Yuav ua li cas yog tias Windows muab APIPA IP (169.xxx): qhov tshwm sim tiag tiag thiab kev daws teeb meem

Thaum koj lub cuab yeej tshwm nrog qhov chaw nyob ntawm 169.254.xx thiab lub network qhia cov lus ceeb toom txwv kev sib txuas, nws muaj feem ntau tias APIPA tsis siv neeg qhov chaw nyob ua haujlwm. Cov txheej txheem no muab ib qho xwm txheej ceev hauv zos IP thaum lub DHCP falla, tso cai rau qee qhov kev sib txuas lus ntawm tib lub cev network tab sis tsis muaj kev nkag mus rau lwm lub network.

Hauv tsev thiab chaw ua haujlwm ib puag ncig, nws yog lub ntsiab lus rov tshwm sim: daim npav hauv DHCP uas tsis tau txais cov lus teb thiab poob rau APIPA, cov khoos phis tawj uas txuas ntawm Wi-Fi yam tsis muaj internet, lossis cov servers uas, vim muaj teeb meem tshwj xeeb, tso tseg lawv daim ntawv xauj tsev. Nkag siab tias APIPA yog dab tsi, nws ua haujlwm li cas, thiab yuav ua li cas thiaj tsis ua haujlwm lossis kuaj xyuas nws Nws yuav txuag koj lub sijhawm thiab mob taub hau.

APIPA yog dab tsi thiab nws yog dab tsi?

APIPA (Automatic Private IP Chaw Nyob) yog IPv4 feature uas autoconfigures interface nrog qhov chaw nyob los ntawm 169.254.0.0/16 thaiv yog tsis muaj DHCP server. Nws tsuas yog muab IP chaw nyob thiab daim npog ntsej muag 255.255.0.0, tsis muaj qhov rooj lossis DNS, yog li nws tso cai rau kev sib txuas lus hauv zos ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm tib ntu thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv.

Qhov chaw no tau tshwj tseg los ntawm IANA rau qhov chaw nyob sib txuas-hauv zos raws li RFC 3927, thiab poob rau hauv qhov kev sib txuas-hauv cheeb tsam. Hauv kev xyaum, APIPA ua kom lub network "siv" nyob rau theem hauv zos. thaum tsis muaj configuration siv tau, tab sis nws tsis yog routable los yog haum rau kev siv Internet.

Qhov tseem ceeb rau kev teeb tsa cov cai: lub RFC 3330 (tom qab hloov pauv los ntawm RFC 5735) thiab RFC 3927 txhais tau tias siv cov chaw nyob no. Qhov siv tau ntau ntawm cov khoos phis tawj feem ntau yog los ntawm 169.254.1.0 txog 169.254.254.255, tawm ntawm ob qhov kawg tshwj tseg (169.254.0.x thiab 169.254.255.x) thiab siv 169.254.255.255 raws li kev tshaj tawm.

APIPA ua haujlwm li cas hauv kev nthuav dav

Thaum lub interface nyob hauv DHCP thiab tsis tau txais cov lus teb, lub kaw lus qhib APIPA. Tus neeg siv khoom xa ntau DHCPDISCOVERs thaum pib; ib qho kev piav qhia yog tias nws ua 3 lossis 4 qhov kev thov hauv ob peb feeb thiab, yog tias tsis muaj lus teb, nws pib txuas-hauv zos autoconfiguration.

Thaum lub sij hawm autoconfiguration, lub cuab yeej xaiv qhov chaw nyob pseudo-random IP nyob rau hauv qhov kev tso cai ntau yam thiab paub tseeb tias nws tsis yog siv los ntawm kev sojntsuam (ARP lossis tshaj tawm) ua ntej teeb tsa. Yog tias nws pom qhov tsis sib haum xeeb, nws sim lwm qhov chaw nyob mus txog rau ntau qhov kev sim.; qee cov ntawv piav qhia txog li 10 qhov kev sim ua ntej tso tseg yog tias muaj kev sib cav sib ceg.

Thaum muab tso rau, tus neeg siv khoom txuas ntxiv mus tshawb rau DHCP server ib ntus. Ntawm Windows, piv txwv li, DHCP cov lus thov raug rov ua dua kwv yees li 5 feeb.Yog tias tus neeg rau zaub mov tshwm, TCP / IP pawg hloov APIPA IP nrog daim ntawv xauj tsev siv tau.

APIPA tsuas yog siv rau IPv4; Stateless Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) yog siv hauv IPv6, tau piav qhia hauv RFC 2462 (tam sim no hloov kho los ntawm RFC 4862), nrog rau cov txheej txheem sib txawv thiab cov chaw nyob sib txuas hauv zos ua ntej nrog fe80::/10.

APIPA ntawm Windows: tus cwj pwm thiab peculiarities

Ntawm cov tshuab Windows niaj hnub, APIPA tau qhib los ntawm lub neej ntawd. Thaum tsis tau txais DHCP, pawg ua haujlwm rau tus kheej thiab ua ntu zus kom tau txais daim ntawv xauj tsev.Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev paub txog kev tshaj xov xwm ua rau kom rov sim dua thaum kev sib txuas rov qab.

Hauv cov ntawv qub xws li Windows 98, Media Sense tsis muaj nyob, uas tuaj yeem ncua kev sib txuas tom qab lub cev sib tsoo. Windows 2000, XP, 7, 10 thiab tom qab ntawd suav nrog Media Sense thiab lwm yam ntxiv xws li ICMP Router Discovery lossis RIP mloog los txhim kho cov ntsiab lus hauv network.

Qee qhov kev siv Windows tsim APIPA IP los ntawm hashing lub interface MAC chaw nyob, nrhiav kev ruaj ntseg tom qab reboots thiab txo qhov muaj feem ntawm duplications (ib txwm nrog kev txheeb xyuas qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ua ntej).

Yuav ua li cas paub yog tias koj nyob hauv APIPA

Hauv Windows 2000 / XP / Server 2003 thiab tom qab ntawd, qhib qhov hais kom ua thiab khiav: ipconfig / tag nrho los tshuaj xyuas qhov autoconfiguration thaivYog tias autoconfiguration tau qhib thiab tus IP yog 169.254.xy nrog daim npog 255.255.0.0, koj nyob hauv APIPA.

Hauv cov ntawv qub Windows (Windows 98, Windows Me), cov khoom siv winipcfg tso cai rau koj saib seb qhov chaw nyob puas muaj nyob rau hauv 169.254.xx hauv qab daim ntawv lo autoconfiguration. Pom tus IP no qhia tias tsis muaj DHCP daim ntawv xauj tsev.

Disable lossis qhib APIPA hauv Windows

APIPA tuaj yeem ua tsis taus, tswj lossis tsis siv DHCP nyob ntawm rooj plaub. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm kev kho Windows Registry, txawv txoj kev nyob ntawm qhov system version.

• Hauv Windows 98/Me: ntxiv DWORD nkag 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled' nrog tus nqi 0x0 rau: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\DHCP.
• Hauv Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003: ntxiv 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled' (DWORD 0x0) nyob rau hauv qhov tshwj xeeb interface: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\<GUID_del_adaptador>.
• Hauv cov tshiab versions (Windows 7/8/10/11), koj tseem yuav pom cov ntaub ntawv xa mus rau TCP/IP thoob ntiaj teb parameter wrapper: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters. Nco ntsoov tias tus nqi ntawm 1 enables APIPA thiab 0 disables nws.

Tom qab hloov Registry, nws raug nquahu kom rov pib dua rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Thaub koj daim ntawv teev npe ua ntej kov dab tsi., tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov khoom siv tseem ceeb.

Cov xwm txheej uas APIPA tshwm sim

Khau raj yam tsis muaj daim ntawv cog lus ua ntej thiab tsis muaj DHCP: tus neeg siv khoom khau, teeb meem ntau cov lus tshawb pom (3 lossis ntau dua) thiab, Yog tias tsis muaj lus teb, nws muab nws tus kheej rau chav kawm B IP hauv 169.254/16. Txuas ntxiv rov ua dua ntawm lub sijhawm.

Nrog rau daim ntawv cog lus dhau los thiab tsis muaj DHCP: lub cuab yeej xaiv lub rooj vag qub; Yog tias nws teb, khaws tus IP qubYog tias tsis muaj lus teb lossis tsis muaj lub rooj vag teeb tsa, APIPA tau qhib thiab raug tshaj tawm rau tus neeg siv.

Daim ntawv cog lus tas sij hawm thiab tsis muaj DHCP: tus neeg siv khoom sim rov ua dua tshiab; Yog tias nws tsis pom lub server, nws poob rov qab rau APIPA, xa ntau qhov kev tshawb pom thiab rov ua lub voj voog txhua ob peb feeb kom txog thaum lub server rov qab online.

Kev kuaj mob ceev thaum koj pom 169.254.xx

Pib nrog cov hauv paus: xyuas cov cables, txuas, cov xwm txheej ntawm lub router lossis hloov, thiab cov kev pabcuam DHCP ntawm lub cuab yeej uas muab rau nws (hauv tsev, nws feem ntau yog lub router). Kev tswj kev rov pib dua ntawm router thiab network interface ua rau rov sib tham dua.

Hauv Windows, khiav cov lus txib no hauv qhov kev hais kom siab kom rov pib dua cov pawg: Lawv muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab feem ntau daws teeb meem tsis tu ncua.

netsh int ip reset c:\resetlog.txt
netsh winsock reset
ipconfig /flushdns
ipconfig /registerdns
ipconfig /release
ipconfig /renew

Kuj xyuas tias qhov kev pabcuam 'DHCP Client' ua haujlwm (services.msc) thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, Qhib DHCP ntawm Windows 10. Nws yuav tsum nyob rau hauv lub xeev pib thiab pib hom Automatic kom lub interface tau txais nyiaj pab kom raug.

Yog tias koj siv Wi-Fi, tshawb xyuas lub adapter qhov sib haum nrog qhov chaw nkag qhov kev nyab xeeb (WPA / WPA2, thiab lwm yam) thiab teeb liab zoo. Kev sib tham tsis zoo tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kom tau txais IP txawm pom SSID thiab koom nrog.

DHCP server lossis router checks

Nyob rau hauv tes hauj lwm nrog lub siab DHCP neeg rau zaub mov, nws yog ib lub tswv yim zoo los saib cov cav thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm cov scopes. Tshem tawm cov khoom seem ntawm 169.254.xx yog tias lawv tau txais kev cawmdim los ntawm qhov yuam kev thiab xyuas kom lub pas dej ua ke tsis muaj zog.

Kev ua haujlwm zoo: lov tes taw tsis siv interface, muab tus IP zoo li qub rau kev tswj xyuas interfaces, xa DHCP ntawm txhua lub subnet thiab tshuaj xyuas cov kev xaiv siab tshaj (xws li kev tshaj tawm xov xwm yog tias muaj).

Hauv ib puag ncig hauv tsev, nkag mus rau hauv lub router lub interface thiab xyuas kom meej tias DHCP server tau qhib thiab muaj ntau yam txaus. Kev hloov kho lub router lub firmware pab kho cov kab paub paub. thiab txhim kho kev ua tau zoo thiab ruaj khov.

Hais txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab lawv qhov cuam tshuam

IP tsis sib haum xeeb tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev muab cov ntawv sau ua ke, DHCP yuam kev, lossis kev tswj tsis tau zoo. Kev txheeb xyuas hom kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab seb puas yuav teeb tsa zoo li qub, rov ua dua tshiab lossis tshem tawm cov ntawv xauj tsev..

Hauv kev lag luam, ob lub khoos phis tawj nrog tib qhov chaw nyob IP tuaj yeem nqa cov kev pabcuam tseem ceeb rau qhov tsis txaus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias qhov tsis sib haum xeeb cuam tshuam rau cov servers. Kev saib xyuas thiab txheeb xyuas lub network ib ntus tso cai rau koj los xav txog cov teeb meem. thiab txo downtime.

APIPA thiab kev ruaj ntseg: kev tsim txom thiab kev tiv thaiv

Qee qhov chaw qhia tias tsis tu ncua yuam APIPA ntawm Windows tuaj yeem siv ua phem, piv txwv li los ntawm kev hloov kho cov ntawv sau npe cuam tshuam nrog autoconfiguration, DHCP, lossis interface metrics. Lub hom phiaj ntawm tus neeg tawm tsam yuav yog coj tus tswv tsev sib txuas offline. hloov rhiab tsis tau.

Ntawm cov kev teeb tsa tau hais hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawd yog cov yuam sij xws li 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled', 'EnableDHCP', 'DhcpConnForceBroadcastFlag' lossis metric qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov interfaces hauv ...\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\<GUID>. Txawm hais tias paub lawv pab tiv thaiv, nws tsis pom zoo kom automate lawv yam tsis muaj kev tswj hwm. vim koj tuaj yeem thaiv lub network koj tus kheej.

Countermeasures: Txwv tsis pub muaj cai tswj hwm, tiv thaiv Kev Sau Npe, ua kom cov cai xaus, Saib xyuas cov kev hloov pauv hauv network txawv txawv thiab muaj cov ntawv rov qab (TCP / IP rov pib dua)Thiab, tau kawg, khaws cov tsav tsheb thiab OS hloov kho kom txo tau qhov chaw nres.

Linux: Zeroconf, Avahi, thiab Yuav Ua Li Cas Disable Nws

Ntawm GNU/Linux, tus cwj pwm sib npaug yog txuam nrog Zeroconf thiab avahi-autoipd daemon. Yog tias koj tsis xav kom lub interface txais 169.254/16, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev nyob ntawm qhov distro.

Hauv classic Red Hat / CentOS tsev neeg, Zeroconf feem ntau yog neeg xiam oob qhab los ntawm kev ntxiv cov hauv qab no rau kev teeb tsa thoob ntiaj teb: teeb 'NOZEROCONF = yog' thiab rov pib lub network kom tsis txhob tsis siv neeg txuas-cov kev hauv zos.

# /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
NOZEROCONF=yes
# Reinicio del servicio
service network restart

Yog tias koj siv Avahi, rov pib dua lossis tsis siv nws lub daemon yuav tsim nyog nyob ntawm koj txoj cai network. Ntawm cov laus SysV systems koj yuav pom txoj hauv kev zoo li '/etc/init.d/avahi-daemon restart'; kho tus thawj tswj kev pabcuam ntawm koj lub version.

Lwm txoj hauv kev yog kub-rho tawm 169.254.0.0/16 txoj kev thiab teeb tsa txoj hauv kev siv tau rau koj lub subnet nrog ip / txoj kev. Raws li kev ntsuas tsis tu ncua, koj tuaj yeem tawm tswv yim tawm cov kab uas ntxiv qhov txuas-hauv zos txoj hauv kev avahi-autoipd scripts yog tias koj qhov kev faib tawm siv lawv.

# Ejemplo orientativo (ajusta a tu entorno)
# Eliminar ruta link-local y forzar gateway de la LAN
ip route del 169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0
ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0 metric 100

Lwm cov kauj ruam ua tau zoo uas feem ntau pab tau

Kev hloov kho lub network adapter tsav tsheb (thiab router firmware yog tias muaj) daws qhov tsis sib xws thiab kev sib tham tsis ua haujlwm. Yog tias tsis muaj qhov tshiab version, rov nruab tus tsav tsheb qee zaum tshem tawm cov xeev tsis raug. tom qab siv lub hlis.

Yog tias qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim thiab koj xav tias qhov kev teeb tsa lub kaw lus, OS rov qab tuaj yeem yog txoj hauv kev nrawm tshaj plaws mus. Ua ib qho thaub qab thiab xav txog kev teeb tsa huv yog tias koj twb tau txiav txim siab tawm kho vajtse thiab DHCP..

Ntawm cov tshuab nrog ntau qhov sib cuam tshuam (lub cev thiab virtual), tshuaj xyuas qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev ntsuas. Hypervisor virtual cards tuaj yeem cuam tshuam yog tias qhov ntsuas tau siab tshaj lub cev NIC uas yuav tsum tawm mus rau LAN.

Txhawm rau saib cov lus qhia thiab cov kev ntsuas cuam tshuam ntawm Windows, siv: Txoj kev no koj yuav paub qhov twg interface yog "yeej" hauv kev txiav txim siab routing..

netstat -rn

Yog tias koj xav tau kho tus lej ntsuas manually, mus rau daim npav TCP / IPv4 cov khoom, cov kev xaiv siab heev, thiab tshem tawm cov kev ntsuas tsis siv neeg los teeb tsa tus nqi qis (piv txwv li, 1) hauv lub ntsiab interface. Tus so tuaj yeem tso rau ntawm tsis siv neeg. rau evitar sorpresas.

Cov lus nug nquag nug

• Vim li cas kuv pab neeg tsuas tham nrog lwm tus ntawm 169.254.xx? Vim APIPA tsis teeb tsa lub rooj vag lossis DNS. Muaj tsuas yog hauv zos Layer 3 kev sib txuas hauv tib qhov txuas, thiab tsis muaj routers raug hla.
• APIPA puas ploj mus ntawm nws tus kheej? Yog lawm, thaum DHCP server teb thiab xa daim ntawv xauj tsev siv tau. Windows rov sim nrhiav tus neeg rau zaub mov txhua ob peb feeb thiab hloov qhov txuas-hauv zos IP yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm phau ntawv.
• Kuv puas tuaj yeem siv 169.254.xx ua tus IP ruaj khov "vim nws ua haujlwm"? Qhov no tsis yog ib lub tswv yim zoo. Nws tsis yog routable thiab ua txhaum lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov txuas-loj ntau yam. Nws siv RFC1918 ntau yam rau static private IPs.
• Kuv yuav ua li cas lov tes taw APIPA yam tsis tau tshem DHCP? Kho kom raug Registry los teeb 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled' rau 0 ntawm qhov sib txuas. Cov ntawv qub muaj ntau txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb; saib ntu kev tsis siv.

Lub tshuab tso tawm 169.254.xx tsis yog, ntawm nws tus kheej, "qhov teeb meem", tab sis yog cov tsos mob uas DHCP daim ntawv xauj tsev tsis tau txais. Nrog rau cov kev kuaj saum toj no (DHCP kev pabcuam, cables, tsav tsheb, firewall thiab metrics) Qhov ib txwm muaj yog rov qab mus rau tus IP siv tau thiab rov qab tau txais kev sib txuas tag nrho.