Kedu ihe dị iche n'etiti C-States na P-States nke CPU?

Na oge a processors, ike management abụghị otu mgba ọkụ, ma a set nke Usoro achikọtara (C-States na P-States nke CPU, n'etiti ndị ọzọ) na sistemụ arụmọrụ, ngwa ngwa, na CPU n'onwe ya na-eji dozie oriri ike, okpomọkụ, na arụmọrụ ozugbo. Edemede a na-agbasa ma na-ahazi tangle nke acronyms ka ị nwee ike ịghọta ihe na-eme n'okpuru mkpuchi mgbe kọmputa gị na-echekwa ike ma ọ bụ na-agba ọsọ ọsọ.

Ọ bụ ezie na onye nrụpụta ọ bụla na ezinụlọ CPU na-agbakwunye aka nke ya, ntọala a na-ahụkarị: ACPI na-akọwapụta “steeti” ọkọlọtọ maka sistemụ, ngwaọrụ na processor. N'ebe a, ị ga-ahụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti C-States na P-States, otú ha si metụta G/S/D-States, mmetụta dị adị n'ụwa ha na-enwe na latency, ihe mere ndị na-egwu egwuregwu na ndị ọkachamara audiophiles na-ejikarị eme ka ụra dị omimi, na ihe ndị bara uru dị maka iji na Windows, Linux, na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ESXi.

ACPI na nkenke

ACPI (Nhazi dị elu na interface ike) bụ ọkọlọtọ nke na-ahazi ike na PC na sava, yana nke ahụ jiri njikwa ka ukwuu dochie APM. A mụrụ ya site n'aka Intel, Microsoft na Toshiba na 90s wee malite ịgụnye 64-bit, multiprocessing, ụgbọ ala ọgbara ọhụrụ (PCIe, SATA, USB 3.x) na nchọpụta ihe omume (dịka, bọtịnụ ike).

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị ACPI eme ihe na ezinụlọ x86, etinyekwara ya na ụlọ ndị ọzọ. Na ngwaọrụ mkpanaka ARM, Otú ọ dị, A na-eji atụmatụ nwe ụlọ (dị ka nnukwu. OTU na ọtụtụ ụyọkọ) iji dozie arụmọrụ na nzaghachi dabere na ibu ahụ.

Steeti zuru ụwa ọnụ na kwụsịtụrụ (G-States na S-States)

Mba ụwa na-akọwa ọnọdụ zuru oke nke usoro ahụ. Nke kacha mkpa bụ G0/S0 (Na-arụ ọrụ), ebe kọmputa na-arụ ọrụ. Na ngwaike na-adịbeghị anya enwere S0ix (mpaghara nke S0) nke na-enye ohere maka ụdị ụra dị mma nke nwere akụkụ nke ụra SoC, ọkachasị na laptọọpụ.

• G0/S0: sistemụ na-arụ ọrụ.
• G1 (Ịrahụ ụra): na-ekpuchi S1, S2, S3 (kwụsịtụrụ na RAM) na S4 (hibernate na diski). S3 na-eme ka RAM dị ike ịmaliteghachi ngwa ngwa; S4 na-ebunye ebe nchekwa na nchekwa na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe.
• G2/S5 (mkpụrụ obi): Mmechi ezi uche dị na ya nwere ike kacha nta iji mee ka omume teta n'ụra (keyboard, netwọkụ, wdg).
• G3 (Mechanical kwụsịrị): Mmechi nke anụ ahụ; naanị RTC na-adị ndụ kwa batrị.

Buru n’uche na C-State nke processor na-ebi n'ime G0/S0: Mgbe sistemụ na-abanye na G1, a na-emechi ngwugwu CPU na C-States kwụsịrị igwu egwu.

Steeti ngwaọrụ (D-Stati)

ACPI na-akọwakwa ka akụkụ akụkụ na-ehi ụra ma ọ bụ teta. D0 dabara na "ọrụ zuru oke", D1/D2 bụ etiti (ngwaọrụ dabere) na ngalaba D3 n'ime Hot (na ike inyeaka, ịzaghachi ụgbọ ala) ma ọ bụ oyi (gbanyụọ kpamkpam, anaghị azaghachi). Nke a na-enye ohere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, kaadị netwọk ịkpọte kọmputa mgbe ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ehi ụra.

T-States: Mgbanwe elekere, ebe ikpeazụ

Na mgbakwunye na P na C, e nwere mgbanwe elekere (T-States): ụdị PWM nke na-egbochi mkpịrịsị elekere ime n'ụdị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, 1 n'ime 8 ọ bụla), na-ebelata ọrụ na-agbanweghị ugboro ugboro mgbasa ozi. Ezubere ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbochi ọkụ ma ọ bụ ihe mberede (PROCHOT) ma na-achịkwa ya site na IA32_CLOCK_MODULATION, yana ihe kpatara/ndekọ dị na MSR_*_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS.

Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ewere ya "adịghị mkpa", na omume Ọ na-apụta na kọmpụta nwere ezigbo ọkụ ọkụ na n'okpuru ibu na-adịgide adịgide. Ọ bụrụ na ị hụ Windows na-akọ "ọsọ" n'okpuru EIST kacha nta, enwere ike ịnwe T-State na-arụ ọrụ (elekere elekere).

M-State: Nchekwa ebe nchekwa

ACPI na-enyekwa steeti ebe nchekwa iji belata oriri ike subsystem nke DRAM mgbe sistemụ anaghị arụ ọrụ. M0 bụ ọrụ nkịtịM1/M2 na ụdịdị ndị ọzọ na-amanye ebe nchekwa ahụ iweghachi onwe ya ma belata oge, na-ebelata ike site na iji ogologo oge na-eteta. Ndị a anaghị ahụ onye ọrụ anya, mana ha na-enye aka na nchekwa ego niile.

Processor C-States: Ụra na isi

Ka anyị leba anya ugbu a isiokwu nke isiokwu ahụ: C-States na P-States. C-State bụ steeti kernel ma ọ bụ ngwugwu anaghị arụ ọrụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karị, ụra na-abawanye na nnukwu ego, mana ọ dịkwa elu ịkete n'ụra. A na-arịọ ha site na ntuzi aka dị mkpa dị ka HLT ma ọ bụ MWAIT (nke ikpeazụ nwere ike ịrịọ Cx na ọnọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya), na maapụ ikike rute OS site na ACPI (_CST).

• C0: nkịtị ogbugbu. Nke a bụ ebe P-States na-abata.
• C1/C1E (Kwụsị): isi na-akwụsị, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ laghachite ozugbo na C0; C1E na-ebelata oriri ọzọ.
• C2 (elekere nkwụsị): Akwụsịla akara elekere, nloghachi na-ewe ntakịrị oge.
• C3 (ụra/ụra miri emi): A na-agbanye L1 / L2 na cache ikpeazụ (LLC) na agbanyụrụ isi ihe; naanị ọnọdụ dị mkpa nke nucleus ka echekwara.
• C6 na karịa: Enwere ike ịgbanye isi ya na nchekwa ya na SRAM raara onwe ya nye, na-ebute voltaji isi ala ruo ~ 0 V; mgbe ịpụ, a na-eweghachite isi ala. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-ekpughere ruo C10 na nyiwe ndị na-adịbeghị anya.

Na mgbakwunye na C-States kwa nucleus (CC-steeti), e nwere ụgbọ elu nke Ngwugwu C-State (PC-steeti) na-agbanyụ ngọngọ nkekọrịta (dị ka LLC) mgbe cores niile kwere ya. Enwere ngwakọta na-ezighi ezi (ọ bụrụ na isi dị na C0, ngwugwu enweghị ike ịdị na PC6), CPU nwere ike “kwalite” ma ọ bụ wetuo ọkwa na-akpaghị aka dabere na latencies na ebe obibi.

Ihe dị mkpa: A gbahapụrụ C1 n'ime obere okirikiri iri na abụọ, ebe C6/C7 nwere ike na-eri narị microseconds. N'ihi ya, ibu ndị na-egbu oge (egwuregwu, ọdịyo oge, ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet) na-ata ahụhụ ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nrụpụta na-adaba n'ụra miri emi ugboro ugboro.

Arụmọrụ P-States: Ugboro na voltaji

Ọ bụ ezie na C-States “na-ehi ụra mgbe enweghị ọrụ,” P-States na-emezigharị ijeụkwụ mgbe. Ee, enwere ọrụ, mana ọ naghị ewe oke."P0 bụ ọnọdụ arụmọrụ kachasị elu (mgbe kachasị elu / voltaji), wee bịa P1, P2 ... nke ọ bụla na-ebelata ọnụọgụ abụọ-voltaji. A na-ekwupụta tebụl ndị a na OS site na ACPI (_PSS) ma na-achịkwa MSRs dị ka IA32_PERF_CTL/IA32_PERF_STATUS.

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, sistemụ arụmọrụ jụrụ maka P-States (EIST/SpeedStep na Intel, PowerNow! na AMD), mana taa ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Steeti arụmọrụ na-achịkwa ngwaike (HWP/Speed ​​​​Shift): The OS na-egosi mmasị (arụmọrụ / ego) na CPU na-ekpebi na milliseconds kpọmkwem ebe, na a nnọọ mma kwa-isi granularity.

Isi nkọwa: P-States na C-States bụ "orthogonal"Ị nwere ike ịnọ na P0 (ogo dị elu) na, mgbe ị naghị arụ ọrụ, tinye C6. N'aka nke ọzọ, n'okpuru ibu na-adịgide adịgide na P2, enweghị C-States n'ihi na isi na-eme ihe (C0). Nke a bụ ya mere o ji dị mma iji uche kewapụ "frequency/voltage" (P) na "abaghị uru" (C).

Site na APM ruo ACPI: mgbanwe paradigm

APM bụ API gara aga ejiri na BIOS na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala. O kwere Gbanyụọ mpụta ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma kọwaa steeti ụwa dị mfe, mana CPU nọ n'èzí njikwa OS maka ihe nchekwa. ACPI tolitere ka ọ bụrụ ihe nlere bara ụba, ahaziri nke ọma, nwere nkọwa tebụl, njikwa granular, yana imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti firmware, OS, na ngwaike.

Otu esi abanye na pụọ ​​na C-States

Mgbe onye nhazi oge enweghị eri dị njikere, ọ na-eme HLT ma ọ bụ MWAIT site na ntunye nke ebumnuche C-State; Nkwụsị "na-agbaji" ụra ma weghachite isi na C0. A na-ekpochapụ cache nke onwe na C3; A na-echekwa ọnọdụ ya na SRAM na C6 ma wedata voltaji ka ọ bụrụ efu. Ụfọdụ CPUs na-emejuputa Power Aware Interrupt Routing (PAIR) ka ọ na-aga na nkwụsịtụ cores na-arụ ọrụ (iji chekwaa) ma ọ bụ na cores na-adịghị arụ ọrụ (maka arụmọrụ), dị ka o kwesịrị.

Turbo, TDP na oke ike

Ndị na-emepụta ihe na-akọwa TDP na sistemụ jụrụ oyi ga-enwe ike ịgbasa na ndabere na-adịgide adịgide (PL1: ike nkezi nchekwa). N'elu, windo ike dị elu nwere ike ịbanye (PL2, na ọkwa ndị ọzọ dị ka PL3 / PL4 dabere na ikpo okwu) maka obere oge. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere thermal na eletriki headroom, isi nwere ike gafere isi ugboro site Turbo, ọbụna ọdịdị asymmetric (karịa turbo nwere obere cores na-arụ ọrụ).

Mgbe okpomọkụ gafere ọnụ ụzọ ma ọ bụ VRM/ike chọrọ ya, Enwere ike ịgbalite PROCHOT ma tinye T-State ma ọ bụ mbelata ugboro ole iji chedo mgbawa. Omume a na-emekarị na laptọọpụ ndị dị mkpa.

Windows: Atụmatụ ike, Ọgụgụ na Counters

Windows na-enye atụmatụ dị ka "Energy Savings", "Balanced" na "Elu Performance". Nke mbụ na-eche gbadaa P-State ike ike wee hie ụra nke ọmaNke atọ na-edobe nnukwu frequencies ma na-ezere ọdịda ọdịda na-efu nke arụmọrụ. "Ike ziri ezi" na-anwa ụzọ etiti.

Na Task Manager, “ọsọ” bụ metrik sịntetik nke ahụ Nkezi kwa isi ma na-atụle ọrụ modulation ọ bụrụ na e nwere T-State. Ọ nwere ike gafere ntọala (Turbo) ma ọ bụ daa n'okpuru opekempe EIST (gating). Maka telemetry dị elu, ihe nrụnye “Processor Information(_Total)% Processor Performance” na-egosipụta pasentị arụmọrụ dị mma site na CPU.

Enwere akụrụngwa iji chọpụta ma ọ bụ gbanwee: CPU-Z (data ndabere), HWiNFO (sensọ), Mpempeukwu (elekere, C-States kwa isi na PROCHOT/modulation njikwa), ma ọ bụ ParkControl (isi ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala n'iji ya gee ntị/C-States) na-emetụ parampat atụmatụ ike zoro ezo (powercfg na-enye ohere idezi "IDLE_PROMOTE/DEMOTE", wdg).

Linux: cpupower, turbostat na CoreFreq

Na Linux, ngwaọrụ dị ka Ike CPU gosi ndị gọvanọ, ugboro ugboro na mgbanwe latencies; turbostat na-egosiputa MSR, isi ihe oke njedebe (MSR_CORE_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS), yana ebe obibi site na C-State; na CoreFreq na-enye echiche zuru oke nke ugboro ole zuru oke, C-States na Turbo kwa isi/ngwugwu.

Nuance bara uru: na ụfọdụ kọmputa, onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala intel_idle nwere ike ileghara mgbochi BIOS anya n'elu C-State ma jiri tebụl nke ha. N'ebe ndị ọzọ, firmware ahụ "kpọchiri" C-State kacha dị omimi nke enyere OS site na MSR.

BIOS/UEFI na Profaịlụ: Ònye na-achị n'ezie?

Na ntọala BIOS/UEFI ha na-apụtakarị igodo ntụgharị: EIST/SpeedStep, TurboBoost na CPU C-StatesNa mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ sava na-enye gị ohere ịhọrọ profaịlụ ike: “Arụmọrụ kachasị elu” (ihe niile dị mma, yana obere latencies) ma ọ bụ “OS Controlled/ Custom,” ebe hypervisor ma ọ bụ OS na-achịkwa P/C-States. Ịhọrọ "Os Control Mode" na-enyefe ọgụgụ isi na sistemụ arụmọrụ.

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eji hypervisors dị ka ESXi, ọ dị mma ijikọta Ọnọdụ njikwa OS na BIOS na atụmatụ “Elu Performance”. nke hypervisor mgbe ebumnuche bụ ịpịa arụmọrụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ na NSX-T, Edge Nodes, or latency-sensitive function). N'ọnọdụ ahụ, ị ​​​​ga-ahụ P-State 0 ugboro ugboro na C-States na-ejedebe na C0/C1; na a "Nhazi" atụmatụ, onye ọbịa ga-adabere karịa P-States na miri C-States.

Iji chịkọta nke a dum C-States na P-States ọgbaghara: ACPI na-akọwa etiti, C-States na-azọpụta ike mgbe ọ dịghị ọrụ, P-States na-edozi elu / ala gia n'okpuru ibu, T-States na-azọpụta ụbọchị na oké okpomọkụ, na M-States kpụpụ watts anya na ebe nchekwa. Isi ihe bụ ịhọrọ profaịlụ ziri ezi maka ojiji gị., jiri ngwaọrụ ziri ezi tụọ ma, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, debe oke ezi uche dị na omimi nke izu ike.

Ihe gbasara ya:

Njikere ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ekpochapụ batrị n'oge ụra: otu esi agbanyụọ ya

Daniel Terrasa

Onye nchịkọta akụkọ ọkachamara na teknụzụ na okwu ịntanetị nwere ahụmahụ karịa afọ iri na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ dị iche iche. Arụla m ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta ọdịnaya maka e-azụmahịa, nkwurịta okwu, ịzụ ahịa n'ịntanetị na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi. Edewokwa m akwụkwọ na webụsaịtị akụ na ụba, ego na ngalaba ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ m bụkwa agụụ m. Ugbu a, site na akụkọ m na Tecnobits, M na-agbalị ịchọpụta akụkọ niile na ohere ọhụrụ nke ụwa nke nkà na ụzụ na-enye anyị kwa ụbọchị iji meziwanye ndụ anyị.