Ọdịiche dị n'etiti conjugation na hyperconjugation

Okwu Mmalite

Na kemịkalụ organic, enwere okwu abụọ na-enwekarị mgbagwoju anya: conjugation na hyperconjugation. Ọ bụ ezie na ha abụọ metụtara nkwụsi ike nke ogige organic, ha bụ usoro dị iche iche nke na-eme na ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche na n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-akọwa ọdịiche dị n'etiti conjugation na hyperconjugation na otú ha si arụ ọrụ na kemịkalụ organic.

Njikọ

Njikọta bụ ihe owuwu molekụla nke ejikọrọ atọm dị n'akụkụ site n'ịtụgharị okpukpu abụọ ma ọ bụ otu nkekọ. Ihe owuwu a na-enye ohere ka molekul nwee ike ịmegharị eletrọnịkị na akụkụ ahụ jikọtara ya, nke na-ebelata ike ma mee ka ọ kwụsie ike. A na-ahụkarị ihe owuwu a na ogige ndị dị ka alkenes, ketones, na esters. Mwepụ eletrọnịkị n'ime njikọ pi njikọ bụ maka nkwụsi ike dị n'ime ihe owuwu ndị a.

Ihe atụ:

Enwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ nke njikọta na butadiene, hydrocarbon nwere carbon carbon anọ yana njikọ abụọ jikọtara ọnụ. Njikọ nke njikọ abụọ ahụ na-ekesa ụgwọ eletrik n'ime molekul ahụ, na-eme ka usoro kwụsie ike karị.

Hyperconjugation

Hyperconjugation, n'aka nke ọzọ, bụ usoro ihe omimi nke na-agụnye mmekọrịta nke σ orbital na akụkụ π dị n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ na-enwe ike dị elu nke na-adịghị efu orbital. Nke a nwere ike ịdị na otu atọm ma ọ bụ na atọm dị iche iche na molekul. Hyperconjugation bụ maka nkwụsi ike nke carbocations na radicals efu.

Ihe atụ:

Enwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ nke hyperconjugation na methyl free radicals. N'okwu a, carbon nke otu radical methyl nwere ike ịbụ nke carbon carbon ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu. Mmekọrịta nke σ orbital nke hydrogen dị n'akụkụ ya na p orbital nke carbon radical na-ahapụ electrons na-ebufe na carbon nke ọma, si otú a na-eme ka molekul guzosie ike.

Nchịkọta

Ma conjugation na hyperconjugation metụtara nkwụsi ike nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, ma ha na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Njikọta na-agụnye njikọ njikọ njikọ njikọ ebe hyperconjugation gụnyere mmekọrịta dị n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ ihe efu σ na π orbitals. Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche ọdịiche dị n'echiche dị n'etiti usoro abụọ a, n'ihi na ha nwere ngwa dị mkpa na kemịkalụ organic ma bụrụ isi na nghọta nke ọtụtụ usoro kemịkalụ.

Ntụaka

• Hudlický, M. (1996). Chemistry nke Ngwakọta Fluorine Organic. Wiley.
• March, J. (1992). Chemistry Organic dị elu, mmeghachi omume, usoro, na nhazi. John Wiley & Sons.
• McMurry, J. (2016). Organic Chemistry 9th Ed. Brooks Cole.