ntawm cov hluav taws xob los ntawm cov atoms, tsim cov ions nrog cov nqi zoo lossis tsis zoo. Qhov kev them nqi no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab tias cov ntawv cog lus tshuaj li cas thiab cov tshuaj sib cuam tshuam li cas. Ionization plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv chemistry thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog cov qauv thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw.

8. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm atoms

Cov nqi hluav taws xob yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm cov atoms uas txiav txim siab lawv cov cwj pwm tshuaj. Tus nqi ntawm ib lub atom yog txiav txim los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm electrons nws tau muab piv rau nws cov naj npawb ntawm protons. Protons muaj tus nqi zoo, thaum electrons muaj qhov tsis zoo. Cov hluav taws xob no muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm atoms.

Tus nqi ntawm ib qho atom cuam tshuam rau nws lub peev xwm los tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg. Kev them nyiaj zoo atoms, hu ua cations, nyiam plam electrons thiab tsim ionic bonds nrog tsis zoo them atoms, hu ua anions. Qhov kev hloov hluav taws xob no tso cai rau kev tsim cov tebchaw ruaj khov. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov atoms tsis zoo them nyiaj muaj kev sib raug zoo dua rau cov hluav taws xob thiab muaj feem ntau yuav tsim covalent bonds, qhov twg electrons sib koom ntawm atoms.

Tsis tas li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm ib qho atom tseem cuam tshuam nws cov tshuaj reactivity. Cov atom raug them zoo muaj qhov nyiam ntau dua rau cov tebchaw uas muaj cov atom tsis zoo thaum lawv sim ua kom tsis zoo rau lawv cov nqi. Piv txwv li, alkali hlau cations xws li sodium tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog dej los tsim hydroxides thiab tso cov pa roj hydrogen. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tsis zoo them atoms muaj kev xav ntau dua rau cov tebchaw uas muaj cov atom zoo, hauv kev sim kom tau txais cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntxiv thiab ncav cuag qhov kev teeb tsa ruaj khov.

9. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm electrostatic ntawm cov atom raug them

Nws yog ib qho tshwm sim hauv chemistry thiab physics. Nws tshwm sim thaum cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li electrons thiab protons, cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg vim hluav taws xob quab yuam ntawm attraction thiab repulsion. Qhov kev sib cuam tshuam no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog cov khoom, qauv thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm cov molecules thiab cov ntaub ntawv.

Txhawm rau xam cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, Coulomb Txoj Cai Lij Choj tau siv, uas hais tias lub zog hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ncaj qha ncaj qha rau cov khoom ntawm cov nqi thiab inversely proportional rau lub square ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lawv. Txhawm rau siv txoj cai no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txiav txim siab cov nqi ntawm cov atoms thiab qhov deb ntawm lawv.

Muaj ntau yam cuab yeej thiab txoj hauv kev los xam. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv yog computer simulation, uas tso cai rau ua qauv thiab kwv yees electrostatic zog ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev mob. Cov khoos kas suav lej lossis software tshwj xeeb hauv chemistry thiab physics kuj tuaj yeem siv los ua cov lej. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov xav txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm electrostatic hauv kev txhais cov xwm txheej tshawb fawb thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis, txij li lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev kawm.

10. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev them nqi hloov ntawm atoms

Nws yog ib qho txheej txheem tseem ceeb hauv chemistry. Nws tshwm sim thaum lub atom tso los yog tau txais cov hluav taws xob los ntawm lwm lub atom, tsim cov ions nrog tus nqi zoo lossis tsis zoo. Qhov kev hloov pauv no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg.

Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev uas tus nqi hloov pauv ntawm cov atom tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog los ntawm kev tsim cov ionic bonds, qhov twg ib tug atom muab electrons thiab ua ib tug zoo ion, thaum lwm atom txais cov electrons thiab ua ib tug tsis zoo ion. Lwm lub tswv yim yog kev hloov ntawm electrons los ntawm polarized covalent bonds, qhov twg lub atom muaj kev nyiam ntau dua rau electrons thiab ib nrab attracts lawv rau nws tus kheej.

Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nqi ntawm cov atoms muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm chemistry. Piv txwv li, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog hluav taws xob conductivity nyob rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem ionic thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv conductive. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev txheeb xyuas thiab tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li transistors thiab diodes, qhov twg lub peev xwm ntawm atoms hloov thiab tswj hluav taws xob tau txais txiaj ntsig. Kev nkag siab txog qhov tshwm sim no tso cai rau peb piav qhia ntau yam txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg thiab tsim cov kev siv thev naus laus zis tshiab.

11. Fais teb thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tus nqi ntawm atoms

Cov teb hluav taws xob muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau tus nqi ntawm atoms. Ib qho hluav taws xob ua hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob uas ua rau hluav taws xob hauv cov atoms. Lub zog no yuav ua tau Cov nqi txav mus thiab raug xa rov qab rau hauv lub atom, uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub atom.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub teb hluav taws xob ntawm tus nqi ntawm atom tuaj yeem nkag siab los ntawm kev xav txog cov qauv ntawm lub atom. Ib qho atom yog tsim los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv nruab nrab nucleus thiab electrons orbiting lub nucleus. Thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob siv rau lub atom, lub zog hluav taws xob ua rau cov electrons, ua rau lawv txav mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev xa rov qab ntawm cov nqi thiab, yog li ntawd, kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub atom.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias txoj kev hluav taws xob hluav taws xob cuam tshuam rau tus nqi ntawm lub atom nyob ntawm qhov kev siv thiab kev taw qhia ntawm hluav taws xob teb, nrog rau kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom. Qee cov atoms tuaj yeem plam electrons thiab tau txais cov txiaj ntsig zoo, thaum lwm tus tuaj yeem tau txais cov hluav taws xob thiab tau txais tus nqi tsis zoo. Cov kev hloov pauv no tuaj yeem muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj thiab lub cev ntawm lub atom.

12. Tus nqi ntawm cov atoms thiab nws lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg

Tus nqi hluav taws xob ntawm atoms plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg cov ntawv cog lus. Tus nqi, uas tuaj yeem ua tau zoo lossis tsis zoo, yog txiav txim siab los ntawm tus lej ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas lub atom muaj nyob hauv nws cov qauv. Txhua lub atom zoo li stabilize, sau nws lub plhaub sab nraud ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov nce, poob, lossis sib koom ntawm cov hluav taws xob nrog lwm cov atoms.

Hauv kev tsim cov ionic bonds, kev hloov ntawm electrons tshwm sim ntawm atoms. Thaum ib qho atom poob ib lossis ntau dua electrons, nws tau txais ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo, dhau los ua ib qho zoo ion lossis cation. Ntawm qhov tod tes, thaum lub atom tau txais ib lossis ntau dua electrons, nws tau txais tus nqi tsis zoo, dhau los ua qhov tsis zoo ion lossis anion. Cov ions sib txawv no nyiam ib leeg vim qhov sib txawv ntawm tus nqi thiab koom ua ke tsim cov ntawv cog lus ionic.

Nyob rau hauv covalent bonds, atoms qhia electrons kom ua tiav hluav taws xob stability. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib koom yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas xav tau los ua kom tiav cov plhaub sab nraud ntawm cov atoms koom nrog. Txhua khub ntawm cov electrons sib koom ua ib qho covalent bond thiab tso cai rau cov atom nyob ua ke. Qhov tseem ceeb, cov atoms nyob rau hauv covalent daim ntawv cog lus yuav muaj ib feem nqi, uas tsim ib tug polarity nyob rau hauv lub molecule.

Hauv cov ntsiab lus, tus nqi ntawm cov atoms yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg. Txawm hais tias los ntawm kev hloov ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ionic bonds los yog sib koom ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv covalent bonds, atoms nrhiav kom tau ib tug ruaj khov hluav taws xob configuration. Kev nkag siab txog cov nqi no thiab lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim daim ntawv cog lus tso cai rau peb kom nkag siab zoo dua cov khoom thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg.

13. Cov kev siv ntawm atomic nqi nyob rau hauv niaj hnub technology

Lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau peb lub neej txhua hnub. Ib qho ntawm cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb yog cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm thiab kev sib txuas lus thev naus laus zis, qhov muaj peev xwm los tswj cov nqi atomic tso cai rau kev txhim kho cov khoom siv cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia me me thiab ua haujlwm zoo dua. Qhov no tau ua rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sai dua xws li smartphones thiab laptops, uas yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm peb txhua txhua hnub.

Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm atomic nqi yog pom hauv tshuaj, tshwj xeeb hauv kev kho hluav taws xob. Kev siv cov khoom them nqi, xws li ions, hauv kev kho hluav taws xob tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev kho mob qog noj ntshav. Qhov no yog vim hais tias tus nqi atomic tso cai rau ntau dua qhov tseeb hauv kev xa hluav taws xob, txo cov kev mob tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg nyob ib puag ncig. Cov thev naus laus zis no tau hloov kho kev kho mob qog noj ntshav thiab txhim kho cov neeg mob muaj sia nyob tau zoo.

Tsis tas li ntawd, tus nqi atomic kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub zog. Nuclear fusion, uas siv cov nqi atomic los tsim lub zog, yog qhov muaj peev xwm huv thiab muaj hluav taws xob ntau. Yog tias cov cuab yeej no tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm qhov loj, nws tuaj yeem muab lub zog ruaj khov yam tsis muaj teeb meem ua paug thiab depletion cuam tshuam nrog fossil fuels. Kev tshawb fawb hauv daim teb no txuas ntxiv mus thiab tuaj yeem hloov kho txoj hauv kev uas peb tau txais thiab siv lub zog yav tom ntej.

Hauv luv luv, lawv npog thaj chaw xws li xov xwm thiab kev sib txuas lus thev naus laus zis, tshuaj thiab lub zog. Cov ntawv thov no tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau peb lub neej niaj hnub, los ntawm kev txhim kho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo dua rau kev kho mob qog noj ntshav thiab tshawb nrhiav cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ruaj khov. Raws li kev tshawb fawb hauv daim teb no txuas ntxiv mus, peb yuav pom ntau qhov zoo siab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau yav tom ntej.

14. Cov lus xaus: Tus nqi hauv atoms yog qhov tshwm sim tseem ceeb ntawm physics

Hauv kev xaus, kev them nyiaj hauv atoms yog qhov tshwm sim tseem ceeb hauv physics uas yuav tsum muaj kev tshuaj xyuas kom nkag siab. Thoob plaws hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb tau ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntsig txog kev them nqi ntawm atoms, thiab peb tau nthuav dav kauj ruam yog kauj ruam yuav daws li cas qhov teeb meem no.

Qhov tseem ceeb, tus nqi ntawm cov atoms hais txog cov khoom hluav taws xob ntawm subatomic hais, xws li electrons thiab protons. Cov nqi no tuaj yeem yog qhov zoo lossis tsis zoo, thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab sib nqus uas tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv qhov.

Yuav kom nkag siab zoo dua tus nqi ntawm cov atoms, nws raug nquahu kom ua raws li qee qhov kev qhia thiab siv cov cuab yeej tshuaj ntsuam, xws li cov qauv atomic thiab cov lej sib npaug. Cov peev txheej no yuav muab lub hauv paus ruaj khov daws teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau tus nqi ntawm atoms. Los ntawm kev xyaum nrog cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb thiab ua raws li ib kauj ruam dhau los, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab tob txog qhov tshwm sim tseem ceeb hauv physics.

Hauv cov ntsiab lus, peb tau tshawb xyuas qhov nthuav dav li cas atoms raug them thiab qhov nqi no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog cov qauv thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm qib microscopic. Atoms, ua los ntawm protons, neutrons thiab electrons, muaj cov nqi hluav taws xob uas txiav txim siab lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab lawv tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm hluav taws xob teb.

Subatomic hais, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov electrons, yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev sib npaug ntawm cov nqi hauv lub atom. Los ntawm qhov nce lossis poob ntawm electrons, atoms tuaj yeem tau txais tus nqi zoo lossis tsis zoo, dhau los ua ions. Cov ions raug them no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg thiab tsim cov ntawv cog lus ntawm atoms.

Cov nqi hluav taws xob ntawm atoms yog nyob ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm electromagnetic rog ntawm lawv cov khoom. Protons, nrog rau tus nqi zoo, nyiam electrons, nrog tus nqi tsis zoo, tuav lub atom ua ke. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm cov neutrons tsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov nqi hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom, tab sis lawv lub xub ntiag yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ruaj khov ntawm atomic nucleus.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov nqi ntawm cov atoms tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm yam, xws li hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob lossis muaj lwm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov kev sib cuam tshuam electrostatic no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog qhov tshwm sim xws li hluav taws xob los ntawm kev sib txhuam los yog cov txheej txheem polarization hauv cov khoom siv dielectric.

Thaum kawg, kev nkag siab yuav ua li cas atoms raug them yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog cov qauv, cov khoom thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm qib microscopic. Qhov kev paub no tso cai rau peb nce qib hauv thaj chaw xws li chemistry, physics thiab engineering, thiab muab peb lub peev xwm los tswj thiab siv cov nqi hluav taws xob rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tib neeg.