Usoro nke usoro cell na protein njikwa ha

N'ihe gbasara ihe ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ, okirikiri mkpụrụ ndụ bụ usoro a na-ahazi nke ukwuu nke nwere usoro dị iche iche. Usoro ndị a, nke a maara dị ka usoro nke okirikiri cell, ihe netwọk dị mgbagwoju anya nke protein na-achịkwa ya. Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-achịkwa na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọganihu ziri ezi site na okirikiri sel, na-ekwe nkwa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmụgharị nke mkpụrụ ndụ dị irè. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-enyocha n'ụzọ zuru ezu usoro dị iche iche nke okirikiri cell na protein ndị bụ isi na-etinye aka na nhazi ya.

Okwu mmalite nke okirikiri cell

Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ekewa na ịmụpụta. A na-ahazi okirikiri a site n'usoro ihe omume na usoro ziri ezi nke na-eme ka ngbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ikesa chromosomes n'ụzọ ziri ezi na sel ụmụ nwanyị.

Nke mbụ, ọ dị mkpa ịkọwapụta na okirikiri cell Ọ nwere usoro dị iche iche, nke ọ bụla nwere njirimara na ọrụ akọwapụtara. Usoro ndị a gụnyere interphase, akụkụ G1, akụkụ S, akụkụ G2, na akụkụ mitosis. N'oge interphase, mkpụrụ ndụ na-akwado maka mbịgharị DNA ha ma na-eto n'ozuzu.

N'ime oge ‌G1, mkpụrụ ndụ na-enwekwu uto na usoro metabolic dị iche iche na-enye ha ohere ịkwado maka mmegharị DNA. Na-esote, n'ime oge S, DNA mbiputegharị na-ewere ọnọdụ, na-ebute mbipụta abụọ yiri nke chromosome ọ bụla. Nke a na-esote usoro G2, bụ ebe cell na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto ma na-akwado ịbanye na oge mitosis, ebe a ga-ekesa chromosomes oyiri nke ọma n'ime sel nwa nwanyị.

Nkọwa na njirimara nke okirikiri cell

okirikiri ekwentị mkpanaaka bụ usoro isi na ndụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ, nke mejupụtara ọkwa dị iche iche na ihe omume. N'oge okirikiri a, cell ahụ na-enweta mgbanwe dị iche iche na nkewa dị mkpa maka uto na mmeputakwa ya. A kọwapụtara isi njirimara okirikiri a n'okpuru:

• Usoro nke usoro: E kewara okirikiri cell ahụ ụzọ abụọ bụ isi: interphase na akụkụ mitotic. Interphase, nke mejupụtara ọtụtụ n'ime okirikiri, na-ekewa n'ime usoro atọ: G1, S, na G2 N'oge interphase, cell na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche nke metabolic na-akwado maka nkewa. Mgbe ahụ na-esote usoro mitotic, ebe nkewa cell n'onwe ya na-apụta.
• Njikwa na iwu: Usoro okirikiri cell na-edobe njikwa na nhazi siri ike iji hụ na cell na-ekewa nke ọma na na-enweghị mmejọ. Usoro a A na-ahazi ya site na usoro protein ndị a na-akpọ cyclins na cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), bụ ndị na-eme dị ka mgbanwe iji kwalite ma ọ bụ kwụsị usoro ahụ n'oge ọ bụla. Na mgbakwunye, isi ihe nchịkwa dị oke mkpa dị na-egosi na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na ịdị mma nke usoro a tupu ịga n'ihu na ọkwa na-esote.
• Mkpa ndu: Usoro cell dị mkpa maka uto na nrụzi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ọ na-enye ohere mmepe na nrụzi nke anụ ahụ, yana mmeputakwa site na nkewa sel. Ọzọkwa, usoro ziri ezi nke okirikiri a dị mkpa iji gbochie ọrịa ndị dị ka ọrịa kansa, nke mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị agbaso njikwa zuru oke ma kewaa n'ụzọ a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa.

Na nchịkọta, okirikiri sel bụ usoro dị mgbagwoju anya ma jiri nlezianya na-achịkwa nke na-enye ohere maka uto na mmepe nke mkpụrụ ndụ, yana mmepụta ha. Usoro usoro nke usoro ya, njikwa na nhazi ya, na mkpa ndu ya na-eme ka ọ bụrụ isiokwu dị oke mkpa na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ihe ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ndụ.

Usoro nke okirikiri cell na mkpa ndu ha

okirikiri cell bụ usoro dị mkpa maka itolite na mmeputakwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. E kewara ya n'ụdị dị iche iche nke na-ahụ maka nbigharị na nkesa ziri ezi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Usoro ndị a bụ:

• Agba G1 (Ọpụpụ 1): N'ime oge a, cell na-akwado maka mbịgharị DNA ya ma na-abawanye nha ya. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ metabolic ma na-emepụta protein dị mkpa maka oge ọzọ.
• Usoro S (Synthesis): N'ime usoro a, a na-ekegharị DNA. chromosome nke ọ bụla nwere ezigbo nnomi nke izizi nke centromere jikọtara. Nwanne chromatids na-etolite, nke ga-emecha kewapụ n'oge nkewa sel.
• Agba G2 (Ọpụpụ 2): N'ime oge a, cell na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto ma na-eme nkwadebe ikpeazụ tupu nkewa sel. A na-ahazi protein ndị agbakwunyere, a na-enyochakwa DNA ka ọ bụrụ nke oyiri kpamkpam na enweghị njehie.

Ihe dị mkpa nke usoro ndụ nke cell cell na-adabere n'eziokwu na ọ na-enye ohere na-eto eto na mmepe nke multicellular ntule, nakwa dị ka nrụzi nke mebiri emebi anụ ahụ na mmeputakwa. Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-ekwe nkwa nketa ziri ezi nke ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site n'otu ọgbọ gaa n'ọzọ. Enweghị njikwa zuru oke nke usoro nke okirikiri cell, mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike ibute mmepe nke ọrịa dịka ọrịa kansa.

Na nchịkọta, usoro nke ⁢ cell okirikiri bụ Ihe dị mkpa iji jikwaa nguzozi na ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma nke usoro ndu. Usoro nke ọ bụla na-emezu otu ọrụ na nhazi ya ziri ezi na-ekwe nkwa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na nkwụsi ike nke genome. Ịghọta na ịmụ usoro ndị a dị mkpa iji ghọta ihe ndabere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ndụ na ịzụlite usoro ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji gwọọ ọrịa ndị metụtara nkewa cell na-achịkwaghị achịkwa.

Usoro G1: Nkwadebe maka mmụgharị DNA

Oge G1, nke a makwaara dị ka usoro nkwadebe maka mmegharị DNA, bụ oge dị oke mkpa na cell okirikiri nke cell na-ejikere imepụtaghachi ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya. N'ime oge a, cell na-eto ma na-eme ihe omume dị iche iche nke biochemical iji hụ na mmụgharị DNA na-aga nke ọma.

Nke mbụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ na-enweta ihe a na-akpọ "njikọ RNA onye ozi" na nucleus. Nke a gụnyere idegharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ụfọdụ n'ime DNA n'ụdị molekul ozi RNA (mRNA). MRNA ndị a na-ebu ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị mkpa maka njikọ protein site na nucleus gaa na cytoplasm, ebe usoro njikọ protein na-esote ga-eme.

Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, n'oge usoro G1, DNA mebiri mmezi na ịgbalite enzymes na ihe odide ederede na-ewerekwa ọnọdụ. Nke a na-eme ka DNA dị n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma maka ịmegharị ya na na usoro ndị dị mkpa maka mmegharị ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ma dị njikere ịrụ ọrụ. Ihe omume biochemical ndị a dị mkpa iji hụ na mmụgharị DNA ziri ezi na nke kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi, na-ezere njehie na mmụgharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike imebi sel na akụkụ ahụ dum.

Usoro S: DNA njikọ na chromosome mbiputegharị

N'ime oge S nke okirikiri cell, nke a maara dị ka akụkụ nke njikọ DNA na chromosome mkpirisi, a na-eme usoro dị mkpa maka mmụgharị nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mkpụrụ ndụ. N'ime oge a, a na-emegharị DNA iji hụ na sel nwa nwanyị ọ bụla nwere kpọmkwem ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ketara site na sel nne na nna.

Ngwakọta DNA na mpaghara S na-apụta n'ụzọ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, nke pụtara na eriri DNA ọ bụla na-ekewa ma na-eje ozi dị ka ndebiri maka ịmepụta eriri ọhụrụ na-akwado usoro a na-enweghị enzyme a na-akpọ DNA polymerase, nke nwere ike ijikọ nucleotides na eriri DNA dị ugbu a dịka iwu njikọ njikọ nitrogenous (AT na CG).

N'oge a na-emegharị chromosomes, a na-emepụta ihe a na-akpọ centromere, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbakwasị ụkwụ maka mbipụta abụọ yiri nke chromosome ọ bụla. Nke a na-ekwe nkwa na, na njedebe nke usoro S, etolitela nwanne nwanyị abụọ chromatids, ha abụọ jikọtara ya na centromere. Ihe omume a dị oke mkpa maka nkewa nke ọma nke chromosomes n'oge usoro nke ọzọ nke okirikiri cell, mitosis.

Usoro G2: Nkwadebe maka nkewa cell

Usoro G2 cell okirikiri Ọ bụ ọkwa dị oke mkpa ebe cell na-akwado maka nkewa na-esote. N'ime oge a, a na-eme usoro dị mkpa nke na-eme ka DNA gbanwee nke ọma na chromosomes nọ n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma maka nkewa sel. N'okpuru bụ ụfọdụ isi mmemme na-eme n'oge usoro G2:

• Na-aga n'ihu na njikọ protein: N'ime oge G2, cell na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta protein dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ ya nke ọma. Protein ndị a ga-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na nkewa sel na-esote yana n'ichepụta igwe dị mkpa maka nke a.
• Nyocha DNA: A na-eme nyocha nke ọma nke DNA emegharịgharịrị iji dozie njehie ma ọ bụ mmebi nwere ike ime. ⁢ Ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ihe adịghị mma n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, a na-arụ ọrụ nrụzi nke na-achọ ichekwa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke DNA.
• Nnwapụta nke mkpirisi nke centrosome: N'oge usoro G2, centrosome, ihe nhazi nke na-ahazi microtubules na-etinye aka na nkewa sel, oyiri iji hụ na sel nwa nwanyị ọ bụla na-enweta nnomi ziri ezi na nke na-arụ ọrụ.

Na nchịkọta, usoro G2 bụ oge n'ime okirikiri cell ebe cell na-akwadosi ike maka nkewa sel nke ga-esochi. N'ime oge a, usoro ihe omume dị oke egwu na-eme nke na-eme ka nkewa na nkesa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa kwesịrị ekwesị site na njikọ protein, ngbanwe DNA, na mbiputegharị centrosome, cell na-ahụ na ekpuchiri ntọala niile maka ikewapụ chromosome nke ọma na ihe ịga nke ọma nke na-esote. oge, mitosis.

Usoro M:⁢ Mitosis na nkesa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ziri ezi

Oge M nke sel bụ oge dị oke mkpa n'ime okirikiri cell nke mitosis na-apụta, usoro dị mkpa maka ikesa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ nwa nwanyị. N'ime oge a, cell ahụ na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe omume akwadoro nke ukwuu nke na-ekwe nkwa nhazi nke chromosomes ziri ezi.

Mitosis nwere usoro dị iche iche: prophase, metaphase, anaphase na telophase. N'oge prophase, chromosomes na-agbakọta na spindle mitotic sitere na microtubules. Na metaphase, chromosomes na-adakọ n'ime ụgbọelu equatorial nke cell, mgbe ahụ, n'ime anaphase, nwanne chromatids na-ekewa ma na-adọta ya na ogwe ndị dị n'akụkụ cell site na microtubules nke spindle mitotic. N'ikpeazụ, na telophase, a na-emegharị akpụkpọ ahụ nuklia gburugburu chromosomes nwa nwanyị, cytokinesis na-apụtakwa, nkewa anụ ahụ nke cell n'ime sel ụmụ nwanyị abụọ.

A na-enweta nkesa nha nhata nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'oge mitosis site na usoro nhazi nke ọma nke Mitotic spindle microtubules, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-etinye aka na kinetochores na chromosomes iji hụ na nhazi ha kwesịrị ekwesị na ⁤metaphase. A na-achịkwa nkewa nke nwanne chromatids na anaphase site na nkewa, enzyme nke na-eme ka cohesins na-ejikọta chromatids. nke mitosis. Na nchịkọta, usoro M nke cell bụ usoro a na-achịkwa nke ukwuu nke na-ekwe nkwa nkesa ziri ezi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị, si otú a na-ahụ na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na nkwụsi ike nke genome.

Njikwa nke okirikiri cell na protein na-achịkwa

Usoro cell bụ usoro dị oke mkpa maka ndụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ, ebe ọ na-eme ka mmepụta na uto nke anụ ahụ dị mma. Usoro nke usoro okirikiri a dị mkpa iji zere ịba ụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na mmepe nke ọrịa dịka ọrịa kansa. Iji rụọ ọrụ a, mkpụrụ ndụ nwere usoro nchịkwa ọkaibe nke gụnyere protein dị iche iche na-achịkwa.

Enwere ụdị protein dị iche iche na-etinye aka na njikwa nke okirikiri cell. Otu n'ime protein ndị a na-ahụ maka nlekota na nyochaa ọnọdụ ime na mpụga nke cell tupu ọ nwee ike ịga n'ihu na-esote usoro okirikiri. A maara protein ndị a dị ka ebe nlele okirikiri cell ma nwee ike ịgbalite ma ọ bụ gbochie ọganihu okirikiri cell ka ọ dị mkpa.

Ụfọdụ n'ime protein ndị kachasị mkpa na-achịkwa usoro nhazi cell gụnyere:

• Protein Kinases: Enzymes ndị a na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ịhazi ọrụ nke protein ndị ọzọ site na ịgbakwunye otu phosphate. Ọmụmatụ gụnyere cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs), nke na-achịkwa mgbanwe n'etiti usoro dị iche iche nke okirikiri.
• Ndị na-edozi Cyclin: Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-enwe mgbanwe na ntinye ha n'oge okirikiri cell ma na-ejikọta CDK kinases. Ọnụ, protein cyclin na CDK kinases na-etolite ogige ndị na-eme ka ọga n'ihu nke usoro cell.
• Protein na-egbochi Tumor: Ha na-eme dị ka breeki na okirikiri cell, na-egbochi ọganihu ya mgbe achọpụtara DNA na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma. Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama bụ protein p53 na pRB, bụ ndị na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'igbochibawanye cell na-achịkwaghị achịkwa.

Na nchịkọta, njikwa okirikiri cell bụ usoro dị mgbagwoju anya na nke a na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Ndị na-edozi protein na-achịkwa na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro nchịkwa a, na-ahụ na usoro sel na-aga n'ihu nke ọma ma na-egbochi mgbasa mkpụrụ ndụ na-adịghị mma. Ịghọta protein ndị a na mmekọrịta ha dị oke mkpa maka ịkwalite nyocha na mpaghara dịka oncology na ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

Kinases na-adabere na cyclin (Cdks) na ọrụ ha na nhazi usoro okirikiri cell

Cyclin-based kinases (Cdks) bụ isi enzymes na nhazi usoro okirikiri cell. Ndị a na-edozi ahụ na-ahụ maka nhazi na njikwa nke dị iche iche ogbo nke okirikiri sel, nke na-eme ka usoro nkewa cell na-eme nke ọma. Cdks na-arụ ọrụ dị ka mgbanaka molekụla nke na-arụ ọrụ ma na-agbanyụ ya n'oge a kapịrị ọnụ na okirikiri cell, na-enye ohere ka mkpụrụ ndụ nwee ọganihu ma ọ bụ kwụsị n'ụdị dị iche iche.

Akụkụ bụ isi nke Cdks bụ mmekọrịta ha na cyclins, protein ndị a na-egosipụta n'oge dị iche iche nke okirikiri cell. Cyclins na-ejikọta na Cdks, na-eme mgbanwe mgbanwe na ịgbalite ọrụ kinase ha. Enzymes ndị a phosphorylate protein ndị ọzọ na-etinye aka na ọganihu okirikiri cell, na-agbanwe ọrụ ha na ịhazi ọrụ ha. N'ụzọ dị otú a, Cdks na-achịkwa mgbanwe n'etiti usoro nke usoro cell ma hụ na ọganihu zuru oke.

Na mgbakwunye na mmekọrịta ya na cyclins, Cdks nọ n'okpuru ụkpụrụ nke ọma site na usoro ndị ọzọ. Usoro nchịkwa ndị a gụnyere phosphorylation na mmebi nke Cdks, ⁢ yana mgbochi site na protein ndị na-achịkwa. Iwu ndị a na-enye ohere nzaghachi maka mgbaàmà nke ime na mpụga nke nwere ike imetụta okirikiri cell n'ụzọ dị otú a, Cdks na-ejikọta akara ma na-achịkwa nguzozi n'etiti usoro dị iche iche nke cell cell, nke dị mkpa maka ịba ụba na uto cell kwesịrị ekwesị.

Protein na-egbochi tumor na mmetụta ha na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe okirikiri cell

Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-egbochi tumor na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke okirikiri cell na arụrụ ọrụ ha nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na nhazi na mmepe nke ụdị etuto dị iche iche. Protein ndị a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nchịkwa na-achịkwa uto cell na nkewa, na-egbochi mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ nke agbanwe agbanwe. Ọrụ nkwụsị nke tumor ya na-adabere n'ikike nke ịkwụsị ọganihu nke usoro cell na isi ihe dị oké mkpa, na-enye ohere nrụzi DNA mebiri ma ọ bụ mebie nke ahụ, na-ebute ọnwụ sel (apoptosis).

Protein na-egbochi tumor a kacha mara amara gụnyere p53, BRCA1, BRCA2, PTEN, na APC, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ndị na-edozi ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na ọkwa dị iche iche nke usoro cell, na-ahụ na njedebe ya ziri ezi na igbochi nchịkọta nke mmebi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Mwepu nke protein ndị a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmụgharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, nhichapụ chromosomal, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe epigenetic, na-ebute mmụba nke ike ịmalite mmepe tumor.

Ọmụmụ protein ndị na-egbochi tumor dị oke mkpa maka ịghọta usoro mkpụrụ ndụ nke na-etinye aka na carcinogenesis yana maka mmepe nke ọgwụgwọ ọrịa kansa ezubere iche. ⁤ Nchọpụta mmụgharị na protein ndị a nwere ike inwe mmetụta ahụike dị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na etuto ụfọdụ nwere ike ịzaghachi n'ụzọ dị iche na ụfọdụ ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dabere na ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị mmụgharị ndị a. Ya mere, nkọwapụta nke usoro na-achịkwa ha dị oke mkpa maka ọgwụ ahaziri onwe ya na ịmepụta usoro ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ megide ọrịa cancer.

Ihe ndị dị na mpụga nwere ike imetụta akụkụ nke okirikiri cell

Ihe ndị dị n'èzí bụ ihe ndị nwere ike imetụta ọkwa dị iche iche nke usoro cell, na-agbanwe oge ya, usoro ya, ma ọ bụ ọbụna kwụsị usoro ahụ.

Enwere otutu. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ:

• Ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi: Ngosipụta ụfọdụ ihe anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike igbochi okirikiri cell. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, radieshon ionizing, dị ka X-ray, nwere ike imebi DNA ma kpatara mmụgharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. N'otu aka ahụ, ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị na-egbu egbu, dị ka ụfọdụ ogige kemịkal dị na ikuku ma ọ bụ nri, nwere ike ịkpalite nzaghachi cellular na-adịghị mma.
• Ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ: Ịnweta nri ndị dị mkpa dị mkpa maka mmepe ziri ezi nke okirikiri cell. Nri na-adịghị mma nwere ike belata ma ọ bụ kwụsịtụ usoro ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na mkpụrụ ndụ chọrọ nri kwesịrị ekwesị iji too na imepụtaghachi. N'aka nke ọzọ, nri na-adịghị mma nke nwere oke nri ụfọdụ, dị ka abụba juru eju ma ọ bụ shuga, nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na okirikiri cell.
• Ihe ndị na-akpata homonu: Hormones bụ ndị ozi kemịkalụ na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ọrụ cellular, gụnyere okirikiri cell. Mgbanwe na ọkwa hormonal nwere ike imetụta ọsọ ma ọ bụ ntụziaka nke okirikiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, estrogen, hormone nke na-achịkwa uto na mmepe mmekọahụ, nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ gbasaa n'ụfọdụ anụ ahụ, ebe progesterone nwere ike igbochi akụkụ ụfọdụ nke okirikiri na ndị ọzọ.

Na nchịkọta, ihe ndị dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịchịkwa na ịhazi usoro nke okirikiri cell. Mmetụta ya nwere ike ịdịgasị iche dabere n'ụdị cell na ọnọdụ ebe a na-achọta ya, ma ọ dị mkpa iburu mmetụta ya n'uche mgbe ị na-amụ na ịghọta usoro cellular.

Ndụmọdụ maka ọmụmụ na nghọta nke akụkụ nke okirikiri cell na protein njikwa ya

Ọmụmụ na nghọta nke usoro okirikiri cell na protein njikwa ya bụ isi ihe iji ghọta usoro dị mkpa nke na-achịkwa uto cell na nkewa. Ebe a, anyị na-ewetara ụfọdụ nwere ike ikwu okwu a nke nke ọma.

Mara onwe gị na ihe ndị bụ isi: Tupu ịbanye n'ime ọmụmụ nke usoro nke usoro cell cell na protein ndị na-achịkwa ya, ọ dị mkpa ka ị dokwuo anya maka echiche ndị bụ isi nke usoro ihe ọmụmụ cell. Jide n'aka na ị ghọtara ihe ndabere nke nhazi na ọrụ cell, yana echiche ndị bụ isi metụtara DNA, RNA, na protein. Nke a ga-enyere gị aka ịkọwapụta ma ghọta nke ọma usoro na-ahazi okirikiri cell.

Jiri akụrụngwa anya na eserese dị: Ọkpụkpụ cell na protein njikwa ya nwere ike ịdị mgbagwoju anya ịghọta naanị site n'ịgụ ihe. Iji mee ka nghọta dịkwuo mfe, ọ dị mma iji ihe a na-ahụ anya dị ka eserese na eserese na-anọchi anya usoro dị iche iche nke okirikiri cell yana otu protein na-achịkwa si emekọrịta ihe. Akụrụngwa ndị a nwere ike inyere gị aka ịmata nke ọma usoro na mmekọrịta ndị na-eme n'oge okirikiri sel.

Mee mmega ahụ bara uru ma mụọ ezigbo ikpe: Na mgbakwunye na ịmụ tiori, ọ dị mkpa itinye n'ọrụ ihe ọmụma gị site na mmega ahụ na ezigbo ikpe. Ime mmega ahụ bara uru ga-enyere gị aka iwusi ihe ọmụma gị ike ma ghọta nke ọma ka esi ahazi usoro dị iche iche nke okirikiri cell. Ọzọkwa, ịmụ banyere ezigbo ọrịa ọrịa metụtara mgbanwe na okirikiri cell ga-enye gị ohere ịghọta ihe ọ pụtara na nsonaazụ nke usoro na-adịghị mma.

Ngwa ụlọ ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ nke nyocha n'ime okirikiri cell na protein njikwa ya

Nnyocha n'ime okirikiri cell na protein ndị na-achịkwa ya emeghewo ụwa nke ohere na ngalaba ahụike na ọgwụgwọ. N'okpuru bụ ụfọdụ ngwa kachasị mma nke mpaghara mmụta a:

1.⁤ Nchọpụta ọrịa mbụ: Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara protein na-achịkwa okirikiri sel emeela ka o kwe omume ịchọpụta kpọmkwem ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emetụta ọrịa ụfọdụ, dị ka ọrịa kansa. Enwere ike iji biomarkers ndị a dị ka ngwa nchọpụta mmalite, na-enye ohere maka ọgwụgwọ dị irè karị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nlanarị ka mma.

2. Usoro ọgwụgwọ ezubere iche: Ọganihu n'ịghọta usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ebutela mmepe nke usoro ọgwụgwọ ezubere iche nke na-awakpo protein nchịkwa na-agbanwe na ọrịa ụfọdụ. Usoro ọgwụgwọ ndị a nwere ike inye nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ dị irè karị na mmetụta dị nta nke nta maka ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa dịka ọrịa cancer, ọrịa obi, na ọrịa autoimmune.

3. Mmepe ọgwụ: Nnyocha n'ime okirikiri cell na protein ndị na-achịkwa ya na-enye ntọala siri ike maka nchọpụta na mmepe nke ọgwụ ọhụrụ. Site n'ịghọta otú protein ndị a si arụ ọrụ na otú ha na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ na-emekọrịta ihe na usoro nkewa nke cell, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụ ndị na-egbochi mmekọrịta ndị a ma gbochie mgbasa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọrịa.

Ajụjụ na Azịza

Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ akụkụ nke okirikiri cell na gịnị kpatara ha ji dị mkpa?
A: Usoro okirikiri cell bụ nkebi a kapịrị ọnụ nke cell na-enweta na okirikiri ndụ ya. Ha dị mkpa n'ihi na ha na-ekwe ka njikwa nkewa nke cell na-achịkwa nke ọma ma hụkwa na uto mkpụrụ ndụ kwesịrị ekwesị yana mmeputakwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ isi akụkụ nke okirikiri cell?
A: Isi akụkụ nke okirikiri cell bụ interphase na cell nkewa. A na-ekewakwa interface ahụ ụzọ atọ: G1, S na G2. Nkewa cell gụnyere mitosis na cytokinesis.

Ajụjụ: Kedu ihe na-eme n'oge usoro G1?
A: N'ime oge G1, cell ahụ na-enweta uto na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma na-akwado maka njikọ DNA. A na-enyocha iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke DNA ma nyochaa ma ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dabara adaba maka ịga n'ihu nke okirikiri cell.

Ajụjụ: Gịnị na-eme n'oge oge S?
A: Oge S bụ ọkwa nke njikọ DNA na-eme. N'ime oge a, a na-emegharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji hụ na mkpụrụ ndụ nwa nwanyị ọ bụla nwetara otu DNA.

Ajụjụ: Kedu ihe na-eme n'oge usoro G2?
A: N'ime oge G2, cell na-akwado maka nkewa sel site na njikọ nke protein dị mkpa na nsụgharị nke organelles. Ọ bụ ọkwa nke a na-enyocha mperi na ngbanwe DNA tupu ịbanye mitosis.

Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ mitosis?
A: Mitosis bụ usoro nkewa nuklia nke nne na nna na-ekewa n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nwa nwanyị abụọ yiri ya. N'oge mitosis, a na-ahụta nkesa nha nha nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na sel nwa nwanyị ọ bụla.

Ajụjụ: Kedu ka esi edozi okirikiri cell?
A: A na-achịkwa usoro okirikiri cell site na usoro mgbagwoju anya nke protein njikwa. Ndị na-edozi protein ndị a, nke a na-akpọ cyclins na cyclin-based kinases, na-eme ihe n'ebe dị iche iche na okirikiri cell iji hụ na ọganihu ziri ezi ma gbochie mmebi iwu.

Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ mkpa nke protein akara na cell okirikiri?
A: Protein ebe a na-enyocha ihe dị mkpa iji hụ na okirikiri cell na-agba ọsọ na-enweghị njehie ma hụ na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe DNA. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ha na-etinyekwa aka na nhazi nke usoro na-akwụsị ma ọ bụ na-edozi mmebi DNA, si otú a na-egbochi mgbasa nke mkpụrụ ndụ na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

Ajụjụ: Kedu ihe ga - eme ma ọ bụrụ na enwere mgbanwe na protein njikwa okirikiri cell?
A: Ihe na-adịghị mma na protein na-achịkwa okirikiri cell nwere ike ime ka nkwụsị nke okirikiri, nke nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ na-achịkwaghị achịkwa ma mesịa mee ka mmepe nke ọrịa dị ka ọrịa cancer.

Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ mkpa ịghọta usoro na protein njikwa okirikiri cell?
A: Ịghọta usoro na njikwa protein nke okirikiri cell bụ ihe kachasị mkpa iji kwalite nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa ndị metụtara nkewa cell. Ọzọkwa, ihe ọmụma a na-enye anyị ohere ịghọta nke ọma usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ dị mkpa maka mmepe na nlanarị nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dị iche iche.

Na ngwụcha

Na nchịkọta, okirikiri cell bụ usoro a na-ahazi nke ukwuu nke na-eme ka nkewa ziri ezi na nsụgharị nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na cell. Usoro dị iche iche nke okirikiri cell, dị ka interphase, mitosis na cytokinesis, na-achịkwa netwọk dị mgbagwoju anya nke protein na-arụ ọrụ dị ka mgbanwe mgbanwe ndụ na clocks.

N'oge interphase, mkpụrụ ndụ na-akwado maka mbipute DNA na uto dị mkpa na usoro metabolism na-ewere ọnọdụ. N'ime oge a, protein na-achịkwa, dị ka kinases na cyclin na-adabere na cyclin, na-achịkwa ọganihu nke usoro cell site na ntinye nke enzymes isi na mgbochi nke ndị ọzọ.

Mitosis, n'aka nke ọzọ, bụ oge nkewa nke chromosomes na-ewere ọnọdụ na nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwanyị abụọ yiri ya. Protein na-achịkwa, dịka mgbagwoju anya protein condensin na protein microtubule regulatory proteins, hụ na chromosomes na-achịkọta nke ọma ma kwado ya nke ọma na mkpịsị mitotic.

N'ikpeazụ, cytokinesis bụ usoro nkewa nke cytoplasm, na-achịkwa protein ndị dị ka Aurora-B protein kinase na mgbagwoju protein mgbagwoju anya. Ndị na-edozi protein ndị a na-ahazi nhazi nke mgbanaka nkwekọrịta na nkwụsị nke cytoplasm, na-ahụ na nkewa ziri ezi na nkewa nke sel nwa nwanyị.

Na mkpokọta, protein na-achịkwa okirikiri sel na-arụ ọrụ dị oke egwu na nhazi nke ọma nke ọ bụla na-adọ nke cell okirikiri. Ọrụ ya ziri ezi dị mkpa iji kwado iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke genomic na ahụike cellular. Site na usoro dị iche iche, protein ndị a na-ahụ na cell ahụ ruru ebe nlele ndị dị mkpa tupu ọ gaa n'ihu na-esote, si otú a na-ezere njehie na mmebi DNA. Ọmụmụ nke protein ndị a na-enye anyị nghọta miri emi banyere otú e si edozi ma na-echekwa cellular homeostasis, ma nwee ike inwe mmetụta dị mkpa n'ịgwọ ọrịa ndị metụtara mmụba cell na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, dị ka ọrịa cancer.

Na nchịkọta, usoro nke usoro cell cell na protein ndị na-achịkwa na-achịkwa ha bụ ebe nyocha na-adọrọ mmasị nke na-aga n'ihu na-ekpughe usoro mgbagwoju anya nke na-ekwe ka usoro nkewa sel rụọ ọrụ nke ọma. Site na mkpughe ọhụrụ ọ bụla, ihe ọmụma anyị na-agbasawanye yana ohere ọhụrụ na-emeghe maka ọgwụgwọ na mgbochi nke ọrịa.