Ciclo de Krebs: Función, Pasos e Importancia

The Krebs Cycle, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid ma ọ bụ tricarboxylic acid cycle, bụ usoro ụzọ metabolic dị mkpa na cell maka ọgbọ nke ike n'ụdị adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Akpọrọ aha onye na-ahụ maka biochemist nke Britain Hans Krebs, okirikiri a na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na iku ume cellular na inweta ume site na nri anyị na-eri. Site na usoro mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ a na-achịkwa nke ukwuu, Krebs Cycle na-eme oxidation nke fatty acids na carbohydrates, na-ahapụ electrons na imepụta ogige ume dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ cellular. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-enyocha ọrụ, usoro na mkpa nke usoro metabolic dị mkpa maka nlanarị anyị.

1. Okwu mmalite nke Krebs okirikiri: nkọwa nke ọrụ ya na mkpa ndu

Usoro Krebs, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid ma ọ bụ tricarboxylic acid cycle, bụ ụzọ metabolic na-eme na cytoplasm nke mkpụrụ ndụ eukaryotic. Ụzọ biochemical a na-akụda mkpụrụ ndụ carbon n'ụdị pyruvic acid iji mepụta ume n'ụdị adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya na ọgbọ ike, okirikiri Krebs na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na biosynthesis nke ogige ndị ọzọ dị mkpa maka sel, dị ka amino acid, fatty acids na nucleotides.

A na-eme okirikiri Krebs na mmeghachi omume enzymatic itoolu nke na-eme n'ime matriks mitochondrial. A na-ahazi mmeghachi omume ndị a nke ọma na ịhazi ya iji hụ na ike kachasị ike. Nzọụkwụ mbụ nke okirikiri bụ njikọ nke pyruvic acid nwere coenzyme a na-akpọ coenzyme A, na-akpụ acetyl-CoA. A na-ewebata Acetyl-CoA n'ime okirikiri Krebs, ebe ọ na-emeghachi omume na molekul carbon anọ a na-akpọ oxaloacetate.

Ka okirikiri ahụ na-aga n'ihu, a na-emepụta ụmụ irighiri ihe dị elu dị iche iche nke a na-ejizi na agbụ ụgbọ njem eletrọn wee mepụta ATP. Na mgbakwunye, okirikiri Krebs na-arụpụtakwa ọtụtụ ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mkpa, dị ka NADH, FADH2, na carbon dioxide. Ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a nwere ọrụ dị oke mkpa na usoro cellular ndị ọzọ, dị ka mmepụta nke acetyl-CoA maka njikọ abụba abụba ma ọ bụ mmepụta nke akụrụngwa maka njikọ nucleotide. Na nchịkọta, okirikiri Krebs na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ume na imepụta biomolecules dị mkpa maka ọrụ ekwentị kwesịrị ekwesị.

2. Nzọụkwụ ndị bụ isi nke okirikiri Krebs: nyocha zuru ezu nke ọkwa ọ bụla

okirikiri Krebs, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid ma ọ bụ okirikiri tricarboxylic, bụ usoro mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ bụ isi na metabolism nke sel. Usoro metabolic a na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepụta ume n'ime sel nke ihe ndị dị ndụ aerobic. N'ime nyocha a zuru oke, anyị ga-enyocha ọkwa nke ọ bụla nke okirikiri Krebs wee gbarie usoro ndị dị mkpa metụtara usoro a complejo.

1. Nzọụkwụ 1: Oxidative decarboxylation nke pyruvic acid:
Usoro Krebs na-amalite site na oxidative decarboxylation nke pyruvic acid, nke bụ njedebe nke glycolysis. Acid a na-enweta usoro mmeghachi omume nke na-ebute ntọhapụ nke carbon dioxide na nguzobe nke acetyl-CoA. A na-eme ka usoro a dị oke mkpa site na enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase ma na-eme na matriks mitochondrial.

2. Nzọụkwụ 2: Citrate Formation:
Na ọkwa nke abụọ nke okirikiri Krebs, acetyl-CoA na-ejikọta ya na oxalacetic acid iji mepụta citrate. A na-eme ka mmeghachi omume a site na enzyme citrate synthase ma na-emepụta ihe mejupụtara carbon isii nke a na-akpọ citrate. N'oge usoro a, a na-ewepụta molecule nke coenzyme A.

3. Nzọụkwụ 3: Citrate Oxidation:
Na nzọụkwụ ọzọ, citrate na-enweta usoro mmeghachi omume nke na-eduga na oxidation ya. Nke a gụnyere mwepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ carbon dioxide abụọ na mmepụta nke molekul atọ nke NADH, otu molekul FADH2 na otu molekul GTP (guanosine triphosphate). A na-emezi mmeghachi omume ndị a site na enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase na succinate dehydrogenase.

Ndị a bụ naanị ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke bụ isi nzọụkwụ ndị mejupụtara okirikiri Krebs. Ogbo ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na mmepụta ike na metabolism nke sel. Ịghọta usoro usoro metabolic a n'ụzọ zuru ezu dị mkpa iji ghọta ọrụ nke usoro ndu na usoro inweta ume na sel aerobic.

3. Mkpa nke Krebs okirikiri na cellular metabolism

okirikiri Krebs, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid ma ọ bụ okirikiri tricarboxylic acid, bụ ọkwa dị mkpa. nke cellular metabolism. Usoro biochemical a na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịmepụta ume na imepụta ogige ndị dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ.

N'oge okirikiri Krebs, carbohydrates, lipids, na protein na-agbaji n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe a na-akpọ acetyl-CoA, nke na-abanye na okirikiri dịka mmalite. Site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ dị iche iche, a na-akụrisị ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a, a na-ewepụtakwa carbon carbon ha dị ka CO2. Site na mmeghachi omume ndị a, a na-emepụta usoro mgbagwoju anya ume, dị ka NADH na FADH2, bụ ndị a na-eji n'ime eriri iku ume maka mmepụta nke ATP, ego ike nke cell.

Mkpa nke okirikiri Krebs dị n'eziokwu na ọ bụ ụzọ etiti maka inweta ume na sel. Ọzọkwa, usoro a na-ejikọta ya na ụzọ ndị ọzọ metabolic, nke na-enye ya mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọtụtụ usoro cellular. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, okirikiri Krebs na-enye ihe mmalite maka njikọ nke biomolecules dịka amino acids, acid nucleic, na lipids. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ na-ekere òkè na mkpochapụ nke ihe mkpofu na nhazi nke nguzozi acid-base na sel.

Na nchịkọta, okirikiri Krebs na-akụrisị ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mgbagwoju anya iji mepụta ogige ike na ihe mmalite maka njikọ nke biomolecules. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya na mmepụta ume, okirikiri a na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na nhazi na nguzozi cellular. Ịghọta usoro Krebs n'ụzọ zuru ezu dị mkpa iji ghọta metabolism cellular na usoro physiological nke na-eme na sel anyị.

4. The Krebs okirikiri na ike mmepụta na cell

Okirikiri Krebs, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid, bụ otu n'ime usoro iku ume cellular nke ntọhapụ nke ike n'ụdị ATP na-apụta. Oge okirikiri a na-apụta na mitochondria nke mkpụrụ ndụ ma dị oke mkpa maka inweta ume.

N'oge okirikiri Krebs, ogige ndị sitere na metabolism nke carbohydrates, lipids na protein na-agbaji ma ghọọ ihe na-eme ka mmeghachi omume biochemical nke usoro ahụ pụta. Ka okirikiri ahụ na-aga n'ihu, a na-emepụta ndị etiti na-enye ohere mmepụta ikpeazụ nke ATP, ego ike nke cell.

Usoro nke Krebs nwere ọtụtụ usoro jikọrọ ọnụ gụnyere ntinye nke acetyl CoA, mmepụta nke citrate, oxidation nke ogige, na mmụgharị nke mkpụrụ ndụ okirikiri. A na-achịkwa nke ọ bụla n'ime usoro ndị a site na enzymes kpọmkwem nke na-eme ka mmeghachi omume kemịkal dị mkpa. Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na n'oge usoro a, usoro mmeghachi omume redox na-eme na-emepụta electrons, bụ nke a na-emesị jiri ya mee ihe n'usoro njem elektrọn maka ịmepụta ATP.

5. okirikiri Krebs na mmekọrịta ya na iku ume cellular

Usoro Krebs, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid, bụ usoro mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na-eme n'ime sel, kpọmkwem na mitochondria. Usoro okirikiri a na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepụta ume n'ime sel, ebe ọ bụ ọkwa dị mkpa nke iku ume cellular.

Usoro nke Krebs na-amalite site na molekul citric acid, nke etolite site na nchikota oxalacetic acid na acetyl-CoA. N'ime usoro dị iche iche nke okirikiri, mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na-eme nke na-emepụta ike n'ụdị ATP ma hapụ carbon dioxide dị ka ihe efu.

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okirikiri Krebs na iku ume cellular bụ na okirikiri Krebs bụ otu n'ime usoro ikpeazụ nke iku ume cellular. Mgbe agbajisịrị glucose na usoro glycolysis, okirikiri Krebs na-amalite iji nọgide na-emepụta ike site na oxidation nke ngwaahịa ikpeazụ nke glycolysis. Na mgbakwunye, okirikiri Krebs na-enye elektrọn ndị achọrọ maka yinye njem elektrọn, ọkwa ọzọ dị oke mkpa nke iku ume ekwentị.

6. Usoro nke usoro nke Krebs na mmetụta ya na arụ ọrụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ

okirikiri Krebs, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid ma ọ bụ tricarboxylic acid cycle, bụ otu n'ime usoro izizi nke iku ume cellular nke na-eme na mitochondria nke sel. okirikiri a dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka imepụta ọtụtụ ike dị mkpa iji rụọ ọrụ cellular dị iche iche.

Iwu nke okirikiri Krebs dị oke mkpa iji dowe nguzozi ike zuru oke na ihe ndị dị ndụ. Usoro nke mbụ nke nhazi na-apụta site na nnweta nke mkpụrụ ndụ metabolic, na nke a, ihe ndị bụ isi bụ pyruvate, acetyl CoA na oxaloacetate. Ọnụ ọgụgụ na nnweta nke ihe ndị a nwere ike imetụta ihe dị iche iche dịka nri, mgbatị ahụ na ọnọdụ nri nke ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-abanye na okirikiri Krebs wee gbanwee ka ọ bụrụ etiti ike nke a ga-emesị jiri mepụta ATP, molecule ume cellular.

A na-ahazikwa okirikiri Krebs site na nzaghachi na-adịghị mma sitere na ngwaahịa njedebe. Nke ahụ bụ, mgbe ndị etiti okirikiri ahụ ruru ọkwa dị elu, ha na-egbochi enzymes maka nhazi ha, si otú a na-egbochi mmepụta ike oke. Usoro a dị mkpa iji zere ndakpọ nke metabolic ma nọgide na-arụ ọrụ cellular kwesịrị ekwesị. Ya mere, enwere ike kwubie na nhazi nke usoro Krebs dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-ekwe nkwa mmepụta ike dị mkpa iji rụọ ọrụ cellular dị mkpa.

7. Ọrịa ndị metụtara arụ ọrụ adịghị mma nke okirikiri Krebs

Okirikiri Krebs, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid, bụ ụzọ dị mkpa nke metabolic na mmepụta ike na sel. Agbanyeghị, arụghị ọrụ ọ bụla na okirikiri a nwere ike ibute nsonaazụ na-adịghị mma. maka ahụike. Ọzọ, anyị ga-ekwu maka ụfọdụ ọrịa ndị metụtara usoro biochemical a.

1. Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase erughi: A na-eji ọrịa a na-akpakọba oxoglutaric acid n'ime ahụ. Oxoglutaric acid bụ isi etiti nke okirikiri Krebs, yabụ nchịkọta ya nwere ike igbochi carbohydrate nkịtị na metabolism abụba. Ndị ọrịa nwere ụkọ a nwere ike igosipụta mgbaàmà dịka adịghị ike nke anụ ahụ, igbu oge mmepe, na nsogbu akwara ozi.

2. Fumaric aciduria: Nke a bụ ọrịa metabolic ketara eketa nke anụ ahụ enweghị ike imebi nke ọma fumaric acid, ngwakọta emepụtara n'oge okirikiri Krebs. N'ihi ya, fumaric acid na-ewuli elu n'ime sel na anụ ahụ, nke nwere ike ibute mmebi akụrụ, nsogbu akwara ozi, na mmepe oge.

3. Succinate dehydrogenase erughi: Nke a erughi na-emetụta isi enzyme na Krebs okirikiri a na-akpọ succinate dehydrogenase. Enweghị enzyme a nwere ike ibute mpụta nke succinic acid, nke nwere ike imetụta metabolism nke carbohydrate nkịtị ma mee ka mgbaàmà dịka ike ọgwụgwụ, adịghị ike, na nsogbu obi.

Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na ndị a bụ naanị ụfọdụ n'ime. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere njirimara na mgbaàmà nke ya, ma chọọ nlekọta ahụike pụrụ iche maka nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ. Ọmụmụ na nyocha nke ọrịa ndị a dị mkpa iji ghọta nke ọma usoro metabolic nke ahụ mmadụ ma chọta ngwọta ọgwụgwọ enwere ike.

8. Ọrụ nke okirikiri Krebs na njikọ nke ogige dị mkpa na ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mkpa

Usoro nke Krebs, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid ma ọ bụ tricarboxylic acid cycle, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na njikọ nke ogige ndị dị mkpa na ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mkpa na ihe ndị dị ndụ. Usoro metabolic a na-apụta na mitochondrial matrix na ebumnuche ya bụ imepụta ike n'ụdị adenosine triphosphate (ATP). N'ime usoro asatọ ya niile, okirikiri Krebs na-agbaji otu acetyl sitere na glycolysis na beta oxidation nke fatty acids, na-ahapụ electrons na protons nke agbụ ụgbọ njem elektrọn na-eji maka mmepụta nke ATP.

Otu n'ime ngwaahịa kachasị mkpa emepụtara n'oge okirikiri Krebs bụ NADH (belata nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). A na-etolite ogige a site na mmeghachi omume oxidation na mbelata, ma na-anọchite anya ụdị ike kemịkalụ echekwara. NADH dị mkpa maka oxidative phosphorylation, usoro nke ike na-ewepụta site na ngafe nke electrons site na. nke agbụ ígwè a na-eji njem eme ihe iji mejupụta ATP.

Na mgbakwunye na mmepụta ume, okirikiri Krebs na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na njikọ nke ogige dị mkpa maka ahụ. N'oge okirikiri, a na-emepụta precursors nke metabolic nke a na-eji na njikọ nke amino acids, nucleic acid na lipids. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, okirikiri Krebs na-emepụta oxaloacetate, etiti dị mkpa nke metabolic maka njikọ amino acid dị ka asparagine. N'otu aka ahụ, okirikiri ahụ na-emepụtakwa ndị etiti na-ekere òkè na njikọ nke fatty acids na cholesterol.

Na nchịkọta, okirikiri Krebs na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na njikọ nke ogige ndị dị mkpa na ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mkpa na ihe ndị dị ndụ. Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ usoro ọgbọ ike, usoro metabolic a na-enyekwa aka na mmepụta nke ihe mmalite nke metabolic dị mkpa maka njikọ amino acid, nucleic acid na lipids. Ịghọta ka usoro Krebs si arụ ọrụ dị mkpa iji ghọta usoro metabolic na nhazi nke metabolism na usoro ndu.

9. Krebs okirikiri na mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọzọ metabolic ụzọ

Okirikiri Krebs, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid ma ọ bụ okirikiri tricarboxylic acid, bụ ụzọ dị mkpa nke metabolic na metabolism aerobic nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Usoro okirikiri a na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịwepụta ume site na oxidation nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-emekọrịta ihe na ụzọ metabolic ndị ọzọ iji nye ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ ha.

Usoro nke Krebs nwere usoro dị iche iche, malite na oxidative decarboxylation nke pyruvic acid, na-emepụta acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA wee meghachi omume na oxaloacetate iji mepụta citrate, malite okirikiri. N'oge okirikiri ahụ, ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume oxidation na decarboxylation na-ewere ọnọdụ, na-emepụta GTP, NADH na FADH2 dị ka ngwaahịa njedebe. Ogige ume ndị a dị mkpa maka oxidative phosphorylation na mmepụta nke adenosine triphosphate (ATP), isi iyi nke ike cellular.

Mmekọrịta nke okirikiri Krebs na ụzọ metabolic ndị ọzọ dị oke mkpa maka nguzozi na nhazi nke metabolism. N'otu aka ahụ, a na-eme ka okirikiri Krebs site na mkpụrụ sitere na glycolysis, mmebi acid fatty acid na glycogenesis. N'aka nke ọzọ, ngwaahịa nke Krebs okirikiri, dị ka NADH na FADH2, na-eji eletrọn transport yinye na oxidative phosphorylation. Na mgbakwunye, okirikiri Krebs nwekwara mmekọrịta ya na gluconeogenesis, njikọ abụba abụba na amino acid biosynthesis.

Na mmechi, okirikiri Krebs bụ ụzọ metabolic etiti na ọgbọ ike yana mmekọrịta ya na ụzọ metabolic ndị ọzọ dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ ziri ezi nke metabolism cellular. Ịghọta usoro a n'ụzọ zuru ezu na mmekọrịta ya na ụzọ ndị ọzọ metabolic na-enyere anyị aka ịghọta nke ọma ka ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eji ma na-achịkwa ihe ndị na-emepụta ike iji nọgide na-enwe homeostasis na ịrụ ọrụ. ọrụ ya ndu.

10. Inyocha usoro biochemical nke etinyere na okirikiri Krebs

Usoro nke Krebs, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid ma ọ bụ tricarboxylic acid cycle, bụ ụzọ metabolic na-eme na mitochondrial matrix nke mkpụrụ ndụ eukaryotic. Usoro a na-agbaji ngwaahịa glycolysis ma na-enye ndị etiti dị mkpa maka mmepụta ike n'ụdị ATP.

okirikiri Krebs nwere mmeghachi omume biochemical asatọ nke na-eme n'otu n'otu ma gụnyere oxidation na ntọhapụ nke ike sitere na otu ogige na-arụ ọrụ. Nke a gụnyere decarboxylation, mmepụta nke NADH na FADH2, ntọhapụ nke carbon dioxide, na mmepụta nke GTP. A na-emezi mmeghachi omume ndị a site na enzymes dị iche iche ma na-achịkwa ya site na ihe ndị dị ka nnweta nke mkpụrụ na ọnụnọ nke inhibitors na activators.

Ịghọta usoro biochemical metụtara na okirikiri Krebs dị mkpa iji ghọta mkpa ọ dị na metabolism cellular. Usoro a dị mkpa maka ọgbọ nke ike n'ụdị ATP ma na-ekerekwa òkè na njikọ nke ihe mmalite nke metabolic dị ka amino acids na fatty acids. Ịmara usoro na ụkpụrụ nke usoro Krebs na-enye anyị ohere ịghọta otú o si ejikọta ya na ụzọ ndị ọzọ metabolic na otu esi emetụta ọrụ ya maka mmepụta ume ma ọ bụ maka njikọ nke metabolites kpọmkwem.

11. Krebs okirikiri: echiche evolushọn banyere ịdị adị na mkpa ya

The Krebs Cycle, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid ma ọ bụ tricarboxylic acid cycle, bụ isi ụzọ metabolic na-emepụta ike na ntule ikuku. Mmalite ya malitere site na ihe dị ndụ mbụ nwere otu cell, bụ ebe e mepụtara ya dị ka usoro dị mma iji nweta ume site na nri ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi ha. Agbanyeghi na okirikiri Krebs etolitela ihe karịrị nde afọ, usoro ya na ọrụ ya ka echekwara nke ukwuu n'ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ.

Okirikiri Krebs bụ usoro mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na-eme n'ime mitochondria, organelle na-ahụ maka mmepụta ike na sel. Ebumnuche ya bụ oxidize otu acetyl sitere na fatty acids na carbohydrates, na-emepụta elektrọn ike dị elu ejiri na njikọ nke ATP. N'ime oge okirikiri, a na-emepụta ogige ndị dị n'etiti dị mkpa, dị ka citrate, isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate na succinyl-CoA, bụ ndị na-ekere òkè na ụzọ ndị ọzọ metabolic ma dị mkpa maka nlekọta nke homeostasis cellular.

Echiche evolushọn nke okirikiri Krebs na-ekpughe mkpa ọ dị dị ka ụzọ metabolic nke nna ochie nke echekwara na evolushọn niile n'ihi arụmọrụ ike ya na ikike ya ijikọ na usoro ndu ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ya bụ isi bụ mmepụta ume, usoro Krebs na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na njikọ nke ihe mmalite nke metabolic eji na biosynthesis nke nucleotides, amino acids, na lipids. Na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ etiti okirikiri nke Krebs na-arụ ọrụ dị ka akara molekụla nke na-achịkwa ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-etinye aka na metabolism na nzaghachi na nrụgide cellular.

Na nchịkọta, okirikiri Krebs bụ ụzọ metabolic ochie echekwara nke ukwuu nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọgbọ ike yana njikọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mkpa maka ndụ ekwentị. Ịdị adị ya na mkpa ọ dị n'oge evolushọn na-egosi mkpa ọ dị n'ime mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na mgbanwe ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi yana n'ịkwalite arụmọrụ ike. Ịghọta mgbanwe na mkpa ọrụ nke okirikiri Krebs na-enye echiche zuru oke nke usoro metabolic bụ isi na ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ọmụmụ ihe ha na-enye anyị ohere ịghọta ka ihe ndị dị ndụ siri mepụta atụmatụ dị mma iji dị ndụ ma na-eme nke ọma na gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanwe n'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ..

12. Ọganihu sayensị na nghọta nke okirikiri Krebs na mkpa ya na ọgwụ.

okirikiri Krebs, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid ma ọ bụ okirikiri tricarboxylic acid, bụ usoro mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na-eme na mitochondria nke mkpụrụ ndụ eukaryotic. Ọ dị mkpa na cellular metabolism, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepụta nke ume maka ahụ. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọganihu sayensị ekwewo ka nghọta ka mma nke usoro na nhazi nke usoro Krebs, nke nwere nnukwu mkpa na ngalaba ọgwụ.

Otu n'ime ọganihu bụ isi bụ nchọpụta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ọhụrụ na okirikiri Krebs, yana mmekọrịta ha na ụzọ ndị ọzọ metabolic. Nchọpụta ndị a enyerela anyị aka ịghọta nke ọma ka e si ahazi fluxes metabolite na okirikiri yana ka enwere ike gbanwee ya na ọrịa dị iche iche. Nke a emeghewo ohere ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọ ga-ekwe omume ugbu a ịmepụta ọgwụ ndị na-eme kpọmkwem na enzymes na ndị na-ebugharị na-etinye aka na usoro Krebs, na-achọ imezi nsogbu metabolic metụtara ụfọdụ pathologies.

Ọganihu ọzọ dị ịrịba ama bụ itinye usoro usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nyocha ọrụ iji nyochaa okwu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa metụtara okirikiri Krebs na anụ ahụ dị iche iche na ọnọdụ physiological. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a ekpughere ịdị adị nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche nke nwere ike imetụta ọrụ nke okirikiri Krebs ma na-ebute ọrịa metabolic. Ọzọkwa, egosila na ihe ndị dị n'èzí dị ka nri na mmega ahụ nke anụ ahụ nwere ike gbanwee okwu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke Krebs, na-emeghe ụzọ maka nri nri na ụzọ ndụ iji gbochie ma ọ bụ na-agwọ ọrịa ndị metụtara metabolism.

13. Krebs okirikiri: ihe nwere ike iche maka ọgwụgwọ na mmepe ọgwụ

Usoro nke Krebs, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid ma ọ bụ tricarboxylic acid cycle, bụ ụzọ dị mkpa metabolic ụzọ na mmepụta nke ike na ndị dị ndụ. Ọ bụ usoro mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na-eme n'ime sel, kpọmkwem na matriks mitochondrial. Usoro a na-akụda acids fatty na carbohydrates, na-emepụta ATP, nke bụ isi iyi nke ike cellular.

Usoro nke Krebs nwere usoro asatọ nke mmeghachi omume kemịkal dị iche iche na-eme, gụnyere ntọhapụ nke carbon dioxide na nhazi nke ụmụ irighiri ike dị elu, dị ka NADH na FADH2. Enwere ike iji ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a dị ike n'ime eriri ụgbọ njem elektrọn iji mepụta ATP. N'ihi mkpa dị mkpa nke okirikiri Krebs na metabolism cellular, ọ bụrụla ihe ebumnuche maka ọgwụgwọ na mmepe ọgwụ.

Ugbu a, A na-eme nyocha iji ghọta nke ọma enzymes na-etinye aka na okirikiri Krebs na ụkpụrụ ha nwere ike ime. Ebumnuche bụ ịchọpụta ogige ndị nwere ike imetụta ma ọ bụ gbanwee ọrụ nke enzymes ndị a, iji mepụta usoro ọgwụgwọ na-achọ ọrịa ọrịa metabolic na nsogbu ndị metụtara ya. Ọzọkwa, nkọwapụta nke ụzọ metabolic ọzọ ma ọ bụ usoro nke Krebs nwere ike imeghe ohere ọhụrụ maka imepụta ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ dị irè karị.

Na nchịkọta, okirikiri Krebs bụ ụzọ metabolic dị mkpa na mmepụta ike cell. Nghọta ya na njikwa ya dị mkpa na mmepe nke ọgwụgwọ na ọgwụ maka ọrịa metabolic. Nnyocha dị ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na ọmụmụ nke enzymes okirikiri Krebs na ụkpụrụ ha nwere ike ime, yana ịchọ ụzọ ọhụrụ metabolic metụtara. Nchọpụta nke ogige ndị na-emetụta ụzọ ndị a nwere ike iduga ịmepụta usoro ọgwụgwọ dị irè ma dị mma.

14. Nchọpụta n'ọdịnihu na ihe ịma aka n'ịghọta nke ọma okirikiri Krebs

Usoro Krebs, nke a makwaara dị ka okirikiri citric acid, bụ ụzọ metabolic dị mkpa maka ọrụ cell na ihe niile dị ndụ. N'agbanyeghị mkpa ọ dị, a ka nwere ọtụtụ ihe amaghi ama na ihe ịma aka na ịghọta usoro a nke ọma. Na nyocha n'ọdịnihu, a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-abanye n'ime akụkụ ndị a.

1. Iwu nke okirikiri Krebs: Ọ bụ ezie na enweela ọganihu n'ịghọta usoro nchịkwa nke okirikiri a, a ka nwere nnukwu ihe ọmụma iji chọpụta. Achọkwu ọmụmụ ihe iji ghọta ka ọrụ enzyme na nnweta cofactor si emetụta ụkpụrụ okirikiri Krebs. Nke a nwere ike inye aka chọpụta ebumnuche ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa metabolic metụtara dysfunctions na usoro a.

2. Mmekọrịta na ụzọ ndị ọzọ metabolic ụzọ: Usoro Krebs na-ejikọta ya na ụzọ ndị ọzọ metabolic, dị ka glycolysis na gluconeogenesis. Ịghọta mmekọrịta ndị a na otu esi ahazi ha nwere ike inye echiche zuru oke banyere otú metabolism cellular si arụ ọrụ n'ozuzu ya. Achọkwuru nyocha iji kpughee usoro njikọ ndị a ziri ezi yana otu ha si emetụta mpụta nke metabolites na cell.

3. Mmetụta na ọrịa: E gosila na dysfunctions na Krebs okirikiri jikọtara ya na ọrịa dị iche iche, dị ka ọrịa cancer na neurodegenerative ọrịa. Nnyocha n'ọdịnihu kwesịrị ilekwasị anya n'ịghọta otú mgbanwe ndị a na usoro Krebs si eme ka mmepe na ọganihu nke ọrịa ndị a. Nke a nwere ike imeghe ụzọ ọhụrụ maka ịmepụta usoro ọgwụgwọ dị irè karị na nke akọwapụtara.

Na nchịkọta, ọ bụ ezie na okirikiri Krebs bụ otu n'ime ụzọ metabolic a kacha mụọ, a ka nwere ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka na mpaghara nyocha iji chọpụta. N'ịghọta n'ime omimi nke iwu ahụ, mmekọrịta ya na ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke metabolic na ihe ọ pụtara na ọrịa ga-adị mkpa iji kwalite ihe ọmụma nke usoro ndu ndu a.

Na nchịkọta, Krebs Cycle, nke a makwaara dị ka citric acid ma ọ bụ tricarboxylic acid cycle, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro metabolic nke sel. Site na usoro mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, okirikiri a na-enye ohere ịmepụta ike ịdị mma Dị elu, n'ụdị adenosine triphosphate (ATP), site na ike mkpụrụ sitere na glycolysis na beta-oxidation nke fatty acids.

Nzọụkwụ nke okirikiri Krebs gụnyere oxidation nke acetyl-CoA, nke a na-emepụta site na ihe dị iche iche nke metabolic. N'oge usoro a, a na-ahapụ electrons na protons ma bufee ya na coenzymes belatara, dị ka NADH na FADH2, nke n'aka nke ya na-ekere òkè n'usoro njem elektrọn.

Ihe dị mkpa nke okirikiri Krebs dị na ntinye aka ya na mmepụta ike n'ụdị ATP, yana njikọ nke ndị na-ebute ụzọ maka ụzọ ụzọ metabolic dị iche iche, dị ka amino acid na fatty acids. Na mgbakwunye, okirikiri a na-arụkwa ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'iwepụ ihe mkpofu nke metabolic, ebe ọ bụ na a na-achụpụ ngwaahịa ikpeazụ nke mmeghachi omume na cell ma ọ bụ megharịa ya maka ojiji ọzọ.

Na nchịkọta, okirikiri Krebs bụ ụzọ metabolic dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ cellular, nke na-enye ohere mmepụta ike na njikọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mkpa maka mmepe na mmezi nke organism. Nghọta ya na ọmụmụ ihe dị mkpa iji gbasaa ihe ọmụma anyị na ngalaba biochemistry na cell biology.