China yayamba kuthamanga mu mpikisano wa EUV chip ndipo yatsutsa ulamuliro wa ukadaulo ku Europe

China yatenga sitepe yomwe anthu ochepa ku Europe ndi ku United States ankafuna kuiona posachedwa: Ili kale ndi njira yake yogwirira ntchito, makamaka ngati chitsanzo. chojambulira cha lithography cha ultraviolet (EUV)Sipangabe ma chips amalonda, koma Inde, imapanga kuwala kofunidwa kwa EUV zomwe mpaka pano zinkalamuliridwa ndi kampani ya ku Dutch ASML yokha. Chomwe kwa zaka zambiri chinkaonedwa ngati chotchinga chosagonjetseka kwa makampani opanga ma semiconductor aku China chayamba kusweka.

Nkhaniyi, yomwe yavumbulutsidwa ndi malipoti osiyanasiyana makamaka ndi m'modzi Kafukufuku wozama wochokera ku ReutersLimafotokoza za pulojekiti yaikulu komanso yobisika kwambiri yokonzedwa ndi mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri ku Beijing. Pa malo otetezedwa kwambiri ku Shenzhen, mainjiniya zikwizikwi—ambiri mwa iwo anali akale a ASML— Iwo akhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri kuti abwerezenso, chidutswa ndi chidutswa, ukadaulo womwe umathandizira kuti European ikhale yokhayokha popanga ma chips apamwamba.

"Manhattan Project" ya ma chips a AI

Mu makampani, palibe amene amabisa kufananitsa kumeneku: Khama la ku China likufotokozedwa poyera ngati "Manhattan Project" yaukadaulo.Cholinga chake si bomba, koma chinthu chofanana ndi chanzeru pakati pa kukwera kwa luntha lochita kupanga: kuwongolera makina omwe amalola kupanga ma chip apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ofunikira pa malo osungira deta, mafoni am'manja, ma supercomputer, ndi machitidwe oteteza.

Malinga ndi kutayikira kwa zinthu, chitsanzo cha EUV cha ku China chinamalizidwa kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2025 ndipo Ili pafupifupi fakitale yonse ku Shenzhen.Ndi yaikulu kwambiri komanso yopepuka kuposa zida za ASML, koma imachepetsa kusakhala kwake waluso ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri. Makinawa amayatsa ma laser pa madontho ang'onoang'ono a chitsulo chosungunuka kangapo pa sekondi imodzi kuti apange plasma yomwe imapanga kuwala kwa ultraviolet kwambiri.

Kuyambira lero, Dongosololi lakwanitsa kupanga ndikuwongolera kuwala kwa EUVCholepheretsa chachikulu kwambiri pa kapangidwe kake konse, ngakhale kuti sichili ndi makina olondola ofunikira kuti asindikize ma chips ogwirira ntchito. Ndicho kusiyana kwakukulu ndi ma scanner aku Europe: ASML imadalira ma optics olondola kwambiri a kampani yaku Germany ya Carl Zeiss AG, dera lomwe China ikutsalirabe.

Komabe, mfundo yoti munthu ali ndi chida chojambulira cha EUV - ngakhale chitakhala kuti chili mu gawo loyesera - Mwadzidzidzi zimafulumizitsa kulosera kwa ufulu waukadaulo waku China.Akatswiri tsopano akuika chiyembekezo chotheka cha ma chip apamwamba pakati pa 2028 ndi 2030, liwiro lofulumira kawiri kapena katatu kuposa momwe ASML idafunira kuti ikule ukadaulo wake.

Huawei, malo ofunikira kwambiri pa intaneti yachinsinsi ya mafakitale

Pakati pa ntchitoyi pali dzina lomwe limadziwika bwino ku Brussels ndi Washington: HuaweiM'malo mongodzipangira mafoni kapena tchipisi tokha, Kampaniyo imagwira ntchito ngati wogwirizanitsa dziko lonse wa makampani ambiri, ma laboratories, ndi mabungwe aboma. zomwe zimaphimba unyolo wonse wamtengo wapatali, kuyambira pakupanga purosesa mpaka makina opangira.

Magwero oyandikana ndi ntchitoyi akufotokoza za mlengalenga wa "nthawi ya nkhondo": Mainjiniya ambirimbiri amagwira ntchito m'nyumba zomwe zili zotsekedwa, nthawi zambiri amagona m'nyumbamo.ndi njira zolumikizirana ndi chitetezo zochepa zomwe zimafanana ndi pulogalamu yankhondo kuposa ntchito yamafakitale. Ambiri mwa ma profiles awa amachokera mwachindunji ku ASML; ndi mainjiniya aku China omwe adagwira ntchito ku Netherlands ndipo adalandira ma phukusi a malipiro ambiri, mabhonasi osainira, ndi thandizo la nyumba kuti abwerere kudziko lawo.

Pofuna kuteteza chinsinsi, akatswiri ambiri Amagwira ntchito mopanda zizindikiritso zabodza komanso ziphaso zabodza mkati mwa malo ogwirira ntchito ku Shenzhen. Kugawika kwa magawo n’koopsa kwambiri: gulu laling’ono lokha ndi lomwe limakhala ndi chithunzi chonse cha dongosololi, pomwe magulu a omaliza maphunziro posachedwapa amayang’ana kwambiri pa zigawo zinazake za makina a EUV ndi DUV, moyang’aniridwa nthawi zonse komanso ndi machitidwe opereka mphotho ogwirizana ndi kupita patsogolo.

Ntchito ya Huawei si yongokhudza makina ojambulira okha. Kampaniyo Yapanga kale mapurosesa ake a Kirin ndi Ascend, imalimbikitsa makina ogwiritsira ntchito a HarmonyOS, komanso imapanga njira zosungira ndi kulumikiza ma memory.Ngati akwanitsa kutseka njira yopangira makina, akhoza kulamulira kiyi ya makampani onse opanga ma chip aku China. kuchokera pa 7 nm yomwe ikukulirakulira kale ndi ukadaulo wa DUV kupita ku ma node amtsogolo mu 3 ndi 2 nm.

Uinjiniya wobwerera m'mbuyo, msika wakuda, ndi magawo aku Europe ndi Japan

Gawo losaoneka bwino la polojekitiyi, ndipo mwina lovuta kwambiri ku Europe, ndi kayendetsedwe ka zinthu komwe kamathandizira. Popeza sizingatheke kupeza zida zatsopano za EUV chifukwa cha ziletso zotumiza kunja, China yagwiritsa ntchito msika wachiwiri mwadongosoloKudzera mwa ogwirizanitsa, dzikolo lakhala likugula zida ndi ma module a mibadwo yakale ya makina a ASML, komanso zida zochokera ku Nikon ndi Canon.

Zigawo izi, zomwe cholinga chake chinali kupanga ndi ma node akale, zakhala ngati maziko a uinjiniya wobwerera m'mbuyoMofanana ndi zimenezi, China yachotsa gawo la makina a DUV omwe adayikidwa kale m'malire ake kuti igwiritsenso ntchito zigawo zake ndikumvetsetsa bwino momwe dongosolo lililonse limagwirira ntchito. Zotsatira zake ndi chitsanzo cha EUV chosakanikirana, chopanda mphamvu kuposa mtundu wa ku Europe, koma chapita patsogolo mokwanira kuti chitsimikizire mfundo zofunika kwambiri zakuthupi.

Mu gawo la optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics —yogwirizana ndi Chinese Academy of Sciences— yatenga gawo lalikulu. Ofufuza ake agwira ntchito yophatikiza gwero la kuwala la EUV mu dongosolo lawo la kuwala, lomwe silikugwirizana ndi magwiridwe antchito a optics aku Germany, koma likugwira ntchito kale poyesa mkati. Akatswiri akuvomereza kuti kukonza mbali iyi kudzatenga zaka zambiri, koma njira yaukadaulo yakhazikitsidwa kale.

Zonsezi zimabwera ndi mtengo waukulu kwambiri. Makina a ASML EUV amalonda pakadali pano amawononga pafupifupi $200-250 miliyoni, ndipo mitundu yamtsogolo ya High-NA ikuyandikira kapena kupitirira $400 miliyoni. China iyenera kubwereza chinthu chofanana kuyambira pachiyambi, popanda thandizo lovomerezeka kuchokera kwa wogulitsa woyamba.Izi zimadalira zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito kale komanso chitukuko cha m'nyumba. Ngakhale zili choncho, Boma limaona kuti ndalama zomwe zingagulitsidwe ndi gawo la njira yodziyimira payokha ya mafakitale kwa nthawi yayitali.

ASML, Europe ndi chiyambi cha kutha kwa ulamuliro wa monopoly

Ku Ulaya, kusamuka kumeneku n'kovuta kwambiri. ASML ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zochepa zomwe zili ndi ukadaulo wanzeru zomwe zili ndi mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. EU ikusunga mwayi uwu: mafakitale onse otsogola a TSMC, Intel, ndi Samsung amadalira makina ake a EUV kuti apange ma chips omwe amalimbikitsa kusintha kwa AI. Kwa zaka zambiri, ulamulirowu waika Netherlands pakati pa Washington, Beijing, ndi Brussels pamtima pa zokambirana zaukadaulo.

Pokakamizidwa ndi United States, maboma a Netherlands ndi EU Iwo anapititsa patsogolo kwambiri ziletso zotumiza kunja.ASML sinaperekepo dongosolo la EUV kwa makasitomala aku China, ndipo ngakhale zida zapamwamba kwambiri za DUV zakhala zikulamulidwa mwamphamvu. Papepala, iyi inali njira yosungira China m'badwo wotsatira pakupanga ma chips apamwamba.

Chitsanzo cha Shenzhen chikutsutsa mfundo imeneyi. Ngakhale kuti makina a ASML amalonda akadali kutali ndi kudalirika ndi kugwira ntchito bwino, Zikusonyeza kuti ulamuliro wa ku Ulaya wokhawokha sulinso wokhazikika.M'machitidwe ake, Europe ikupitilizabe kulamulira msika ndipo ipitilizabe kukhala ndi mwayi umenewu kwa zaka khumi zikubwerazi, koma lingaliro lakuti "China sichidzatha kuchita izi" latha ntchito mwalamulo.

Akatswiri a semiconductors akuwonetsa zotsatira zosawoneka bwino koma zofunikira: zotsatira za maganizo ndi zachumaMfundo yoti China ili ndi njira yodalirika yopezera EUV imalola makampani opanga zinthu zakale, ogulitsa zida, ndi opanga ma chips osapanga nzeru kukonzekera kukula kwawo ndi "malo owonekera bwino," chinthu chosaganizirika zaka zingapo zapitazo. Izi zikuwonekera kale mu mtengo wamasheya ndi chilakolako cha osunga ndalama m'chilengedwe cha China.

Kwa gawo la ku Ulaya, chiopsezo si kugwa kwadzidzidzi, koma kuwonongeka pang'onopang'ono: malire ocheperako, maunyolo operekera zinthu ogawanika kwambiri, komanso kusafanana kwaukadaulo komwe sikuonekera bwinoNgakhale ASML ikapitilizabe kukhala patsogolo ndi machitidwe ake a High-NA ndi ma node a 1nm amtsogolo, kukhalapo kwa njira ina yaku China kudzachepetsa mphamvu yokambirana ndi aura ya kudzipereka komwe kampaniyo yakhala nayo mpaka pano.

Nthawi yomaliza, malire apano ndi nthawi ya 2030

Komabe, ndibwino kuti musapitirire kugogomezera kufunika kwa chochitika chofunika kwambirichi. Chojambulira cha ku China chikadali chitsanzo choyambirira., yofanana ndi machitidwe oyamba omwe ASML idayesa mkati kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000. Sipanga ma chips amalonda, imadalirabe zida zakunja, kukula kwake ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa kwa zida zaku Europe ndipo magwiridwe ake ndi otsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi miyezo yamakampani.

Zolinga zovomerezeka zimalankhula za kupanga ma chips ogwira ntchito ndi EUV pafupifupi 2028Komabe, magwero ambiri amkati ndi akatswiri apadziko lonse lapansi amaika lingaliro lomveka bwino pofika chaka cha 2030. Ngakhale panthawiyo, China mwina ikanapitirizabe kupanga zinthu ma node mu 2 nm rangePakadali pano, chilengedwe cha Kumadzulo chikugwiritsa ntchito kale kupanga pa 1 nm kapena njira zina zofanana malinga ndi mapu a Imec ndi malo ena ofufuzira.

Chofunika kwambiri si kukhala kumbuyo kwenikweni - chinthu chovomerezeka pankhani ya mpikisano - koma osadalira zilolezo kapena kutumiza kunja kuti apeze ukadaulo wofunikiraKwa Beijing, kukhala ndi EUV yakeyake, ngakhale itakhala yofooka, kumatanthauza kukhala ndi mwayi wokonzekera ndalama m'malo osungira deta, zida, zamagetsi, kapena magalimoto amagetsi popanda mantha a kusokonezeka kwa magetsi chifukwa cha zisankho zandale zakunja.

Pakadali pano, China ikupitilizabe kukakamiza makina ake a DUV kuti achepetse malire omwe ambiri ku Europe amawaona kuti ndi osatheka. SMIC yapanga kale ma chips ngati Kirin 9030 mu njira yofanana ndi 5nm pogwiritsa ntchito DUV lithography yokha.mwa kulumikiza zinthu zambiri pa wafer imodzi. Ndi njira yokwera mtengo yokhala ndi zokolola zochepa, koma ikuwonetsa momwe dzikolo likufunira kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuti lisabwerere m'mbuyo mu nthawi ya AI.

Poganizira za zaka khumi zikubwerazi, chithunzi chomwe chikuonekera bwino: Mpikisanowu sulinso wokhudza kuchepetsa liwiro la China, koma wokhudza kupikisana pa liwiro lalikulu.United States ndi Europe zitha kupitiliza kulamulira, koma mwayi wosunga kusiyana kwakukulu ukuchepa. Zotsatira zake zidzakhala msika wotukuka kwambiri wa ma chip, ndipo ma bloc awiri akuluakulu aukadaulo akuwonjezeka.

Mu mkhalidwe watsopanowu, chitsanzo cha Shenzhen EUV sichikuopseza mwachindunji mafakitale a ASML kapena mafakitale aku Europe, koma ndi Chenjezo lalikulu lakuti ulamuliro wa Kumadzulo pa gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga ma chip wayamba kuswekaZaka za m'ma 2030 zidzatsimikizira ngati Ulaya ndi United States zikugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wawo kuti zipange zinthu zatsopano mwachangu kapena kungoyang'anira, pang'onopang'ono, kutayika kwa ulamuliro womwe mpaka posachedwapa unkaonedwa ngati wosafunikira.

Nkhani yofanana:

Chithunzi cha Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photolithography: ukadaulo womwe umathandizira tsogolo la tchipisi

Alberto Navarro

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