Metabolism nke glycolysis cell

Glycolysis bụ usoro metabolic dị mkpa na ahụ metabolism nke sel nke na-enye ohere nkwụsị nke glucose nweta ume. Site na mmeghachi omume enzymatic dị iche iche, glycolysis na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'imepụta adenosine triphosphate (ATP), bụ isi ihe na-ebu ike na sel. Usoro a, nke echekwara nke ukwuu na ntule nke ụdị ndụ niile, site na nje bacteria na mmadụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị oke egwu n'ọtụtụ usoro ndu na pathological. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-enyocha n'ụzọ zuru ezu akụkụ na isi nkebi nke glycolysis, yana mkpa ya na cellular metabolism.

Okwu Mmalite Glycolysis: Echiche na Ọrụ na Metabolism Cellular

Glycolysis bụ ụzọ metabolic dị mkpa maka metabolism cellular, nke na-ahụ maka ịtụgharị glucose ka ọ bụrụ ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ ga-eji. Usoro a, dị na ma prokaryotic na eukaryotic ntule, na-ewere ọnọdụ na cytoplasm ma mejupụtara usoro mmeghachi omume biochemical nke a na-achịkwa nke ukwuu.

Echiche dị n'azụ glycolysis bụ inweta ike site na mmebi nke akụkụ nke glucose n'oge ụzọ a, a na-agbaji glucose n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ pyruvate abụọ, na-emepụta ATP, bụ isi iyi nke ike kemịkalụ. Na mgbakwunye na mmepụta nke ATP kpọmkwem, glycolysis na-etinyekwa aka na ọgbọ nke usoro metabolic maka ụzọ ndị ọzọ, dị ka njikọ nke fatty acids na amino acids.

Glycolysis bụ ụzọ anaerobic, ya bụ, ọ dịghị achọ oxygen maka ọrụ ya, nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ usoro ngwa ngwa na nke ọma maka mmepụta ume na ọnọdụ nke ikuku oxygen dị ala. Ọ bụ ezie na a maara nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na ọgbọ nke ATP, glycolysis na-ekerekwa òkè na usoro ndu ndị ọzọ, dị ka nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ịchịkwa uto cell. Na nchịkọta, glycolysis bụ ụzọ dị mkpa na multifunctional metabolic ụzọ na-arụ "isi ọrụ" na. metabolism nke sel.

Nzọụkwụ Glycolysis: Nkọwa zuru ezu nke ọkwa ọ bụla

Iji ghọta nke ọma usoro nke glycolysis, ọ dị mkpa ịnweta nkọwa zuru ezu nke ọkwa ọ bụla. N'okpuru ebe a, anyị na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke usoro ndị dị mkpa na usoro a dị oke mkpa nke ụzọ glycolysis metabolic.

1. Usoro Nkwadebe:
Reagent mbụ: a na-atụgharị glucose ka ọ bụrụ glucose-6-phosphate site na enzyme hexokinase.
Isomerization: glucose-6-phosphate na-agbanwe ⁤ ka fructose-6-phosphate site na mmeghachi omume catalyzed site ⁢phosphohexose-isomerase.
phosphorylation nke abụọ: fructose-6-phosphate na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, n'ihi ọrụ nke phosphofructokinase-1.
⁤ - N'ọgwụgwụ nke usoro a, atụgharịla mkpụrụ ndụ ATP abụọ.

2. Usoro nkewa:
- ⁤ Ikpochapụ fructose-1,6-bisphosphate: enzyme aldolase na-ekewa fructose-1,6-bisphosphate n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ abụọ, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) na glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
- Isomerization: A na-atụgharị DHAP ka ọ bụrụ molekul G3P ọzọ site na enzyme triose-phosphate isomerase. Ugbu a, molekul abụọ ahụ bụ G3P.
- Na-esote, enwetara mkpụrụ ndụ G3P abụọ.

3. Usoro mmepụta ATP na NADH:
- Oxidation: molekul G3P ọ bụla na-enweta oxidation na phosphorylation. A na-ebelata NAD + ka ọ bụrụ NADH, wee nweta molekul 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
- Nyefe phosphate na mmepụta ATP: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ⁢a gbanwere ⁢ n'ime 3-phosphoglycerate ekele maka phosphoglyceratokinase, na-emepụta molekul ATP.
Mmiri mmiri ozuzo na nhazi nke ATP: 3-phosphoglycerate na-agbanwe ⁤ ka ọ bụrụ 2-phosphoglycerate, na-ahapụ molecule mmiri, wee banye phosphoenolpyruvate na ntọhapụ ọzọ nke mmiri.
⁢ ‌
Nkọwa ndị a zuru ezu nke ọkwa ọ bụla nke glycolysis na-enye echiche teknụzụ na nke zuru oke nke usoro metabolic a. N'ihi ya, ị nwere ike ịghọta mgbagwoju anya na nhazi nke usoro ndị na-etinye aka na nkwụsị nke glucose, nke dị mkpa iji nweta ume n'ụdị ATP na sel anyị. Site n'ịghọta usoro ndị a, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịghọta na nyochaa omimi nke usoro glycolysis na mkpa ọ dị na mmepụta nke ume n'ime ahụ anyị.

Iwu Glycolysis: Usoro na ihe ndị na-emetụta ọrụ ya

Glycolysis bụ usoro metabolic dị mkpa nke na-ahụ maka ndakpọ glucose n'ime ahụ. cytoplasm nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Usoro ya nke ọma dị mkpa iji nọgide na-enwe nguzozi na metabolism ike. Iji mezuo nke a, a chọpụtala usoro dị iche iche na ihe ndị na-emetụta ọrụ ya.

Otu n'ime isi usoro nchịkwa nke glycolysis bụ nzaghachi na-adịghị mma. Nke a pụtara na ngwaahịa njedebe nke ụzọ ahụ na-egbochi enzymes maka mmeghachi omume isi, dịka ọmụmaatụ, citrate, nke dị n'etiti okirikiri Krebs, nwere ike igbochi phosphofructokinase-1 enzyme, na-ebelata ọsọ nke glycolysis. A chọpụtakwara na ntinye nke ATP, NADH na acetyl-CoA na-emetụta ụkpụrụ na-adịghị mma, na-egbochi nkwụsị nke etiti dị mkpa maka ụzọ ndị ọzọ metabolic.

Na mgbakwunye na nzaghachi na-adịghị mma, ọrụ nke glycolysis na-emetụtakwa ihe extracellular. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nnweta glucose na gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ihe dị mkpa maka nhazi ya. N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke mkpokọta glucose dị elu, a na-arụ ọrụ ụzọ ahụ iji nweta uru nke mkpụrụ ike a. N'aka nke ọzọ, na steeti ibu ọnụ ma ọ bụ obere glucose dị, a na-egbochi glycolysis iji chekwaa glucose ma jiri isi mmalite ndị ọzọ na-enye ike, dị ka fatty acids. Ihe ndị ọzọ, dị ka pH na okpomọkụ, nwekwara ike imetụta ọrụ nke enzymes na-etinye aka na glycolysis.

Mkpa ndu nke glycolysis n'inweta ume

Glycolysis bụ ụzọ metabolic dị mkpa maka inweta ike n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ Site na usoro a, a na-agbaji glucose n'ime pyruvate, na-emepụta ATP na NADH dị ka ihe ndị sitere na ya. Usoro mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ a na-eme na cytoplasm nke mkpụrụ ndụ ma nwee ike ịme ya na enweghị oxygen (anaerobic) ma ọ bụ n'ihu ikuku oxygen (aerobic).

Isi mkpa ndu nke glycolysis bụ ọrụ ya dị ka isi iyi ike ngwa ngwa. Dị ka ọ na-eme na cytoplasm, usoro a anaghị adabere na ọnụnọ nke mitochondria, nke na-enye ohere ka mkpụrụ ndụ nweta ume nke ọma ọbụna n'ọnọdụ nke ikuku oxygen dị ala. Ya mere, glycolysis dị oké mkpa n'oge ọnọdụ nrụgide ume, dị ka mmega ahụ siri ike ma ọ bụ enweghị oxygen na anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ sel.

Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa dị ndụ nke glycolysis bụ ikike ya imepụta ihe ndị na-ebute ụzọ metabolic eji na usoro sel ndị ọzọ. N'oge glycolysis, a na-emepụta etiti dị ka glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, nke a pụrụ iji mee ihe maka njikọ nke lipids na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka pyruvate na-esi na glycolysis pụta nwere ike ịbanye na okirikiri Krebs n'ihu ikuku oxygen, nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke a. isi iyi nke carbon na ume ọzọ maka cell.

Ọrịa ndị nwere ike ime metụtara mgbanwe na glycolysis

Glycolysis bụ ụzọ metabolic dị mkpa maka imepụta ike na sel, mana mgbanwe ọ bụla na arụ ọrụ ya nwere ike ibute ọrịa dị iche iche. N'okpuru ebe a, anyị na-enye ụfọdụ n'ime ọrịa ndị nwere ike ime mgbanwe ndị a:

1. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) erughi eru: Usoro ọgwụgwọ a bụ ihe nketa ma bụrụ nke e ji mara ụkọ na enzyme G6PD, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ụzọ glycolysis. N'ihi ya, mkpụrụ ndụ enweghị ike ịmịpụta ike zuru oke, nke nwere ike ibute mgbaàmà dịka anaemia hemolytic, ike ọgwụgwụ, na jaundice.

2. Hipoglucemia: Hypoglycemia na-apụta mgbe ọkwa glucose ọbara dị ala nke ọma, ọnọdụ a nwere ike ịkpata ntụpọ dị na enzymes dị iche iche nke glycolysis, dị ka hexokinase ma ọ bụ phosphofructokinase. Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye dizziness, mgbagwoju anya, ọdịdọ⁤ na ike itinye uche.

3. Ọrịa cancer na mmetụta Warburg: A na-ahụ ihe a maara dị ka mmetụta Warburg n'ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ cancer, ebe mmụba nke glycolysis na-eme, ọbụna na ọnụnọ oxygen zuru ezu. Nke a na-enye ohere ka mkpụrụ ndụ cancer nweta ngwa ngwa ike ha chọrọ iji na-eto eto ma kesaa mmetụta Warburg na mmụba tumor na iguzogide usoro ọgwụgwọ.

Njikọ Metabolic: Mmekọrịta nke Glycolysis na ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke metabolism cellular.

Glycolysis bụ ụzọ metabolic dị mkpa nke na-eme na cytosol nke mkpụrụ ndụ, ọrụ ya bụ isi bụ ịtụgharị otu molekul glucose ka ọ bụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ pyruvate abụọ, ebe ọ na-emepụta ATP na NADH. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ a anaghị arụ ọrụ dị iche iche na cellular metabolism, kama ọ na-ejikọta ya na ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke metabolic, nke na-enye ohere ijikọta na nhazi nke ọma nke nhazi nke carbon na ume na cell.

Otu n'ime isi njikọ nke glycolysis nke metabolic bụ na ụzọ gluconeogenesis. Site na ụzọ anabolic a, pyruvate emepụtara na glycolysis nwere ike ịtụgharị azụ ka ọ bụrụ glucose, ọkachasị na imeju na akụrụ, na-enye ohere idobe ọkwa glucose ọbara zuru oke. Njikọ a dị mkpa iji nọgide na-enwe nguzozi ike n'ime ahụ.

Njikọ ọzọ dị mkpa bụ nke emebere ya na okirikiri tricarboxylic acid, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri Krebs ma ọ bụ okirikiri citric acid. Pyruvate nke sitere na glycolysis nwere ike ịbanye na okirikiri Krebs ka ọ bụrụ oxidized kpamkpam, na-emepụta NADH na FADH.₂. A na-ejizi ogige ndị a na-agba ume na eriri ụgbọ njem elektrọn, nke na-eduga na mmepụta nke ATP.

Ndụmọdụ iji bulie Glycolysis na usoro biotechnological na ahụike

Glycolysis bụ usoro metabolic dị n'etiti nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro biotechnology na ahụike. Ime ka ụzọ a dịkwuo mma nwere ike melite mmepụta nke ngwaahịa biotechnological ma kwalite metabolism dị mma n'ime ahụ. Ndị a bụ ụfọdụ ndụmọdụ dị mkpa iji bulie arụmọrụ glycolysis:

1. Na-achịkwa ọkọnọ glucose: Glucose bụ isi mkpụrụ nke glycolysis. Ịgba mbọ hụ na ị nweta glucose zuru oke dị mkpa iji kwalite usoro metabolic a. N'ime usoro biotechnology, a na-atụ aro ka iji usoro mgbasa ozi ọdịnala bara ụba na glucose ma na-enyocha ọkwa glucose mgbe niile iji dozie ọnọdụ ọdịbendị. N'ihe gbasara ahụike mmadụ, ịnọgide na-eri nri kwesịrị ekwesị nke na-enye carbohydrates zuru oke dị mkpa iji hụ na metabolism glycolytic na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.

2. Hazie ọrụ nke enzymes isi: A na-emezi glycolysis site na usoro enzymes dị iche iche nke na-eme ka mmeghachi omume dị iche iche nke ụzọ metabolic pụta. Ịgbanwe ọrụ nke enzymes ndị a nwere ike imetụta ọsọ na ịrụ ọrụ nke glycolysis iji kwalite ụzọ a, ọ dị mkpa iji chọpụta isi enzymes na ịchịkwa ọrụ ha site na iji usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ndị na-achịkwa usoro metabolic. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosila na mgbanwe nke enzyme phosphofructokinase, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke glycolysis na usoro biotechnological kpọmkwem.

3. Gbaa mbọ hụ na usoro ịgba ụka zuru oke: N'ọtụtụ usoro biotechnological na ahụike, glycolysis nwere njikọ chiri anya na gbaa ụka. Fermentation bụ ụzọ ikpeazụ nke glycolysis ma nwee ike imetụta mkpụrụ na ogo ngwaahịa ikpeazụ. Ịkwalite ọnọdụ gbaa ụka, dị ka okpomọkụ, pH na ọnụnọ nke cofactors, dị oké mkpa iji hụ na glycolysis na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Ọzọkwa, ojiji nke kpọmkwem microbial strains na arụmọrụ dị elu Ịgba mmiri ma ọ bụ injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ihe dị ndụ nwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ glycolysis na gbaa ụka.

Ajụjụ na Azịza

Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ glycolysis na ọrụ ọ na-arụ na cellular metabolism?
A: Glycolysis bụ ụzọ metabolic dị n'etiti na-ewere ọnọdụ na cytoplasm nke mkpụrụ ndụ ma bụrụ akụkụ nke metabolism cellular. Isi ọrụ ya bụ nbibi nke glucose iji nweta ike n'ụdị ATP.

Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ usoro nke glycolysis?
A: Glycolysis nwere mmeghachi omume enzymatic iri nke enwere ike kewaa ụzọ abụọ: oge ​​nkwadebe na oge ike. N'ime oge nkwadebe, a na-etinye molecule nke ATP iji gbanwee glucose ka ọ bụrụ fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; na n'ime oge ike, a na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ abụọ nke ATP, abụọ nke NADH na abụọ nke pyruvate.

Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ mkpa glycolysis na mmepụta ume?
A: Glycolysis bụ ụzọ metabolic anaerobic nke na-enye ume ngwa ngwa na mkpụrụ ndụ na enweghị oxygen. Na mgbakwunye, pyruvate emepụtara na glycolysis nwere ike ịbanye na ụzọ metabolic ndị ọzọ, dị ka okirikiri Krebs, iji mepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ATP karịa.

Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ ndị na-achịkwa glycolysis?
A: A na-achịkwa Glycolysis site na enzymes na ihe dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ha bụ enzymes phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) na hexokinase, bụ ndị a na-achịkwa ụkpụrụ allosteric, ọ na-emetụtakwa ya site na nnweta nke mkpụrụ, dị ka ntinye nke glucose na ⁤ ATP/AMP.

Ajụjụ: Kedu ka glycolysis si metụta ọrịa metabolic?
A: Mgbanwe na glycolysis nwere ike ibute ọrịa metabolic. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọnọdụ ụkọ enzyme, dị ka ọrịa Von Gierke, enweghị ike ịgbaji glucose nke ọma, na-ebute ọkwa glucose dị elu nke ukwuu n'ọbara.

Ajụjụ: Enwere metabolites ndị ọzọ na-emepụta n'oge glycolysis?
A: ⁢ Ee, n'oge glycolysis, a na-emepụta metabolites ndị ọzọ na mgbakwunye na pyruvate na ATP. Ndị a gụnyere NADH, nke bụ ihe na-ebu eletrọn, yana 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, nke na-eje ozi dị ka mkpụrụ maka mmepụta ATP na-esote na phosphorylation nke larịị.

Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ njikọ dị n'etiti glycolysis na lactate metabolism?
A: N'oge anaerobic glycolysis, pyruvate emepụtara na-ebelata ka ọ bụrụ lactate site na iji NADH, si otú a na-egbochi ịmepụta NADH na ikwe ka glycolysis nọgide na-emepụta ATP. Enwere ike iji lactate emesị mee ihe dị ka mkpụrụ nke anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ya na pyruvate.

Okwu Ikpeazụ

N'ikpeazụ, glycolysis bụ usoro dị mkpa na metabolism cell, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na cytoplasm nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Site na usoro mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, glucose na-agbaji iji mepụta ume n'ụdị ATP. Usoro a dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ na ndụ nke sel niile. Na mgbakwunye, glycolysis na-enyekwa ihe mmalite maka usoro metabolic ndị ọzọ, dị ka njikọ nke fatty acids na amino acids.

Glycolysis bụ usoro a na-achịkwa nke ukwuu, nke enzymes kpọmkwem na-etinye aka ma na-emepụta isi etiti. Enwere ike ibugharị ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-aga n'ihu ụzọ metabolic ndị ọzọ, dabere na mkpa na ọnọdụ physiological nke cell. Ọzọkwa, nnweta nke mkpụrụ na ntinye nke enzymes na-achịkwa na-emetụtakwa ọsọ na arụmọrụ nke glycolysis.

Ọ bụ ezie na glycolysis bụ usoro anaerobic, ya bụ, ọ dịghị achọ oxygen, ọ na-ejikọta ya na ụzọ metabolic aerobic. N'oge anaerobic glycolysis, pyruvate emepụtara nwere ike gbanwee ka ọ bụrụ lactate, na-ahapụ NAD + ma na-enye ohere ịga n'ihu na usoro ahụ n'ọnọdụ nke obere ikuku oxygen. Otú ọ dị, na ọnụnọ oxygen, pyruvate nwere ike ịbanye na iku ume cellular ma bụrụ nke zuru oke na CO2 na mmiri, na-emepụta ike dị ukwuu.

Na mkpokọta, glycolysis metabolism ekwentị mkpanaaka bụ usoro isi na metabolism ike nke sel, nke na-enye ohere mmebi nke glucose na-emepụta ume ngwa ngwa na nke ọma. Usoro ya ziri ezi na ime mgbanwe na ọnọdụ physiological dị iche iche na-eme ka ọ bụrụ usoro dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Obi abụọ adịghị ya, ịga n'ihu na-amụ banyere glycolysis na-enye anyị nghọta nke ọma banyere usoro metabolic na mmetụta ha na ahụike na ọrịa.