Cov noob uas koom nrog hauv Cell Cycle yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm kom raug thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob. Cov txheej txheem nyuaj no tswj hwm DNA duplication, cell division, thiab kev faib cov chromosomes hauv cov ntxhais cell. Los ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj nruj, cov noob koom nrog hauv Cell Cycle Lawv ua kom cov genomic kev ncaj ncees thiab meej kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov hlwb nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tshawb nrhiav cov noob tseem ceeb nyob rau theem tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej ntawm tes, nrog rau lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Cell Cycle.
Taw qhia rau lub voj voog ntawm tes
Lub voj voog ntawm tes yog tus txheej txheem uas ib lub cell faib thiab tsim ob lub hlwb zoo tib yam. Nws yog ib qho kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm ntau cov kab mob, nrog rau kev hloov cov hlwb puas lossis tuag. Cov txheej txheem no tau ua nyob rau hauv ntau theem tseem ceeb uas ua kom muaj qhov tseeb duplication thiab cais cov khoom siv caj ces.
El lub voj voog ntawm tes Nws muaj peb theem tseem ceeb: interface, mitosis y citocinesis. Thaum lub sij hawm interphase, lub cell ua feem ntau ntawm nws cov haujlwm thiab npaj rau kev faib. Nws tau faib ua peb theem: theem G1, theem S thiab theem G2. Thaum lub sij hawm G1, lub cell loj hlob thiab ua haujlwm metabolic li qub. Hauv theem S, DNA duplication tshwm sim, thaum nyob rau hauv G2 theem, lub cell npaj rau qhov kawg faib.
Mitosis yog ib theem tseem ceeb ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes uas cov khoom siv caj ces muab faib thiab faib sib npaug ntawm cov menyuam ntxhais. Nws tau muab faib ua ob peb theem: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anafase thiab telophase. Thaum lub sij hawm prophase, chromosomes condense thiab cov microtubules ntawm mitotic spindle yog tsim. Hauv prometaphase, microtubules txuas mus rau chromosomes thiab rub lawv mus rau hauv kev sib dhos ntawm cov phaj equatorial thaum lub sijhawm metaphase. Tom qab ntawd cov chromosomes sib cais thiab txav mus rau cov ncej ntawm lub cell thaum lub sij hawm anaphase. Thaum kawg, hauv telophase, ob tug ntxhais nuclei raug tsim thiab cov chromosomes decondense.
Cell voj voog tswj mechanisms
Lub voj voog ntawm tes yog cov txheej txheem nyuaj thiab tswj tau zoo uas ua kom muaj qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces thiab kev faib cell kom raug .
Ib qho ntawm cov kev tswj xyuas tseem ceeb yog qhov chaw kuaj DNA puas. Cov txheej txheem no txhawm rau txheeb xyuas thiab kho txhua qhov kev puas tsuaj DNA ua ntej nws nce mus rau qib tom ntej. ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes. Yog tias DNA puas raug kuaj pom, lub tswb ceeb toom tau qhib kom nres lub voj voog ntawm tes thiab cia qhov kev puas tsuaj raug kho ua ntej txuas ntxiv mus. Qhov kev tiv thaiv no tseem ceeb heev los tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlwb nrog kev hloov pauv caj ces thiab tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob xws li mob qog noj ntshav.
Lwm control mechanism yog DNA replication checkpoint. Lub sijhawm no, nws tau txheeb xyuas tias DNA tau rov ua dua kom raug ua ntej lub xovtooj ntawm tes mus rau theem ntawm kev faib cell. Yog tias qhov yuam kev hauv DNA replication raug kuaj pom, kev hloov pauv ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes raug tso tseg kom tso cai kho qhov tsis raug lossis tshem tawm cov hlwb tsis zoo. Qhov no ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm caj ces thiab tiv thaiv kev sib kis ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov menyuam ntxhais.
Cov theem ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes: interphase thiab mitosis
Lub voj voog ntawm tes yog cov txheej txheem uas ib lub xov tooj sib faib los tsim ob lub cell. Cov txheej txheem no muaj ntau theem, nrog "interphase" thiab "mitosis" yog cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes.
Lub interface Nws yog lub sijhawm uas lub xovtooj ntawm tes tsis sib faib, tab sis ua ntau yam haujlwm tseem ceeb rau nws txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev saib xyuas. Thaum lub interface, peb subphases yuav txawv:
- G1 theem: Lub cell nce nws loj thiab npaj rau DNA replication.
- S Phase: DNA synthesis tshwm sim, ua rau qhov tseeb duplication ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces.
- Theem G2: Nyob rau theem no, lub xovtooj ntawm tes tau npaj rau kev nkag mus rau theem mitosis thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov DNA duplicated tau txheeb xyuas.
Tom qab ua tiav interphase, lub cell nkag mus rau hauv mitosis. Thaum lub sij hawm mitosis, lub nucleus ntawm lub cell faib ua ob tug ntxhais nuclei, txhua tus muaj ib daim ntawv zoo tib yam ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces. Mitosis tau muab faib ua ob peb theem: prophase, metaphase, anaphase thiab telophase. Cov subphases no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv lub koom haum ntawm cov chromosomes thiab nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm microtubules ntawm mitotic spindle, thaum kawg tso cai rau kev faib tawm ntawm cov chromosomes hauv cov ntxhais cell.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov noob hauv lub voj voog ntawm tes
Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb zoo ntawm cell biology, lub voj voog ntawm tes yog txheej txheem tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Cov noob ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub voj voog no, vim lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev tswj thiab tswj cov theem sib txawv uas tshwm sim hauv cov hlwb. Tom ntej no, peb yuav tshawb nrhiav qhov .
1. Kev cai ntawm kev faib cell: Cov noob muaj lub luag haujlwm rau orchestrating cell faib nyob rau hauv meej thiab sib npaug. Los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov molecular, cov noob ua kom cov hlwb sib faib kom zoo, tsis txhob ua yuam kev uas tuaj yeem ua rau tsim cov qog lossis caj ces malformations. Tshwj xeeb, cov noob tswj cov kauj ruam ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes hu ua S theem, uas DNA tau rov ua dua, kom ntseeg tau tias kev ncaj ncees thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov ntaub ntawv caj ces.
2. Kev kho DNA: Hauv lub voj voog ntawm tes, noob kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kho DNA puas. Thaum ua yuam kev lossis raug mob tshwm sim hauv cov khoom siv caj ces thaum rov ua dua, cov noob pib kho txoj hauv kev uas yog lub luag haujlwm kho cov kev puas tsuaj thiab tswj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov genome. Yog tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob, cov hlwb tuaj yeem tsim cov kev hloov pauv thiab tsim cov kab mob los yog kis kab mob.
3. Tswj kev loj hlob ntawm tes thiab kev tuag: Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes yog kev tswj hwm tus nqi ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev tuag ntawm cov hlwb. Cov noob muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov cell proliferation thiab the kev tuag ntawm cov hlwb programmed, hu ua apoptosis. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, cov noob kom ntseeg tau tias cov ntaub so ntswg rov qab zoo thiab tsis muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlwb uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob xws li mob qog noj ntshav. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov noob tseem tswj cov cellular aging thiab senescence, tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau lub cev.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov noob ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub voj voog ntawm tes los ntawm kev tswj cov cell faib, kho, thiab tuag. Cov haujlwm no yog qhov tseem ceeb los lav kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Los ntawm lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov molecular, cov noob ua kom cov hlwb tswj hwm lawv cov caj ces kev ncaj ncees thiab zam kom tsis txhob muaj kev loj hlob uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob caj ces thiab mob qog noj ntshav. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, noob yog cov masters ntawm lub cell voj voog thiab lawv qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cell biology yog unquestionable.
Cov noob tseem ceeb koom nrog hauv kev tswj hwm lub voj voog ntawm tes
Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb los lav qhov kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob no tswj cov txheej txheem sib txawv uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes, ua kom lawv cov kab ke raug thiab tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlwb txawv txav. Hauv qab no yog qee cov noob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws koom nrog hauv txoj cai no:
p 53 ygo:. Cov noob no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv qog nqaij hlav thiab tiv thaiv qog noj ntshav. Nws ua raws li cov qog suppressor, txwv tsis pub kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlwb puas lossis hloov pauv. Thaum kuaj pom DNA puas lawm, p53 noob induces kho lossis programmed cell tuag, tiv thaiv kev sib kis ntawm cov hlwb txawv txav.
CDK (Cyclin-dependent kinase) noob: Cov noob no encode protein enzymes uas tswj cov kev loj hlob ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes CDKs ua los ntawm kev khi rau cov cyclins tshwj xeeb hauv ntau theem ntawm lub voj voog, yog li ua rau lawv tus kheej ua haujlwm thiab tso cai rau kev hloov mus rau theem tom ntej. Cov kev cai meej ntawm cov enzymes no yog qhov tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv cell proliferation.
Rb tsev neeg genes: Lub Rb (Retinoblastoma) tsev neeg cov noob ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj tsis zoo ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm tes Cov noob no encode cov proteins uas ua raws li cov qog nqaij hlav, tiv thaiv lub voj voog ntawm tes kom txog thaum cov xwm txheej tsim nyog rau kev faib tawm. Rb proteins khi rau cov kev hloov pauv, yog li tswj kev qhia ntawm cov noob lub luag haujlwm rau kev nkag mus rau theem S thiab G2.
Functions ntawm qog suppressor noob
Cov qog nqaij hlav qog, tseem hu ua antioncogenes, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov cell loj hlob thiab tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav malignant. Cov noob no ua raws li cov neeg saib xyuas ntawm tes, tswj cov kev tswj tsis tau ntawm cov hlwb thiab txhawb lawv txoj kev tuag thaum tsim nyog. Hauv qab no yog qee lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov qog suppressor noob:
- Inhibition ntawm cell division: Cov qog nqaij hlav hauv cov noob caj noob ces tsim cov protein uas ua rau lub voj voog ntawm tes qeeb thiab tiv thaiv kev tsim tawm ntawm tes ntau dhau. Cov proteins no ua raws cov enzymes uas txhawb kev faib cov cell, tswj lawv cov haujlwm thiab yog li tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav tsis muaj zog.
- Tshawb nrhiav thiab kho DNA puas: Cov noob no tseem koom nrog hauv kev saib xyuas thiab tswj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces ntawm cov hlwb. Yog hais tias DNA puas tshwm sim, qog suppressor noob qhib kho mechanisms los yog induce programmed cell tuag los tiv thaiv cov proliferation ntawm puas hlwb uas yuav ua tau hlav.
- Kev tswj ntawm Angiogenesis: Cov kab mob qog nqaij hlav kuj txwv kev tsim cov hlab ntsha tshiab hauv cov qog nqaij hlav, cov txheej txheem hu ua angiogenesis. Cov proteins no inhibit qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlab ntsha uas pub cov qog, depriving nws ntawm oxygen thiab cov as-ham tseem ceeb, uas txo nws lub peev xwm nthuav thiab nthuav.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, qog cov noob caj noob ces ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav thiab tswj los ntawm kev tswj hwm kev loj hlob ntawm tes, kho DNA puas, thiab tiv thaiv kev mob qog noj ntshav. Txoj kev kawm ntawm cov noob no thiab lawv txoj haujlwm ua rau peb nkag siab ntau dua ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tes thiab pab peb txhim kho cov tswv yim kho mob zoo los tiv thaiv qog noj ntshav.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cell voj voog noob
Kev hloov pauv hauv cov noob qes qes qes tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev tswj hwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes. Cov kev hloov pauv no tuaj yeem hloov cov kev taw qhia thiab cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb uas tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob ntawm tes thiab kev faib tawm.
Qee qhov kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem ua rau hyperactivation ntawm cell cycle regulatory genes, uas ua rau cov cell proliferation tsis tswj thiab cov qog kev loj hlob tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov noob tseem ceeb xws li p53, uas ib txwm ua raws li "cov qog nqaij hlav" thiab nres kev faib tawm ntawm tes thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj DNA.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev hloov pauv hauv qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes tswj cov noob tuaj yeem ua rau tsis ua haujlwm lossis ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov hlwb lossis cov hlwb uas muaj cov caj ces txawv txav, yog li ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim kab mob xws li mob qog noj ntshav. Piv txwv ntawm cov noob cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kev hloov pauv no suav nrog CDK noob, uas ib txwm inhibit qhov kev loj hlob ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes thaum lawv pom DNA puas.
Cov txheej txheem los kawm txog kev qhia ntawm cov noob hauv lub voj voog ntawm tes
Muaj ntau yam .Cov hau kev no tso cai rau peb nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem sib txawv molecular uas tswj kev ua kom thiab inhibition ntawm noob qhia thoob plaws hauv lub voj voog ntawm tes. Peb txoj kev siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev tshawb fawb tau piav qhia hauv qab no:
DNA microarray tsom xam:
DNA microarray tsom xam yog cov txheej txheem uas tso cai rau ntsuas qhov qhia txog ntau txhiab tus noob tib lub sijhawm. Nws muaj cov hybridization ntawm cDNA sau nrog cov kev sojntsuam tshwj xeeb ntawm DNA array ntawm microchip. Qhov kev siv ntawm lub teeb liab tawm yog cuam tshuam nrog tus neeg xa xov RNA (mRNA) tam sim no hauv cov qauv. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas cov noob uas nws cov lus qhia txawv nyob rau hauv ntau theem ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes.
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR):
Real-time PCR yog cov txheej txheem uas tso cai rau kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm mRNA tam sim no hauv cov qauv dhau sijhawm. Siv cov fluorescent probes uas khi rau PCR cov khoom, tus nqi ntawm mRNA generated nyob rau hauv txhua amplification voj voog yuav txiav txim. Cov txheej txheem no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txheeb xyuas cov noob qhia hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag, txij li thaum nws tso cai rau kuaj pom sai thiab meej cov kev hloov pauv hauv gene qhia.
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) tsom xam:
RNA sequencing tsom xam yog cov txheej txheem tiam tom ntej uas tso cai rau kom tau txais cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog cov noob qhia ntawm qib sib lawv liag. Yog li, nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas thiab ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv sau tseg uas tau tsim thaum lub voj voog ntawm tes. Cov thev naus laus zis no muab kev pom tag nrho ntawm cov noob qhia thiab tso cai rau kev tshawb pom ntawm cov ntawv teev lus tshiab thiab isoforms.