Cov atoms raug cais ua pawg li cas?

Cov atoms raug cais ua pawg li cas?

Kev faib tawm ntawm atoms yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv chemistry thiab physics, vim nws tso cai rau peb nkag siab thiab kwv yees tus cwj pwm. ntawm qhov teeb meem. Cov Atoms Lawv yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab yog tsim los ntawm cov nucleus qhov twg protons thiab neutrons pom, thiab ib qho hluav taws xob uas orbits ncig lub nucleus. Raws li kev tshawb fawb tau dhau los, peb tau tshawb pom ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev faib cov atoms, ua rau kev tsim cov ntawv teev sijhawm thiab lwm yam cuab yeej kev faib tawm.

Ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los faib cov atoms yog raws li lawv tus lej atomic. Tus naj npawb atomic ntawm ib lub atom yog tus naj npawb ntawm protons nws muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov nucleus. Txij li thaum protons muaj tus nqi zoo thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj qhov tsis zoo, tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons hauv ib lub atom kuj sib npaug rau tus lej atomic. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, tag nrho cov atoms nrog tib tus lej atomic muaj nyob rau tib lub ntsiab lus.

Lwm txoj hauv kev los faib cov atoms yog raws li nws cov atomic mass. Lub atomic loj ntawm ib lub atom yog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov protons thiab neutrons hauv nws cov nucleus. Txawm hais tias tus lej atomic txhais cov tshuaj lom neeg, qee lub ntsiab lus tuaj yeem muaj cov isotopes sib txawv, uas yog cov atoms ntawm tib lub caij nrog cov lej sib txawv ntawm neutrons. Yog li ntawd, qhov nruab nrab atomic huab hwm coj ntawm ib lub caij yog xam los ntawm kev coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov sib txawv isotopes thiab lawv cov txheeb ze abundances.

lub sij hawm ntawv Nws yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv kev faib cov atoms. Nyob rau hauv nws, cov atoms raug teeb tsa hauv kab thiab kab raws li nws cov khoom thiab yam ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, atoms yog muab faib ua lub sij hawm thiab pab pawg, nrog rau lub sij hawm yog kab rov tav kab thiab cov pab pawg neeg yog cov kab ntsug. Cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv tib pab pawg yuav ua rau muaj kev coj cwj pwm zoo xws li tshuaj lom neeg vim qhov zoo sib xws hauv lawv cov qauv hluav taws xob.

Hauv ntej, kev faib tawm ntawm atoms yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog qhov xwm txheej thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm cov teeb meem. Kev faib tawm feem ntau yog ua raws li tus lej atomic thiab atomic mass ntawm atoms. Lub sij hawm lub sij hawm muab ib qho kev sawv cev ntawm cov atoms thiab lawv cov khoom, yog li yooj yim rau kev kawm thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshuaj.

1. Basic qauv ntawm lub atom

Atoms yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov teeb meem thiab yog tsim los ntawm subatomic hais. Qhov no yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus nucleus uas muaj protons thiab neutrons, nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm electrons uas orbit nyob rau hauv lub zog theem. Cov cov protons muaj tus nqi zoo thiab txiav txim siab tus kheej ntawm lub atom, thaum lub cov neutrons Lawv yog uncharged thiab pab txhawb rau stability ntawm lub hauv paus. Cov cov electrons, rau lawv ib feem, muaj ib tug tsis zoo nqi thiab muab faib nyob rau hauv sib txawv txheej los yog theem nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus.

Kev faib tawm ntawm atoms yog nyob ntawm lawv piv rau ib qho me me ais, uas qhia tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv nws cov nucleus thiab txhais nws tus kheej. Cov periodic rooj ntawm cov ntsiab lus Nws yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau kev faib thiab teeb tsa cov atoms raws li lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj. Cov atoms yog pawg nyob rau hauv kab hu ua lub sijhawm thiab hauv kab hu ua cov pab pawg, qhov twg lawv nthuav cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws. Atoms kuj tau muab faib ua cov khoom siv hlau, non-metallic cov ntsiab lus y metalloids, raws li lawv lub cev thiab tshuaj muaj zog.

Ntxiv nrog rau tus lej atomic, atoms tuaj yeem faib raws li lawv masa atomica, uas yog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov protons thiab neutrons hauv lub nucleus. Atoms ntawm tib lub caij tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv atomic masses vim muaj cov isotopes, uas yog atoms nrog tib tus naj npawb ntawm protons tab sis sib txawv ntawm cov neutrons. Qhov nruab nrab atomic huab hwm coj ntawm ib lub ntsiab yog xam los ntawm kev txiav txim siab qhov ntau ntawm txhua isotope. Qhov kev faib tawm no yog qhov tseem ceeb los txiav txim siab lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm atoms thiab lawv tus cwj pwm hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

2. Atoms thiab lawv cov kev faib raws li lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg

Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb fascinating ntawm chemistry, atoms ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Lawv yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov teeb meem thiab yog tsim los ntawm subatomic hais xws li protons, cov neutrons thiab cov electrons. Tam sim no, yuav ua li cas atoms faib raws li lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg? Qhov no yog txiav txim raws li tus naj npawb ntawm protons lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov nucleus.

Atoms raug cais raws li lawv tus lej atomic, uas yog tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv lawv cov nucleus. Ua li no, peb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov atoms uas yog cov tshuaj sib txawv. Piv txwv li, cov atoms uas muaj ib tug proton muaj nyob rau hauv lub hydrogen, thaum cov uas muaj ob protons sib haum mus rau helium. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog hais tias tus lej atomic kuj txiav txim siab qhov chaw uas cov ntsiab lus nyob hauv lub rooj zaum.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tseem tuaj yeem faib cov atoms raws li lawv cov atomic mass, uas yog cov lej ntawm protons thiab neutrons hauv cov nucleus. Qhov kev faib tawm no yog siv los paub qhov txawv ntawm cov isotopes sib txawv ntawm tib lub caij. Piv txwv li, hydrogen tuaj yeem muaj isotopes nrog atomic loj ntawm 1. 2 los yog 3, feem ntau yog hydrogen-1 thiab hydrogen-2. Qhov sib txawv ntawm atomic mass tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm atoms.

3. Kev faib cov atoms raws li lawv cov nqi hluav taws xob

Nyob rau hauv xwm, atoms tuaj yeem muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm lawv cov nqi hluav taws xob, uas coj peb mus rau kev faib tawm raws li cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb no. Atoms tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg loj: nruab nrab atoms, zoo atoms thiab tsis zoo atoms.

Lub nruab nrab atoms Lawv yog cov uas muaj hluav taws xob sib npaug rau xoom. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib tug nruab nrab atom yog sib npaug zos rau cov xov tooj ntawm protons. Electrons muaj tus nqi tsis zoo, thaum protons muaj tus nqi zoo. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab atom, qhov zoo thiab tsis zoo nqi sib npaug sib npaug.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov zoo atoms Lawv yog cov uas muaj hluav taws xob zoo. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm protons nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo atom yog ntau dua li cov electrons. Vim li no, zoo atoms muaj ib tug nyiam poob electrons thaum lub sij hawm tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li lawv nrhiav kom tau hluav taws xob stability.

Thaum kawg, lub tsis zoo atoms Lawv yog cov uas muaj hluav taws xob tsis zoo. Hauv cov atoms, tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons ntau dua li cov protons. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov atoms tsis zoo muaj qhov nyiam kom tau txais cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thaum muaj tshuaj lom neeg thaum lawv nrhiav kev ua kom muaj hluav taws xob ruaj khov. Tsis zoo atoms kuj hu ua anions.

Hauv cov ntsiab lus, atoms tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov atom nruab nrab, zoo atoms thiab tsis zoo atoms, nyob ntawm lawv cov nqi hluav taws xob. Cov atoms nruab nrab muaj cov nqi hluav taws xob sib npaug rau xoom, thaum cov atoms zoo muaj cov hluav taws xob zoo vim yog ntau tshaj ntawm cov protons thiab cov atoms tsis zoo muaj qhov tsis zoo hluav taws xob vim yog cov hluav taws xob ntau dhau. Qhov kev faib tawm no yog qhov tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog tus cwj pwm ntawm atoms hauv ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv.

4. Yuav ua li cas atoms raug cais raws li lawv tus naj npawb ntawm protons

Kev faib tawm ntawm atoms raws li lawv cov naj npawb ntawm cov protons yog nyob ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, atoms yog teem nyob rau hauv kab rov tav kab hu ua lub sijhawm thiab ntsug kab hu ua cov pab pawg. Lub sij hawm sawv cev rau qib zog thiab cov pab pawg sawv cev rau tus naj npawb ntawm valence electrons, uas yog sib npaug ntawm cov protons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm lub atom.

Tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv ib lub atom yog hu ua piv rau ib qho me me ais thiab txiav txim koj tus kheej. Piv txwv li, hydrogen muaj tus lej atomic ntawm 1, uas txhais tau tias Nws muaj 1 proton hauv nws cov nucleus. Helium, ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj tus lej atomic ntawm 2, qhia tias nws muaj 2 protons hauv nws cov nucleus. Thaum koj txav mus rau hauv lub rooj zaum, tus naj npawb ntawm protons nce thiab yog li tus lej atomic kuj nce ntxiv.

Atoms tau muab faib ua ntau yam cov khoom raws li lawv tus lej atomic. Cov ntsiab lus uas muaj tib tus naj npawb ntawm protons, thiab yog li ntawd tib tus lej atomic, muaj nyob rau tib yam tshuaj lom neeg. Piv txwv li, tag nrho cov atoms nrog 6 protons hauv lawv cov nucleus yog carbon, thaum tag nrho cov atoms nrog 8 protons yog oxygen. Qhov kev faib tawm ntawm atoms rau hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj yog qhov tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog cov khoom thiab kev coj cwj pwm ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg.

5. Atoms thiab lawv cov kev faib nyob rau hauv lub periodic table

Kev faib tawm ntawm atoms yog qhov tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem thiab nws cov cwj pwm chemical. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, atoms yog teem nyob rau hauv kab hu ua lub sij hawm thiab txhua kab hu ua pawg. Qhov kev faib tawm no yog nyob ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom.

Muaj cov ntau yam kev ntsuas txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov atoms ntawm lub sijhawm teem sijhawm. Thawj yog tus lej atomic, uas qhia txog tus naj npawb ntawm protons tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm lub atom. Thaum koj txav mus los ntawm ib lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, tus naj npawb atomic nce, uas txhais tau hais tias muaj ntau protons nyob rau hauv lub nuclei ntawm atoms.

Lwm qhov tseem ceeb rau kev faib cov atoms yog lawv cov kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob. Qhov kev teeb tsa no yog hais txog kev faib cov hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob nyob ib puag ncig lub nucleus ntawm lub atom. Cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv tib kem los yog pab pawg ntawm lub sij hawm lub sij hawm muaj xws li hluav taws xob configurations, qhia tau hais tias lawv muaj cov tshuaj zoo sib xws thiab kev coj cwj pwm.

6. Kev faib tawm ntawm atoms raws li lawv cov kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob

First classifications:
Nws tau yog ib lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm hauv thaj tsam ntawm chemistry. Thawj qhov kev sim ntawm kev faib tawm yog raws li cov xov tooj hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom thiab cov xov tooj ntawm cov hluav taws xob cov plhaub no tuaj yeem muaj. Yog li ntawd, pawg xws li K, L, M, thiab lwm yam tau tsim los sawv cev rau cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, subcategories tau tsim los faib cov qib zog uas cov electrons nyob.

Kev faib tawm raws li kev sau cov sublevels:
Ib qho kev qhia ntxaws ntxiv tau ua tau ua tsaug rau kev nce qib hauv kev kawm ntawm cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm atoms. Nws tau txiav txim siab tias atoms raug teeb tsa rau hauv lub zog sublevels, uas cov electrons raug faib rau hauv ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb. Cov sublevels no suav nrog cov tsiaj ntawv s, p, d, thiab f, thiab txhua tus muaj qhov txwv ntawm electrons nws tuaj yeem muaj. Ua raws li qhov kev faib tawm no, atoms tuaj yeem npaj raws li kev teeb tsa ntawm lawv lub zog sublevels, uas muab peb cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv lub sijhawm.

Periodic table thiab pawg:
Daim ntawv periodic yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv kev faib cov atoms. Thaum muaj ntau txoj hauv kev uas nws tuaj yeem npaj tau, qhov feem ntau version qhia tau hais tias atoms teem rau hauv kab thiab kab. Txhua kem hu ua ib pawg thiab sawv cev los ntawm tus lej ntawm 1 txog 18. Cov pab pawg no qhia cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws hauv cov atoms uas tsim lawv, xws li lawv cov txheej txheem hluav taws xob sab nraud thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov kab yog hu ua lub sijhawm thiab sawv cev rau qib zog uas cov electrons nyob. Daim ntawv teev sijhawm yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau ob qho tib si chemists thiab rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, vim nws tso cai rau koj los txheeb xyuas cov khoom thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov atoms sib txawv.

7. Kev faib cov atoms rau hauv isotopes

Cov atoms raug cais ua pawg li cas?

Hauv chemistry, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias atoms raug cais li cas kom nkag siab txog lawv tus cwj pwm thiab cov khoom. Ib qho kev faib tawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev faib ua cov isotopes. Isotopes yog cov atoms ntawm tib lub caij uas muaj tib tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv lawv cov nucleus, tab sis txawv ntawm cov neutrons. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov isotopes muaj cov nqi zoo tib yam, tab sis sib txawv hauv pawg.

Kev faib tawm rau hauv isotopes yog qhov tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm nuclear xws li xov tooj cua. Los ntawm muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neutrons, isotopes tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg.. Piv txwv li, Carbon-12 isotope ruaj khov thiab pom nyob rau hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej, thaum Carbon-14 yog radioactive thiab siv nyob rau hauv kev yos hav zoov fossils thiab ancient artifacts.

Nws yog ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsom xam xws li huab hwm coj spectrometry. Cov txheej txheem no tso cai rau peb los txiav txim qhov kev faib ua feem thiab qhov loj ntawm cov isotopes sib txawv tam sim no hauv cov qauv. Isotopes tseem tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau siv isotopic notation, uas muaj kev sau cov cim cim ua raws li tus lej loj. Piv txwv li, lub isotope ntawm oxygen nrog 8 neutrons yog sawv cev li ^¹⁶O. Qhov kev faib tawm no yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb, suav nrog biology, tshuaj, thiab geochemistry.