Phospholipids bụ akụkụ bụ isi na-arụ ọrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ sel, na nhazi ohere ha na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọrụ na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke sel. N'isiokwu a, anyị na-enyocha otú e si ahazi phospholipids na cell membrane, na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe dị iche iche na ike anụ ahụ na-emetụta nhazi ha. Site na usoro teknụzụ na nnọpụiche, anyị ga-abanye n'ime usoro na usoro ndị na-ekpebi ihe owuwu nke lipid bilayer, na-enye nghọta zuru oke banyere otu esi ahazi ma na-ahazi membrane cell.
Ọdịdị nke phospholipids na cell akpụkpọ ahụ
Phospholipids bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell, na-akpụ usoro bimolecular nke na-enye nkwado na njikwa cell. Lipids ndị a nwere kemịkalụ pụrụ iche nke na-eme ka ha dị iche na ụdị lipids ndị ọzọ dị na cell.
Ihe nhazi nke phospholipid nwere isi polar na ọdụ hydrocarbon abụọ. Isi polar nwere otu phosphate na-ejikọta na otu glycerol, ebe ọdụ hydrocarbon na-etolite site na fatty acids ma ọ bụ lipids amphipathic. Nhazi a na-enye njirimara dị mkpa nke phospholipids: ha bụ amphipathic, nke pụtara na ha nwere mpaghara pola na mpaghara na-abụghị polar.
N'ime akpụkpọ ahụ cell, a na-ahazi phospholipids ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-emepụta lipid. Ndị isi pola na-eche ihu n'èzí nke bilayer, na-emekọrịta ihe na extracellular na intracellular aqueous media. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụyọkọ ọdụ ọdụ hydrocarbon dị n'etiti bilayer, na-eme mpaghara hydrophobic nke na-apụghị imeri mkpụrụ ndụ na ion na-agbaze mmiri.
Njirimara physicochemical nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell
Phospholipids bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke membranes cell, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nhazi na ọrụ ha. Mkpụrụ ndụ amphiphilic ndị a, ya bụ, nwere hydrophilic na akụkụ hydrophobic, na-ahụ maka nhazi nke lipid bilayer nke gbara gburugburu ma na-echebe cell.
N'okpuru bụ ụfọdụ njirimara physicochemical ama ama nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ sel:
- Amphipathy: Phospholipids nwere isi pola nke na-emekọrịta ihe na gburugburu ebe mmiri na-emekọrịta ihe na ọdụ hydrophobic abụọ na-adabere n'ime ime nke lipid bilayer.
- Enwere ike ime nhọrọ: Usoro nhazi nke phospholipids n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ na-enye ohere ịchịkwa ntụgharị nke ihe site na usoro njem na ọwa ụfọdụ.
- Ịsụ asụsụ nke ọma: Phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell na-egosipụta mmegharị n'akụkụ na ntụgharị, nke na-enye aka na mgbanwe ya na ngbanwe ya.
Na mgbakwunye, phospholipids na-ekerekwa òkè na usoro njirimara cellular, nkewa protein na nkwụsi ike nhazi. Ngwakọta kemịkalụ ya na nhazi oghere dị oke mkpa iji kwado iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na arụ ọrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara kemịkalụ anụ ahụ nke phospholipids dị mkpa iji ghọta nke ọma usoro ndu nke na-eme na gburugburu membranous nke sel.
Nyocha nke nghazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell
Phospholipids bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mkpa na nhazi nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a nwere isi pola na ọdụ hydrophobic abụọ nke na-ekpebi nghazi ha na bilayer lipid. Nyocha nke nghazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike inye ozi bara uru gbasara nhazi na ọrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell.
A na-eji usoro dị iche iche iji nyochaa nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ, n'ime nke a pụtara:
- Mgbasa Neutron: Usoro a na-eji mgbasa neutron iji chọpụta ọnọdụ phospholipids. Ọdịiche dị na mgbasa nke neutrons site na isi polar na ọdụ hydrophobic na-enye ohere ka a chọpụta nhazi ha.
- Infrared spectroscopy: N'iji usoro a, a na-enyocha ịma jijiji nke njikọ kemịkalụ na phospholipids iji chọpụta ụzọ ha si. Omume ịma jijiji na-adịgasị iche dabere na nghazi nke otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ na akpụkpọ ahụ.
- Mikroskopy ike atomic: Usoro a na-enye ohere ka a nyochaa ọdịdị elu na nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ. Nchọpụta ike atomic na-edekọ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọnụ microscope na elu akpụkpọ ahụ, na-ekpughe nkọwa gbasara nghazi nke phospholipids.
Ọ dị mkpa maka ịghọta ka esi hazie ma mekọrịta ihe mejupụtara akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-enye ozi bara uru iji ghọta ọrụ nke protein membrane, njem na usoro mgbaàmà na cell. Ọzọkwa, ịmara nghazi nke phospholipids nwere ike ịdị oke mkpa maka imepụta na mmepe nke ọgwụ na-elekwasị anya na akpụkpọ ahụ.
Mkpa nke fluidity na nhazi nke membrane phospholipids
Mmiri nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell bụ akụkụ dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Ngwongwo a na-enye ohere ka mkpụrụ ndụ lipid kwaga n'akụkụ, na-eme ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti akụkụ akpụkpọ ahụ dị iche iche na ikwe ka mgbanwe ha na ihe mkpali gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche.
Nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ na-emetụtakwa ọrụ nke protein protein. Mmiri zuru oke na-eme ka mmekọrịta dị mma n'etiti protein na lipids, na-enye ohere nhazi na ọrụ ha ziri ezi. Ọzọkwa, nhazi mmiri na-enyekwa aka na ikike akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike ịmekọrịta na ịmepụta ihe dịka vesicles na ducts, nke dị mkpa maka njem intracellular na nkwurịta okwu cellular.
Mmiri nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ na-emetụta ihe dị iche iche, dị ka okpomọkụ, ihe mejupụtara lipid, na ọnụnọ nke cholesterol. Na okpomọkụ dị ala, phospholipids na-agbakọta ọnụ karịa, na-ebelata mmiri mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, na okpomọkụ dị elu, phospholipids na-agbasa na akpụkpọ ahụ na-aghọwanye mmiri. Ọnụnọ nke cholesterol na-achịkwa mmiri mmiri nke akpụkpọ ahụ site na iso phospholipids na-emekọrịta ihe, na-enyere aka ịnọgide na-enwe nhazi mmiri ọbụna na obere okpomọkụ.
Ihe ndị na-emetụta nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell
Nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ sel na-emetụta ihe dị iche iche nke na-ekpebi nhazi na ọrụ nke ihe mgbochi a nke ọkara-permeable. Ihe ndị a gụnyere ihe mejupụtara lipid, mmiri mmiri bilayer lipid, na ọnụnọ nke protein dị n'ime.
1. Ngwakọta lipid: Phospholipids bụ ihe ndị bụ isi na-arụ ọrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti amphipathic phospholipids (nke nwere isi polar na ọdụ hydrophobic) na-ekpebi mmiri na ike siri ike nke akpụkpọ ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nnukwu ọdịnaya nke phosphatidylcholine, ụdị phospholipid, na-eme ka mmiri dị na akpụkpọ ahụ dịkwuo elu, ebe nnukwu ọdịnaya nke sphingolipids na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe siri ike.
2. Mmiri nke lipid bilayer: Mmiri mmiri nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ ya. Ihe onwunwe a na-emetụta okpomọkụ na ọnụnọ nke cholesterol. N'oge okpomọkụ dị ala, phospholipids na-agbakọta nke ọma, na-ebelata mmiri mmiri nke akpụkpọ ahụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, cholesterol na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nhazi ihe nhazi, na-egbochi phospholipids ịbịaru ibe ya nso ma na-ebelata isi ike nke akpụkpọ ahụ.
3. Ọnụnọ nke protein niile: Protein membrane bụ ihe dị mkpa na-emetụta nhazi nke phospholipids. Protein ndị a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ọwa, ndị na-ebuga ma ọ bụ ndị na-anabata ya, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nzikọrịta ozi na ibuga ụmụ irighiri ihe n'ofe akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọnụnọ na nkesa nke protein ndị a na akpụkpọ ahụ cell na-emetụta nhazi nke phospholipids na nhazi nke bilayer lipid.
Ọrụ na ọrụ nke phospholipids na cell membranes
Phospholipids na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche ma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nhazi na ọrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ. N'okpuru bụ ụfọdụ n'ime isi ọrụ na ọrụ nke lipids ndị a na-arụ na akpụkpọ ahụ cell:
1. Akụkụ ihe nhazi: Phospholipids bụ isi ihe nhazi nke lipid bilayer nke cell membrane. Ha na-etolite ihe mgbochi nke na-ekewapụ usoro intracellular na ọkara nke extracellular. Isi polar ya na nhazi ọdụ ọdụ ya na-enye ohere ka akwa bilaminar kwụsiri ike ma na-agbanwe agbanwe.
2. Usoro mmiri mmiri na permeability: Phospholipids na-ahụ maka ịhazi mmiri nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Mmiri mmiri dị oke mkpa iji kwe ka mmegharị nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na protein site na ya. Na mgbakwunye, phospholipids na-ekpebikwa permeability nke akpụkpọ ahụ, na-achịkwa ngafe nke ihe ndị sitere na ya.
3. Mmekọrịta na protein na lipids: Phospholipids na-ejikọta protein na lipids ndị ọzọ n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Mmekọrịta ndị a bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ịmepụta ogige protein na akụkụ supramolecular, dị ka lipid rafts. Na mgbakwunye, phospholipids nwekwara ike rụọ ọrụ dị ka arịlịka maka enzymes na protein na-egosi, si otú a na-ekere òkè na usoro cellular dị iche iche.
N'ikpeazụ, phospholipids na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọrụ dị na akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Ikike ha ịmepụta usoro kwụsiri ike na nke na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-achịkwa mmiri na ike nke akpụkpọ ahụ, na-ekere òkè na mmekọrịta ya na protein na lipids ndị ọzọ, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ihe dị mkpa nke ụmụ irighiri ihe maka mmezi nke homeostasis cellular na ịrụ ọrụ ziri ezi nke sel.
Mmetụta nke nzukọ phospholipid na mbelata nke sel sel
Phospholipids, ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mkpa maka nhazi na ọrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ sel, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ikike ya. Nhazi oghere ya na lipid bilayer na-emepụta ihe mgbochi nke na-achịkwa ngafe nke ihe na-abanye na cell.
A na-eji nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ sel na-emepụta site na nhazi nke lipid bilayer, nke isi hydrophilic na-ejikọta na mmiri mmiri na ọdụ hydrophobic na-adabere n'ime ime nke bilayer. Nhazi a na-enye nkwụsi ike ma gbochie mgbasa nke lipids na mmiri.
Usoro na mbukota nke phospholipids n'ime bilayer lipid na-emetụta nhịahụ akpụkpọ ahụ ozugbo. Mgbe phospholipids na-ahazi kọmpat, ikike ịdị na-ebelata, na-eme ka o siere ụmụ irighiri ihe ike ịgafe na akpụkpọ ahụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, mgbe phospholipids na-enwekwu mmiri ma na-enwe nsogbu, permeability na-abawanye, na-ekwe ka mgbanwe nke ihe dị mma karị.
Mkpa nke nhazi phospholipid na akara cell
Ọ dabere na ọrụ ya bụ isi n'ịmepụta membranes cell na nhazi nke ụzọ mgbaàmà intracellular dị iche iche. Phospholipids bụ mkpụrụ ndụ egbugbere ọnụ nke na-etolite bilayer lipid nke na-emikpu ọtụtụ protein nnabata na enzymes isi maka nzikọrịta ozi na ntụgharị mgbaàmà na cell.
Nhazi nke phospholipids nyere iwu na lipid bilayer dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ ziri ezi nke protein akpụkpọ anụ na nnyefe mgbaàmà dị mma. A na-ekesa phospholipids asymmetrically na akpụkpọ ahụ, yana ntinye dị elu nke phosphatidylcholine dị n'elu oyi akwa na ntinye dị elu nke phosphatidylethanolamine na phosphatidylserine n'ime oyi akwa. Nke a lipid asymmetry dị oke mkpa na mpaghara oghere nke protein na-egosi ma na-enye ohere nzaghachi kpọmkwem na mkpali mpụga.
Ọzọkwa, ekwesịrị ịmara na phospholipids nwekwara ikike ịhazi nhazi na ọrụ nke ụfọdụ protein membrane. Ọnụnọ nke phosphatidylinositol na akpụkpọ ahụ sel dị mkpa maka ịmepụta ụlọ pụrụ iche nke a maara dị ka lipid microdomains, ma ọ bụ lipid rafts, ebe a na-achịkọta protein ndị na-etinye aka na akara cell. Ndị a lipid rafts na-eme ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti protein na lipids, na-enye ohere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma na akara cell kpọmkwem.
Ọrụ nke protein na nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell
Protein na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Akpụkpọ ahụ cell bụ ihe dị mkpa nke gbara sel niile gburugburu ma na-achịkwa ụzọ ihe dị n'ime na pụta. Phospholipids bụ isi ihe mejupụtara akpụkpọ ahụ ma hazie ya ka ọ bụrụ bilayer lipid nke ọtụtụ ụmụ irighiri ihe na-apụghị imeri.
Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị na-edozi ahụ na nhazi nke phospholipids bụ nhazi nke ọwa njem. Protein ndị a, nke a maara dị ka ọwa ion, na-enye ohere ịhọrọ ion n'ofe akpụkpọ ahụ. A na-etolite ọwa ion site n'usoro amino acid dị iche iche nke na-enye nhazi akụkụ atọ nwere ike ijikọ na ibuga ion site na bilayer lipid.
Ọrụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke protein na nhazi nke phospholipids bụ ọrụ njem ha maka ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ protein ndị na-ebuga na-ejikọta kpọmkwem na ụfọdụ ụmụ irighiri ihe na-ebufe ha gafee akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Protein ndị a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ ntinye na ụzọ ọpụpụ maka ihe ndị dị mkpa na cell. Na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ protein membrane nwekwara ike rụọ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-anabata mgbaàmà, na-enye ohere nkwurịta okwu n'etiti sel na ịkpalite nzaghachi ndu.
Dynamics nke phospholipids na cell akpụkpọ ahụ
Ọ bụ usoro dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Phospholipids, nke bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe nke otu phosphate kpụrụ, glycerol na ụdọ acid abuba abuba, bụ isi ihe na-eme n'ọkpụkpụ lipid bilayer nke akpụkpọ ahụ.
Otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke ike a bụ mmiri mmiri nke akpụkpọ ahụ. Phospholipids nwere ikike ịkwaga n'akụkụ na bilayer, na-ekwe ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti protein dị iche iche na lipids, yana ịmepụta microdomains nke a na-akpọ lipid rafts. Raft lipid ndị a bụ mpaghara akpụkpọ ahụ nke emejuputara na ụfọdụ lipids na protein, ma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nhazi na ọrụ ya.
Akụkụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke phospholipid dynamics bụ ikike ha nwere ịgbanwe na nzaghachi na mkpali mpụga. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ lipids nwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị ma ọ bụ kwaga na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke akpụkpọ ahụ na nzaghachi nke mgbanwe anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ, ma ọ bụ nke ndu na gburugburu cellular. Ikike ngbanwe a na-enye ohere ka mkpụrụ ndụ zaghachi ngwa ngwa na nke ọma maka mkpali dị ka okpomọkụ, ọnụnọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe mgbaàmà ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta ya na sel ndị ọzọ.
Mmekọrịta intermolecular na-emetụta nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell
Mmekọrịta intermolecular na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Mmekọrịta ndị a dị mkpa iji nọgide na-enwe nhazi na arụ ọrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ, yana ịhazi usoro ndị na-eme n'ime cell. N'okpuru bụ ụfọdụ mmekọrịta kacha mkpa na-emetụta nzukọ a:
- Njikọ hydrogen: Phospholipids dị na lipid bilayer nwere ike ime njikọ hydrogen na ụmụ irighiri phospholipid ndị ọzọ dị nso. Njikọ hydrogen ndị a na-enyere aka ịnọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike nke akpụkpọ ahụ ma na-achịkwa permeability ya.
- Mmekọrịta hydrophobic: N'ihi na phospholipids nwere akụkụ pola na akụkụ na-abụghị polar, mmekọrịta hydrophobic na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nhazi ha na akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Akụkụ ndị na-abụghị polar nke phospholipids na-agbakọta ọnụ, nke na-enye aka n'ịmepụta bilayer lipid.
- Mmekọrịta electrostatic: Ụgwọ eletrik nke phospholipids na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ dị nso nwere ike imekọrịta ihe n'ụzọ electrostatically, na-emetụta nhazi akpụkpọ ahụ. Mmekọrịta ndị a nwere ike imetụta nkesa nke lipids kpọmkwem na bilayer lipid.
Na nchịkọta, mmekọrịta nke intermolecular, dị ka hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic mmekọrịta, na electrostatic mmekọrịta, dị oké mkpa maka nhazi na nkwụsi ike nke phospholipids na cell akpụkpọ ahụ. Ịghọta mmekọrịta ndị a dị oke mkpa iji ghọta ọrụ akpụkpọ ahụ cell na ike.
Usoro ọmụmụ iji nyochaa nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell
Enwere usoro dị iche iche na-enye anyị ohere inyocha nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell, nke na-enye anyị ozi bụ isi banyere nhazi na ọrụ nke akụkụ a dị mkpa nke sel. A kọwara ụfọdụ n'ime usoro ọmụmụ ndị a n'okpuru:
1. Microscope nke fluorescence: Usoro a na-eji fluorochromes a kapịrị ọnụ nke na-ejikọta na phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Site n'iji nzacha kwesịrị ekwesị, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti phospholipids na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ dị na akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike ịhụ ma hụ ya anya. Enwere ike nyochaa nkesa na mmegharị nke phospholipids, nke na-enye anyị ozi gbasara nzukọ ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ.
2. Ntụlepụta Igwe Igwe Igwe Ọdụdọ Nuklia (NMR): Usoro a gbadoro ụkwụ na nchọta mgbama resonance magnetik nke atom phosphorus dị na phospholipids na-emepụta. Ọ na-enye ohere ịchọpụta nhazi na ike nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell, yana mmekọrịta ha na protein na lipids ndị ọzọ dị na akpụkpọ ahụ.
3. Nyocha nke diffraction X-ray: A na-eji usoro a chọpụta nhazi akụkụ atọ nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell. A na-enweta usoro mgbasa ozi X-ray site na kristal kpụrụ site na phospholipids na site n'ịtụle usoro ndị a, enwere ike ịchọta ebe dị anya na akụkụ n'etiti akụkụ dị iche iche nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell.
Ọrụ nke cholesterol na nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ sel
Cholesterol na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikọta ya na ọrịa obi na-arịa ọrịa obi, cholesterol dị mkpa maka ikwado iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na ịrụ ọrụ nke membranes cell. Na akpụkpọ ahụ, phospholipids na-etolite lipid bilayer nke na-achịkwa ngafe nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na nkwurịta okwu n'etiti sel. Cholesterol na-arụ ọrụ dị ka modulator nke fluidity na nhazi nke bilayer a, na-enwe ike ịgbanwe permeability na ịgbanwe ihe ndị dị mkpa anụ ahụ.
Otu n'ime ọrụ bụ isi nke kọlestrọl bụ ịhazigharị mmiri nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Dabere na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, kọlestrọl nwere ike inye aka belata mmịpụta nke bilayer lipid ma ọ bụ mụbaa ya. Ikike a iji gbanwee mmiri mmiri dị oke mkpa iji nọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike na nkwụsi ike nke akpụkpọ ahụ, na-enye ohere nhazi nke ọma maka protein membranes na ọrụ ya.
Ọrụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke cholesterol bụ isonye na nhazi microdomains nke a na-akpọ lipid rafts. Ndị a bụ mpaghara pụrụ iche nke akpụkpọ ahụ na-ekekọta lipids na protein, na-eme ka akara cell na nzukọ nnabata. A na-ahụ cholesterol n'ọtụtụ dị elu na rafts ndị a, nke na-enyere aka ịhazi mmekọrịta protein-lipid ma na-enye aka na nkewa arụ ọrụ nke membranes cell.
Ajụjụ na Azịza
Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ phospholipids na gịnị bụ ọrụ ha na akpụkpọ ahụ cell?
Azịza: Phospholipids bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe mejupụtara isi pola na ọdụ ọdụdụ acid abụọ mejupụtara. Isi ọrụ ya na akpụkpọ ahụ sel bụ imepụta bilayer lipid nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi nhọrọ, na-achịkwa ngafe nke ihe na-abanye na cell.
Ajụjụ: Kedu ka esi ahazi phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell?
Azịza: A na-ahazi phospholipids n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ cell na-emepụta bilayer lipid, ebe ndị isi polar dị na mpụga na n'ime akụkụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ, ebe ọdụdụ acid fatty na-eche ibe ha ihu na isi hydrophobic.
Ajụjụ: Kedu ihe na-emetụta nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell?
Azịza: Okpomọkụ, ihe mejupụtara lipid, na ọnụnọ nke protein membrane bụ isi ihe na-emetụta nhazi phospholipid. Mgbanwe na okpomọkụ nwere ike imetụta mmiri mmiri nke akpụkpọ ahụ, ebe nchịkọta lipid na protein akpụkpọ anụ nwere ike gbanwee nkesa na nhazi nke phospholipids.
Ajụjụ: Kedu ka mmiri mmiri si emetụta nhazi nke phospholipids?
Azịza: Mmiri mmiri nke membrane na-adabere na okpomọkụ na ihe mejupụtara lipid. N'oge okpomọkụ dị ala, phospholipids na-agbakọ ọnụ, na-abawanye nkwụsi ike nke akpụkpọ ahụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, na okpomọkụ dị elu, phospholipids kewapụrụ na akpụkpọ ahụ na-aghọwanye mmiri.
Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ mkpa nke nhazi nke phospholipids na cell akpụkpọ ahụ?
Azịza: Nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. Ọ na-enye ohere ka e guzobe nkebi n'ime cell, na-eme ka mmekọrịta na extracellular ụmụ irighiri ihe na-achịkwa ọrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ protein. Ọzọkwa, nhazi kwesịrị ekwesị nke phospholipids na-emetụta mwepu na ibufe ihe n'ofe akpụkpọ ahụ.
Mmechi
N'ikpeazụ, nyocha zuru ezu banyere otu esi ahazi phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell na-ekpughe mgbagwoju anya na ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke akụkụ a bụ isi nke sel niile. Nhazi na nhazi nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell na-ekpebi ikike ha nwere ịmepụta ihe mgbochi nhọrọ, na-enye ohere ntinye nke ihe ndị dị mkpa na mwepụ nke ndị ọzọ. Nkesa asymmetric nke phospholipids na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na nrịbama cell na nguzobe nke microdomains na-arụ ọrụ. Ọganihu n'ọhụụ na teknụzụ nyocha emela ka nghọta ka ukwuu nke nhazi molekul na ike siri ike nke phospholipids na akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Ihe ọmụma a na-eme ka anyị bịarukwuo usoro ọgwụgwọ na-emepe emepe dabere na nhazi nke nhazi lipid iji dozie ọtụtụ ọrịa na usoro pathological. Ka nyocha na-aga n'ihu, enwere ike inwe ọganihu ọhụrụ nke na-agbasawanye nghọta anyị banyere otu esi ahazi phospholipids na cell membrane na mkpa ha na ahụike na ọrịa.
Abụ m Sebastián Vidal, onye injinia kọmpụta nwere mmasị na teknụzụ na DIY. Ọzọkwa, abụ m onye okike tecnobits.com, ebe m na-ekerịta nkuzi iji mee ka nkà na ụzụ nwetakwuo ohere na nghọta maka onye ọ bụla.