Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-achịkwa okirikiri cell bụ otu n'ime ogidi ndị bụ isi nke nhazi nke uto na nkewa sel n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ. Protein ndị a na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ịhazi mmemme ndị bụ isi. nke okirikiri cell, hụ na a na-eme usoro nke ọ bụla n'ụzọ ziri ezi na n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-enyocha n'ime omimi njirimara na ọrụ nke protein ndị na-achịkwa okirikiri sel, yana mkpa ọ dị na ịnọgide na-enwe homeostasis na igbochi ọrịa ndị metụtara mmụba cell na-achịkwaghị achịkwa.
Selụ okirikiri: Echiche na okirikiri ndụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ
Usoro mkpụrụ ndụ Ọ bụ usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ekewa ma na-amụba, na-ahụ na uto na mmepe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ọ bụ usoro a na-achịkwa nke ukwuu nke nwere usoro dị iche iche, bụ nke a na-emeghachi n'otu n'otu iji kwe nkwa ngbanwe ziri ezi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nkesa ziri ezi nke akụkụ cellular cellular na sel nwa nwanyị.
Usoro ndụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-amalite site na akụkụ nke uto na nkwadebe nke a maara dị ka akụkụ G1. N'ime oge a, cell na-akwado maka mweghachi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya na protein ndị dị mkpa na-emepụta maka usoro nkewa sel. Na-esote, usoro S na-amalite, bụ nke a na-emegharị DNA ma na-emegharị ya, na-ahụ na sel nwa nwanyị ọ bụla nwere akwụkwọ zuru oke nke genome mbụ.
Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, usoro G2 na-amalite, nke cell na-akwadebe maka nkewa n'onwe ya N'oge a, a na-emepụta protein ndị dị mkpa iji mepụta filaments nke spindle mitotic, usoro nke na-ahụ maka ikewa chromosomes n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'oge nkewa sel. N'ikpeazụ, cell na-abanye n'ime oge M ma ọ bụ akụkụ nkewa sel, nke nkewa nke chromosomes na-apụta na sel ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ na-etolite, yiri nke nne cell.
Selụ okirikiri: Usoro na nhazi nke okirikiri cell
okirikiri cell bụ usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ekewa ma na-amụba, na-ahụ na mmepụta nke ọma nke ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche. A na-ekewa usoro mgbagwoju anya a n'ọtụtụ usoro, nke ọ bụla nwere njirimara na ihe omume. Akụkụ ndị bụ isi nke okirikiri cell bụ:
- Usoro G1 (Ọpụpụ 1): N'ime oge a, sel ahụ na-enweta uto na-aga n'ihu ma na-akwado maka mmụgharị DNA. A na-ejikọta protein na RNA dị mkpa maka uto cell.
- Usoro S (Synthesis): N'oge a, a na-emegharị DNA, na-ahụ na sel nwa nwanyị ọ bụla nwere otu ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ mkpụrụ ndụ nke nne na nna. Nke a na-eme ka a hụ na nnyefe ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ziri ezi.
- Usoro G2 (Ọpụpụ 2): N'ime oge a, sel ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-eto ma na-akwado maka nkewa sel. A na-ejikọta protein na organelles dị mkpa maka usoro nkewa.
- Usoro M (Mitosis): Ọ bụ oge cell na-ekewa n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ada abụọ yiri ya. Usoro a na-agụnye nkewa nke nucleus (mitosis) na nkewa nke cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
Usoro usoro okirikiri cell dị mkpa iji kwe nkwa nkesa sel zuru oke ma gbochie mgbanwe ndị nwere ike ịkpalite ọrịa dịka ọrịa kansa. A na-edozi ụkpụrụ a site na netwọk dị mgbagwoju anya nke protein a na-akpọ cyclins na cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka mgbanaka okirikiri ukwu. Ndị na-edozi protein ndị a na-achịkwa na-eme ka usoro nke ọ bụla nke usoro ahụ gwụ nke ọma tupu ọ gaa na nke ọzọ ma gbochie mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-achịkwaghị achịkwa.
Na mgbakwunye na cyclins na CDK, enwere ndị na-ahụ maka njikwa na ebe nlele ndị na-enyocha iguzosi ike n'ezi DNA, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe nyocha G1/S na-ahụ maka ịlele ntugharị DNA na ịkwụsị ọganihu nke okirikiri ahụ ruo mgbe DNA niile emegharịgharịrị nke ọma. Usoro usoro okirikiri cell ndị a dị mkpa iji nọgide na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma nke ihe dị ndụ ma chekwaa nkwụsi ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.
Ndị na-edozi isi na okirikiri cell: cyclin-based kinases (CDKs)
Ndị isi protein na cell okirikiri, nke a maara dị ka cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịhazi okirikiri cell. Protein ndị a bụ enzymes nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka mgbanaka molekụla, na-eme ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na-eme ka ọ dị ka mkpa nke usoro nkewa sel si dị.
CDK na-arụ ọrụ site na mmekọrịta ya na cyclins, nke bụ protein na-achịkwa nke itinye uche ya na-agbanwe n'oge okirikiri cell ọnụ, CDK na cyclin na-etolite mgbagwoju anya nke na-achịkwa ọganihu cell site na phosphorylation nke protein ndị dị mkpa. Mgbalite CDK na-akpalite ihe omume biochemical nke na-enye ohere ịgafe a usoro okirikiri cell na nke ọzọ, dị ka DNA replication na chromosome segregation n'oge mitosis.
Njikwa CDK nke ọma dị mkpa iji zere mperi na nkewa sel ma jikwaa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke genomic. Usoro nke kinases ndị a na-adabere na usoro dị iche iche, dị ka mmepụta na mmebi nke cyclin, phosphorylation nke ihe fọdụrụ na CDK, yana mmekọrịta ya na protein ndị na-egbochi. N'ụzọ dị otú a, CDK na-ekwe nkwa na okirikiri cell na-aga n'ihu n'usoro n'usoro na n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị, na-ezere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na nsogbu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.
Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-achịkwa na mmalite nke usoro cell: Cyclins na cyclin-based
Ndị na-edozi protein na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmalite okirikiri cell, hụ na ihe niile na-eme n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị. Ụdị isi abụọ nke protein na-achịkwa na-apụta ìhè n'ime usoro a: cyclins na cyclin dabere. Ndị na-edozi protein ndị a na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji chịkwaa ọganihu nke okirikiri cell ma hụ na nsụgharị ziri ezi na nkewa nke sel.
Cyclins bụ otu protein ndị na-enwe mgbanwe na ntinye ha n'ime okirikiri cell. A na-akpọ ha nke a n'ihi na ọkwa ha na-abawanye ma na-ebelata na mmekọrịta ya na usoro dị iche iche nke okirikiri. Enwere ụdị cyclin dị iche iche, nke ọ bụla nwere ọrụ ya. Ụfọdụ n'ime cyclin ndị bụ isi gụnyere cyclin D, cyclin E, cyclin A, na cyclin B. Onye ọ bụla n'ime cyclin ndị a na-ejikọta ma mee ka protein na-achịkwa nke a maara dị ka cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK).
Kinases na-adabere na cyclin bụ enzymes na-ahụ maka nhazi usoro okirikiri cell, na ọrụ ha na-adabere na njikọ nke cyclin kwekọrọ. Enzymes ndị a phosphorylate protein ndị ọzọ bụ isi na-etinye aka na ọganihu okirikiri cell. CDK, ozugbo ndị cyclin na-arụ ọrụ, nwere ike protein phosphorylate nke na-enye ohere ịbanye n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke okirikiri ma ọ bụ na-ebute njide okirikiri ma ọ bụrụ na DNA mebiri. N'ụzọ dị otú a, cyclins na CDK na-ahazi kpọmkwem mmalite na ọganihu nke usoro cell.
Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-achịkwa na mpaghara S nke okirikiri cell: DNA polymerases na topoisomerases
Oge S nke okirikiri sel bụ oge dị oke egwu na ngbanwe DNA, ebe a na-emepụtagharị mkpụrụ ndụ niile nke cell. Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-achịkwa na-arụ ọrụ dị egwu na usoro a, kpọmkwem DNA polymerases na topoisomerases.
DNA polymerases bụ enzymes nke na-eme ka njikọ DNA pụta, na-eji eriri template DNA mepụta eriri mgbakwunye ọhụrụ. Ndị na-edozi protein ndị a dị mkpa maka nhazigharị DNA nke ọma na nke ọma n'oge S na-ekewa DNA polymerases n'ụdị dị iche iche, dị ka DNA polymerase α, β, γ, δ na ε, nke ọ bụla nwere ọrụ dị iche iche na ngbanwe nke DNA.
N'aka nke ọzọ, topoisomerases bụ enzymes na-ahụ maka imezi usoro DNA dị n'akụkụ atọ, na-ebelata esemokwu a na-emepụta n'oge mmeghari. Protein ndị a na-arụ ọrụ site n'ịcha otu ma ọ bụ abụọ strands nke DNA na ikwe ka ha gbasaa ma dozie tangles. Topoisomerases dịkwa mkpa iji gbochie nguzobe akpụ n'ime DNA ma hụ na ngbanwe nke ọma na nke ọma. na-enweghị mmejọ.
Na nchịkọta, DNA polymerases na topoisomerases bụ protein na-achịkwa nke ọma na oge S nke okirikiri cell. DNA polymerases na-ahụ maka ntụgharị DNA ziri ezi, ebe topoisomerases bụ isi ihe na-ebelata nchekasị na izere ihe mgbagwoju anya n'oge usoro a. Protein ndị a na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji hụ na ngbanwe DNA nke ọma na enweghị njehie, na-echekwa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke genome cell.
Protein na-achịkwa na usoro G2 na M nke okirikiri cell: Kinase Wee1 na Cdc25
Na usoro mgbagwoju anya njikwa okirikiri cell, Protein na-achịkwa na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịhụ na ọganihu kwesịrị ekwesị na usoro G2 na M Abụọ n'ime protein ndị a dị mkpa bụ kinase Wee1 na Cdc25.
Wee1 kinase bụ isi enzyme nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka breeki na usoro G2. Isi ọrụ ya bụ phosphorylation na mgbochi nke Cdc2 kinase na-esote. N'ụzọ dị otú a, Wee1 na-ebelata ọganihu nke cell cell, na-ekwe ka nrụzi nke DNA mebiri ma ọ bụ ziri ezi mgbakọ nke microtubules nke mitotic spindle tupu cell abanye na M na-arụ ọrụ nke Wee1 nwere njikọ chiri anya na nchọpụta nke Nbibi DNA na ọnụnọ nke chromosomes anaghị ejikọta ya na mkpịsị mitotic.
N'aka nke ọzọ, Cdc25 kinase na-emezu ọrụ megidere nke Wee1. Ozugbo e meziri mmebi DNA na chromosomes kwadoro nke ọma na usoro G2, ọrụ nke Cdc25 kinase na-akpalite ka ọ rụọ ọrụ Cdc2 kinase. Nkwalite a na-enye ohere ntinye nke ọma nke cell n'ime oge M na mmalite nke mitosis. Cdc25 kinase na-ahụ maka dephosphorylating na ịgbalite Cdc2, nke na-eduga na nguzobe nke mgbagwoju B-Cdc2 cyclin, dị mkpa maka ịga n'ihu site na oge M na mmepe ziri ezi nke spindle mitotic.
Ọrụ nke protein na-achịkwa na ọrịa kansa na ọrịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
Ndị na-edozi protein na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe na ọganihu nke ọrịa cancer na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ntụgharị na-achịkwa ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa kpọmkwem, nke n'aka nke ya na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọrụ cellular na homeostasis nke organism. Site na usoro dị iche iche, protein ndị na-achịkwa nwere ike imetụta mgbasawanye cell, ọdịiche, apoptosis, na nrụzi DNA, n'etiti usoro ndị ọzọ.
N'ihe banyere ọrịa kansa, egosila na arụrụ ọrụ nke protein na-achịkwa nwere ike inye aka n'ịkpụpụta etuto na iguzogide ọgwụgwọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmụgharị na protein ndị na-achịkwa p53 na BRCA1/2 ejikọtawo na ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke ịmepụta ụfọdụ ụdị ọrịa cancer, dị ka ọrịa ara ara na ọrịa ovarian. Mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe ọrụ nkịtị nke protein, na-ebute mmụkọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ mebiri emebi yana ohere dị ukwuu nke ịmalite ụbụrụ ọjọọ.
Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ha na kansa, protein ndị na-achịkwa na-arụkwa ọrụ dị oke egwu na mmepe nke ọrịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbanwe ndị dị na protein ndị na-achịkwa dị ka dystrophin na huntingtin na-ejikọta ya na ọrịa ndị dị ka muscular dystrophy na ọrịa Huntington, n'otu n'otu, mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike imetụta nhazi ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke ndị na-edozi ahụ, na-eduga na nkwụsị nke cellular na mmepe nke njirimara njirimara. ọrịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a.
Mkpa nke njirimara na ọmụmụ nke protein ọhụrụ na-achịkwa nke usoro cell
El ciclo ekwentị mkpanaaka bụ usoro isi maka uto na nkewa nke sel, na iwu ya dị oke mkpa maka ịkwado iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke genomic na mmepe ziri ezi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Nchọpụta na ọmụmụ nke protein n'usoro usoro okirikiri cell ọhụrụ na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ịghọta usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nke na-etinye aka na usoro a na-achịkọta nke ukwuu.
1. Nchọpụta nke ebumnuche ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ: Nchọpụta nke protein ndị na-ahụ maka usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ọhụrụ nwere ike inye ohere maka ịmepụta usoro ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ dị irè ma dị irè maka ọgwụgwọ ọrịa ndị metụtara mgbasawanye cell na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, dị ka ọrịa cancer. Protein ndị a nwere ike bụrụ ebumnuche ọgwụgwọ nke na-enye ohere igbochi nkewa sel na-adịghị mma.
2. Ọganihu na nghọta nke usoro nkewa cell: Ọmụmụ nke protein ọhụrụ na-ekere òkè na nhazi nke usoro cell na-eme ka anyị ghọtakwuo usoro ihe omimi nke na-etinye aka na nkewa cell na njikwa ya. Nke a na-enyere anyị aka ịmata ụzọ ọhụrụ na isi ihe ndị ga-emetụta mmepe ziri ezi na ịrụ ọrụ nke anụ ahụ na akụkụ ahụ, yana mgbochi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ọrịa mmebi.
Ajụjụ na Azịza
Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ protein na-achịkwa okirikiri cell?
Azịza: Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-achịkwa okirikiri cell bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe na-ahụ maka ịhazi na ịhazi ihe dị iche iche. etapas del ciclo celular.
Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ protein ndị bụ isi na-etinye aka na njikwa okirikiri cell?
Azịza: Ndị na-edozi isi na-etinye aka na njikwa okirikiri cell bụ cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), yana protein ndị na-egbochi ihe na protein ndị na-egbochi tumor.
Ajụjụ: Kedu ka cyclins na cyclin-based kinases si arụ ọrụ na okirikiri cell?
Azịza: Cyclins na-ejikọta na kinases na-adabere na cyclin na-emepụta ogige cyclin-CDK.
Ajụjụ: Kedu ọrụ protein inhibitory na-arụ na okirikiri cell?
Azịza: Ndị na-edozi ihe mgbochi na-eme ihe site na igbochi ọrụ nke cyclins na cyclin-based kinases, si otú ahụ na-achịkwa ọganihu cell cell na igbochi nkewa cell na-achọghị.
Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ ọrụ nke protein ndị na-egbochi tumor na okirikiri cell?
Azịza: Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-egbochi Tumor bụ ọrụ maka idobe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke genome na ịkwụsị okirikiri cell ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara mmebi DNA. Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-enyere aka igbochi ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ kansa.
Ajụjụ: Gịnị na-eme mgbe protein ndị na-achịkwa okirikiri cell anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma?
Azịza: Mgbe protein ndị na-achịkwa okirikiri sel anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, mgbanwe na nhazi nke okirikiri cell nwere ike ime, nke nwere ike ibute nsogbu dịka mmepe nke etuto ma ọ bụ mmụba cell na-achịkwaghị achịkwa.
Ajụjụ: Enwere ọrịa ndị metụtara arụghị ọrụ na protein okirikiri cell?
Azịza: Ee, enwere ọrịa ndị metụtara dysfunctions na protein okirikiri cell, dị ka ọrịa kansa, nke mmụgharị na-eme na protein ndị na-egbochi tumor nke na-ekwe ka mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọjọọ na-achịkwaghị achịkwa.
Ajụjụ: Kedu nyocha a na-eme na protein ndị na-achịkwa okirikiri cell?
Azịza: Ugbu a, a na-eme ọtụtụ nyocha na protein ndị na-achịkwa okirikiri cell, na ebumnuche nke ịghọta ọrụ ha nke ọma na ịchọta ebumnuche ọgwụgwọ enwere ike maka ọgwụgwọ ọrịa ndị metụtara nhazi usoro okirikiri cell, dịka ọrịa kansa.
Isi Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa
N'ikpeazụ, protein ndị na-achịkwa okirikiri sel dị mkpa iji chịkwaa ma hụ na mmepe kwesịrị ekwesị na ịrụ ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Mmekọrịta ya nke ọma na nkenke n'ime mmekọrịta nke usoro cellular dị iche iche na-enye ohere ka edobe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, gbochie mmụba na-achịkwaghị achịkwa ma na-ekwe nkwa nguzozi ziri ezi na ahụ. Site na ọrụ ha, protein ndị a na-ekwe nkwa ngbanwe, ndegharị, nrụzi na nkewa nke ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na nke a na-ahazi nke ukwuu. Usoro ya gbagwojuru anya na netwọkụ akara bụ ngalaba mmụta na-adọrọ mmasị, nke a ka ga-achọpụta na ịghọta ya. Obi abụọ adịghị ya, protein ndị a bụ isi ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke igwe cellular, na ọmụmụ ihe ha na-aga n'ihu na-enye anyị ohere ịgbasa ihe ọmụma anyị banyere usoro ndị bụ isi na-akwado ndụ.
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