Momwe Mungatsimikize Zamtsogolo Pakompyuta Yanu: Chitetezo cha Quantum Ndi Chiyani?

Ndi kufika kwa kompyuta ya kwantumuTikukumana ndi imodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zachitetezo chazidziwitso m'mbiri yonse. Ngati kale kunali kokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito ma aligorivimu omwe anali zosatheka kutanthauzira pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta achikhalidwe, tsopano zinthu zasintha kwambiri. chitetezo cha quantum Imatuluka ngati chishango chatsopano chomwe chimatha kuteteza deta yathu, ma transaction, ndi mauthenga athu motsutsana ndi ma quantum supercomputers omwe angapangitse machitidwe akale kukhala opanda ntchito.

Munkhaniyi, mupeza kuti chitetezo chambiri ndi chiyani, chifukwa chake kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa masiku ano, komanso momwe zingakhudzire momwe chidziwitso chimasungidwira anthu, mabizinesi, ndi mabungwe aboma chimodzimodzi.

Kodi quantum shielding ndi chiyani ndipo chifukwa chiyani ndikofunikira?

La chitetezo cha quantum, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti quantum security, imaphatikizapo matekinoloje ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwira Sungani chinsinsi, kukhulupirika, ndi kupezeka kwa zidziwitso m'dziko lomwe muli makompyuta amtundu wa quantum.

Ziyenera kufotokozedwa momveka bwino kuti kuopsa kwake sikongopeka: quantum computing ikupita patsogolo mofulumira kwambiri ndipo ikafika pa msinkhu wamalonda, idzakhala ndi chotere chachikulu kompyuta mphamvu kuti adzatha kuswa ma aligorivimu akuluakulu a cryptographic kuti masiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti, makampani, States komanso DNI yamagetsi.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira zachikhalidwe zolembera, ngakhale zitakhala zamphamvu bwanji, zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo. Ndi chifukwa chake chitetezo cha quantum Imadzikhazikitsa yokha ngati benchmark yatsopano, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo za quantum physics kuti ipititse patsogolo chitetezo cha data ndikupanga ma aligorivimu omwe amalimbana ndi kuwukiridwa ndi ma quantum supercomputer.

Makiyi a chitetezo cha quantum sali mu mtundu wa ma algorithms omwe amagwiritsa ntchito, komanso momwe makiyi olembera ndi kubisa zambiri amagawira ndikuyendetsedwa.Njira zotsogola kwambiri zimaphatikiza quantum cryptography (yotengera quantum physics yokha) ndi post-quantum cryptography (ma aligorivimu opangidwa kuti athe kupirira ngakhale makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri).

Kodi quantum computing imawopseza bwanji chitetezo cha digito?

Kuti mumvetse chifukwa chake timalankhula kwambiri za chitetezo cha quantum, muyenera kumvetsetsa kaye Momwe quantum computing imawopseza chitetezo monga tikudziwira. Makompyuta a Quantum, mosiyana ndi achikhalidwe, sagwira ntchito ndi ma bits omwe amatha kukhala 0 kapena 1, koma ndi ma qubit zomwe zitha kukhala m'maiko onse awiri nthawi imodzi (chifukwa cha quantum superposition).

Izi zimapangitsa masamu ena, omwe poyamba anali zosatheka kapena ankafunika zaka mazana ambiri ndi makompyuta akale, zotheka m'mphindi kapena maola. Chitsanzo cha konkire ndi Kachitidwe ka Shor, zomwe zingalole kompyuta ya quantum kuti iwononge ziwerengero zazikulu kwambiri nthawi yomweyo, motero kulepheretsa chitetezo cha machitidwe monga RSA o ECC (elliptic curve cryptography).

Zotsatira za kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kumeneku ndizazikulu:

• Chiwopsezo cha makiyi agulu ndi achinsinsi: Njira zamakono zolembera, monga zomwe zimateteza mabanki ndi maimelo, zingakhale pachiwopsezo.
• Kutaya chinsinsi: Deta yotetezedwa lero ikhoza kuwululidwa mawa ngati wina ayisunga akudikirira kuti akhale ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti awononge ("kusunga tsopano, decrypt kenako").
• Ma cyberattack apamwamba kwambiri: Zigawenga zapaintaneti ndi mayiko azikhala ndi zida zatsopano zowukira zida zofunikira.

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Mfundo ndi zoyambira za quantum cryptography

Pamtima pa chitetezo cha quantum ndi kujambula kwa quantum, zomwe sizinakhazikike poganiza kuti vuto la masamu ndizovuta, koma kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji malamulo a quantum mechanics. Pali mfundo zingapo zofunika zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimapereka chitetezo chosasweka:

• Kulumikizana: Tinthu tating'ono monga ma photon amatha kukhala m'maboma angapo nthawi imodzi (0 ndi 1 nthawi imodzi).
• Kusokonekera kwa Quantum: Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono titha kusintha nthawi yomweyo ina ikayesedwa, mosasamala kanthu za mtunda pakati pawo.
• Mfundo yosatsimikizika ya HeisenbergNdikosatheka kuyeza dongosolo la quantum popanda kusokoneza; Kuyesa kulikonse komvera makiyi a quantum kumasiya mwatsatanetsatane ndipo kumatha kuzindikirika.

Mfundo zakuthupi izi zimalola kupanga njira zazikulu zopatsirana pomwe kusokoneza kulikonse kumawonekera nthawi yomweyo. Chofala kwambiri ntchito ndi quantum key distribution (QKD), yomwe ndi mzati waukulu wamakono amakono a quantum cryptography.

Kodi quantum key distribution (QKD) imagwira ntchito bwanji?

La QKD Ndi njira yosinthira yopangira ndikugawana kiyi yachinsinsi pakati pa magulu awiri (monga Alice ndi Bob) pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za polarizedChinsinsicho chikhoza kuwerengedwa molondola ndi wolandira, chifukwa kuyesa kulikonse kumasintha maiko a quantum a photons, kuwulula kulowerera.

Njira yoyamba yodziwika bwino ya QKD ndi BB84, yopangidwa mu 1984 ndi Charles Bennett ndi Gilles Brassard. Zimagwira ntchito motere:

1. Alice amatumiza zithunzithunzi za polarized (iliyonse ikhoza kuyimira 0 kapena 1, malingana ndi momwe akulowera) kwa Bob kudzera mu njira yotetezeka ya kuwala, nthawi zambiri fiber optics.
2. Bob amayesa mafotoni ndi zosefera mwachisawawa, ndiyeno onse amafanizira (kudzera pa tchanelo) momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito.
3. Amangosunga ma bits (makhalidwe) ogwirizana ndi zochitika zomwe onse amagwiritsa ntchito njira yofanana; ichi ndiye maziko a chinsinsi chogawana nawo.

Chinanso chofunikira kwambiri ndi ndondomeko E91, lolembedwa ndi Artur Ekert, lomwe lazikidwa pa quantum entanglement kuti apititse patsogolo chitetezo ku mtundu uliwonse wa ukazitape.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwachitetezo cha quantum motsutsana ndi classical cryptography

La kujambula kwa quantum Imakhala ndi maubwino angapo apadera kuposa njira zachikhalidwe:

• Chitetezo chopanda malire: imachokera ku malamulo a physics, osati pamalingaliro a masamu.
• Kuzindikira kwapakati: Kuyesa kulikonse paukazitape kumawonekera mosapeweka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ma qubits.
• Kukana kwa quantum computing: Njira zamakono za quantum sizingathe kusweka ndi makompyuta a quantum, mosiyana ndi classical cryptography.

Zoyipa zake ndi izi:

• Mipata yochepa: Zithunzi zimawonongeka mu zingwe zakutali zakutali, ngakhale kuti ma satellites ndi obwereza akupita patsogolo mofulumira.
• Mtengo wokwera: Kukhazikitsa machitidwe a QKD kumafuna ndalama mu zida zapadera komanso zomangamanga zomwe zikukulabe.
• mavuto othandiza: Chitetezo chamalingaliro chikhoza kukhala ndi chiwopsezo pazida zenizeni ndi masinthidwe.

Mitundu ndi ma protocol mkati mwa chitetezo cha quantum

Mundawu umaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana, iliyonse ikuyang'ana mbali zosiyanasiyana za kulumikizana ndi kusungirako:

• Quantum Key Distribution (QKD): kusinthanitsa motetezeka makiyi achinsinsi.
• Ndalama za Quantum: njira zoyesera za mgwirizano ndi kutsimikizira pakati pa magulu osadalirika.
• Ma signature a digito a Quantum: kutsimikizira zowona za mauthenga ndi zochitika.
• Ma protocol owonjezera: Quantum Oblivious Transfer, machitidwe ozikidwa pa malo ndi mayesero ena apamwamba mu cryptology.

Gwiritsani ntchito milandu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwachitetezo cha quantum

Mapulogalamu a chitetezo cha quantum Ndizowona kale m'magawo angapo, aboma ndi achinsinsi:

• Maboma ndi chitetezo: chitetezo chazidziwitso zamagulu ndi machitidwe ovuta.
• Zachuma ndi mabanki: kufalitsa kotetezedwa kwa data yachinsinsi ndi zochitika zachinsinsi.
• Zomangamanga zovuta: maukonde amagetsi, thanzi ndi matelefoni omwe sangakwanitse kutulutsa zidziwitso.
• Quantum communication network: ntchito monga Chinese satellite Micius ndi maukonde ku Europe ndi America.
• Chitetezo pachisankho: Kuyesa zisankho zamatauni ku Switzerland kuti ziwonetsetse kuti zikuchitika komanso kudalirika.

Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza zimenezo Quantum cryptography ndizochitika zenizeni zomwe zikukulirakulira osati lonjezo lamtsogolo.Makampani ndi maboma akuyika ndalama muukadaulowu kuti awonetsetse chitetezo chazinthu zofunika kwambiri za digito.

Zovuta zaukadaulo ndi zolepheretsa chitetezo cha quantum

Kulera ana ambiri kumakumana ndi zopinga monga:

• Nkhani za kukula: Kufalikira kwa machitidwe a QKD kudzera pa fiber optical akadali ochepa, ngakhale ma satellite ndi obwereza akuwongolera izi.
• Kugwirizana: Kuphatikiza matekinoloje atsopano a quantum ndi machitidwe omwe alipo kumafuna kusintha kovuta komanso mgwirizano wapadziko lonse.
• Mitengo yokwera: Zida zapadera zikuyimirabe ndalama zambiri zamabungwe ambiri.
• Kukula kwa zidaZida za Quantum zimafuna kulondola kwambiri komanso kukhazikika, ndipo zikadali mu gawo lachitukuko.
• Malamulo osintha: Miyezo ndi ma protocol akadali pakupanga, ndipo malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi sanafotokozedwe bwino.

Kusintha kwa chitetezo cha quantum: momwe mungakonzekere

La kusintha kwa quantum security Zayamba kale m'magawo ovuta komanso makampani otsogola monga IBM, Google, ndi Apple. Ndikoyenera kutsatira izi:

• Unikani zoopsa za kuchuluka: Dziwani kuti ndi data iti ndi machitidwe omwe amafunikira chitetezo chanthawi yayitali.
• Inventory the cryptographic infrastructure: Unikani ma protocol apano omwe amafunikira kusinthidwa kuti athe kukana kuwukiridwa kwa kuchuluka.
• Gwiritsani ntchito ma algorithms a post-quantum: kusamukira pang'onopang'ono kupita ku mayankho omwe samva kuwukiridwa mtsogolo.
• Maphunziro mu teknoloji ya quantum: phunzitsani amisiri ndi odziwa bwino ntchito kuti athe kusintha koyenera.
• Konzani njira zosakanizidwa: gwiritsani ntchito kuphatikiza kwa classical ndi quantum cryptography panthawi yakusintha.

Ndikofunikira kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, chifukwa makompyuta akamayika chiwopsezo chenicheni, kusamuka kumakhala kovuta komanso kokwera mtengo.

Zotukuka zazikulu ndi miyezo yachitetezo cha quantum

Tsogolo lagona pakupanga miyezo yolimba ndikulimbikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi mabungwe monga NISTKupita patsogolo kofunikira kwachitika, monga:

• Kusankhidwa ndi kuyesa kwa ma algorithms a post-quantum zomwe zingakhale zofunikira kuti muteteze zidziwitso zofunikira.
• Kukula kwa Zomangamanga zamalonda za QKD mu maukonde oyesera komanso m'malo enieni.
• Ntchito monga Quantum Safe Financial Forum (QSFF), mogwirizana ndi mabanki ndi mabungwe azachuma kuti apititse patsogolo chitetezo.
• Kudzipereka kwamakampani olumikizirana matelefoni, ntchito zamtambo, ndi ma network ofunikira kwambiri.

Tsogolo lachitetezo cha quantum ndi cybersecurity

Kupita patsogolo kwa quantum computing kumayimira mwayi wofotokozeranso chitetezo cha digito, osati zovuta. Masitepe otsatirawa, ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse pa zoyesera, miyezo, ndi kutumiza, kubweretsa nthawi yomwe cryptography idzakhala yotetezeka monga malamulo akuthupi omwe amathandizira.

La chitetezo cha quantum Ikutuluka ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri poteteza deta, mauthenga, ndi chuma chathu cha digito m'nthawi yomwe fizikiki ndi masamu zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti apange malo otetezeka kwambiri.

Daniel Terrasa

Mkonzi wokhazikika pazaukadaulo komanso nkhani zapaintaneti yemwe ali ndi zaka zopitilira khumi pazama media osiyanasiyana. Ndagwira ntchito ngati mkonzi komanso wopanga zinthu pa e-commerce, kulumikizana, kutsatsa pa intaneti ndi makampani otsatsa. Ndalembanso pamawebusayiti azachuma, azachuma ndi magawo ena. Ntchito yanga ndi chidwi changanso. Tsopano, kudzera mu zolemba zanga mu Tecnobits, Ndimayesetsa kufufuza nkhani zonse ndi mwayi watsopano umene dziko laukadaulo limatipatsa tsiku lililonse kuti tisinthe miyoyo yathu.