Ndilibe intaneti pamakina enieni, ndingatani?

¿Ndilibe intaneti pamakina enieni.Osadandaula, ili ndi vuto lofala kwambiri kuposa momwe mungaganizire, ndipo ndikuwunikiranso bwino, nthawi zambiri imatha kutha. Mu bukhuli lonseli, mupeza chilichonse kuyambira pazosintha zapaintaneti mpaka macheke apamwamba a VMware, VirtualBox, KVM/virt-manager, Parallels, ndi malo amtambo ngati Azure. Cholinga chake ndi chakuti muzindikire chomwe chimayambitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera koyenera m'njira zingapo..

Tisanalowe mu kasinthidwe, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa china chake: VM imagwira ntchito ngati kompyuta yodziyimira pawokha mkati mwa makina anu. Chifukwa chake, Ngati makina ochezera, hypervisor, kapena VM network yasinthidwa molakwika, kulumikizana kungagwe.Kusintha mfundo, malamulo a firewall/DHCP, mikangano ya subnet, madalaivala a netiweki, kapenanso kuyimitsa ntchito za hypervisor zithanso kutengapo gawo.

Momwe makina enieni amagwirira ntchito komanso chifukwa chake amakhudzira maukonde

VM imathamanga chifukwa cha hypervisor yomwe Imagawa zinthu zakuthupi za wolandirayo (CPU, RAM, disk, NIC) ku dongosolo la alendo.Kudzipatula kumeneku ndi kofunikira pa chitukuko ndi kuyesa, chifukwa kumakupatsani mwayi woyesera popanda kusokoneza dongosolo lalikulu. M'mabizinesi, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza ma seva kuzinthu zochepa. sungani ndalama ndi kusuntha mwamsanga ntchito pakati pa makamu. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthekera kopangana, kujambula zithunzi, ndikubwezeretsanso mawonekedwe a VM Imathandizira zosunga zobwezeretsera ndikuchira pakagwa zolepheraKomanso, pali Mawebusayiti odalirika otsitsa makina aulere aulere.

Ma network pafupifupi ndi gawo lina lomwe hypervisor amatengera: Ma adapter "plugs" a VM mu NAT, maulalo, mkati, kapena ma network okhawo kutengera masanjidwe anu.Kusankha njira yolakwika, kapena kukumana ndi mfundo zachitetezo pa intaneti, kumatha kusiya VM popanda intaneti ngakhale wolandilayo asakatula popanda vuto.

Ubwino ndi zovuta za malo enieni

Kupitilira kulumikizidwa, ma VM amapereka maubwino omveka bwino: kugwirizana pakati pa machitidwe (Windows, Linux, macOS, BSD), kudziyimira pawokha, komanso zosunga zobwezeretsera / kusamutsa mwachangu kudzera pa cloning. VM imodzi ikalephera, enawo amapitilirabe osakhudzidwa.

Sikuti zonse zili bwino: Muli ndi malire ndi zida zam'nyumbaNetwork latency nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwera pang'ono kuposa mu OS yayikulu, ndipo pamlingo waukadaulo pangakhale ndalama za hypervisor kapena ziphaso za alendo.

Mitundu yodziwika bwino yapaintaneti komanso momwe imakhudzira mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti

Kutengera hypervisor, mudzawona mayina osiyanasiyana, koma malingaliro ndi ofanana. Kusankha njira yoyenera ndikofunikira kuti mupatse VM intaneti.:

• NAT: VM imapeza intaneti "kupyolera" kwa wolandirayo. Izi nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito mwachisawawa ndipo ndi njira yosasinthika mu VMware/VirtualBox. Imalola VM kuti ilumikizane ndi intaneti komanso intaneti, koma ma seva akuthupi "sawona" VM mwachindunji.
• Adapter Bridged: VM imalumikizana ngati chipangizo china pa intaneti, ndi IP yakeNdibwino kuti zida zina zizilumikizana nazo, koma zitha kutsutsana ndi mfundo zosinthira kapena rauta.
• Host-only: maukonde achinsinsi pakati pa host ndi VM. Palibe intaneti.
• Netiweki yamkati: imapatula ma VM kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake mumaneti otsekedwa. Palibenso intaneti..
• NAT Network (VirtualBox): imaphatikiza NAT ndi magawo, Imalola intaneti ndi kulumikizana pakati pa ma VM pa netiweki ya NAT.

Mu VMware mutha kusintha chilichonse mu "Virtual Network Editor": Sankhani NIC yakuthupi ya mlatho, sinthani subnet ya NAT, yambitsani DHCP, ndikutsegula madokoMuthanso kuchepetsa bandwidth ndikusintha adilesi ya MAC mu "Advanced". Mu VirtualBox, mumayang'anira ma netiweki a NAT ndi subnet yawo, DHCP, IPv6, ndi malamulo amadoko kuchokera ku "Fayilo> Zokonda", ndipo mu VM iliyonse mumasankha NAT, Bridge, Internal, Host-only, kapena Network NAT.

Kukhathamiritsa: kukumbukira, kukula, bandwidth, ndi mathamangitsidwe

Ngati VM ikucheperachepera pazachuma, mudzawona zovuta zama network. Perekani RAM yokwanira Kuonetsetsa kuti mlendo atha kuthana ndi zopempha popanda kupsinjika, sinthani kukula kwa VM ngati pakufunika, ndipo ngati pali ma VM angapo, malire a bandwidth kudzera pa VM kuti mupewe kuchuluka. Mapulatifomu ena amapereka mathamangitsidwe a netiweki zomwe zimachepetsa latency ndikuwongolera kusamutsa.

Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito NAT ndipo mulibe intaneti

Ndi NAT, ngati wolandirayo ali ndi intaneti, VM imateronso. Vuto lodziwika bwino ndilakuti pafupifupi NAT subnet imagwirizana ndi netiweki yakuthupi.Mlendo sadziwa kutuluka. Sinthani subnet ya NAT mu network editor (VMware: VMnet8; VirtualBox: pangani / sankhani netiweki ya NAT yokhala ndi subnet yosiyana) kuti mupewe mikangano ndi LAN yanu yayikulu.

Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito mlatho ndipo mulibe intaneti

Munjira yolumikizidwa, VM imadalira pa intaneti, kotero Ndondomeko ndi ntchito za zomangamanga zanu zimagwira ntchito.:

• Mu VMware, ikani NIC yakuthupi kukhala VMnet0 m'malo mwa "Automatic". Kusankha mawonekedwe enieni kumapewa zovuta mukasintha maukonde.
• Sinthani: Ngati pali Port Security yokhala ndi malire a MAC pa doko, adilesi yachiwiri ya MAC (yomwe ili mu VM) ikhoza kutsekedwaOnaninso kumanga kwa IP-MAC-Port.
• Router: tsimikizirani kuti DHCP ikugwira ntchito (kapena sinthani adilesi ya IP yokhazikika pa VM), Onani firewall ndikuwonetsetsa kuti palibe malamulo oletsa magulu atsopano.

Ngati ikakanikabe, yang'anani pa wolandirayo kuti NIC yake ikugwira ntchito komanso yaposachedwa, komanso kwa mlendo Adilesi ya IP ndi DNS zimapezeka zokha.Nthawi zambiri, kusintha VM kwakanthawi kuti ikhale mlatho (ngati inali mu NAT) kapena ku NAT (ngati inali mlatho) kumakuthandizani kudzipatula.

VMware: Macheke Mwamsanga ndi Kukonza

VMware imapereka ma levers angapo omwe ndi oyenera kuyang'ana VM ikasakatula. Kuyambira ndi zinthu zosavuta zimapulumutsa nthawi:

• Yambitsaninso VM. Inde, zimagwira ntchito bwino kuposa momwe mungaganizire.
• Zimitsani kwakanthawi ma antivayirasi/chozimitsa moto kapena sinthani mawonekedwe ake kuti mulole kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kupita/kuchokera ku ma VM.
• Yambitsani ndi/kapena kuyambitsanso mautumiki otsatirawa: "VMware NAT Service" ndi "VMware DHCP Service" kuchokera ku services.msc.
• Sinthani kapena yikaninso adaputala ya netiweki mu Device Manager ya alendo. Ngati sichikuwoneka, gwiritsani ntchito "Jambulani kusintha kwa hardware".
• Chotsani ndikuwunikanso "Zolumikizidwa" ndi "Lumikizani pamagetsi" pa adaputala ya netiweki ya VM kuti mukakamize kulumikizananso.
• Mu Virtual Network Editor, dinani "Bweretsani zosintha" kuti mumangenso VMnet1/VMnet8 ngati zawonongeka.
• Ogwiritsa ntchito ena amathetsa izi pokhazikitsa adilesi ya IP ya ADSL rauta ngati NAT DNS mu VMnet8> NAT Settings> DNS.
• Pambuyo kuyimitsa / kuyambiranso wolandirayo, Tsekani ndikuyamba VM (kuposa kuyambiranso chikhalidwe chake) kuyambitsanso netiweki yeniyeni.

Ngati vuto limakhala lapakati mu NAT, nthawi zina ntchito ya NAT imaundana: Kuyambitsanso "VMware NAT Service" pa wolandirayo nthawi zambiri kumabwezeretsa kulumikizana..

VirtualBox: Njira Zofunikira

Mu VirtualBox, NAT pafupifupi nthawi zonse imagwira ntchito popanda kusintha, koma ngati sichoncho, Zosintha izi nthawi zambiri zimakonza.:

• Ikani "Zowonjezera za Alendo" kuti muwonetsetse madalaivala ndi kuphatikiza kwa alendo bwino.
• Chotsani VM, pitani ku Network, ndikutsimikizira kuti "Yambitsani adaputala ya netiweki" yafufuzidwa. Yesani kusintha pakati pa NAT, Bridged Adapter, ndi Network NAT ngati pakufunika.
• Kumbukirani: "Internal Network" ndi "Host-Only" sizimapereka intaneti ndi mapangidwe.
• Kuchokera ku "Fayilo> Zokonda> Network", pangani kapena sinthani netiweki ya NAT ndi subnet yake, DHCP ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, malamulo adoko.

Mkati mwa alendo, Siyani IP ndi DNS zokhaNgati palibe chomwe chikusintha, yang'anani NIC yosankhidwa (mwachitsanzo, Intel PRO/1000 vs Paravirtualized) ndikuyesera kusintha.

KVM/virt-manager ndi VirtualBox pa Linux (nthawi yeniyeni: Windows 11 mlendo)

Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito Linux ngati wolandila (mwachitsanzo, distro yochokera ku Fedora) ndi Windows 11 monga mlendo, ndizofala kuyika adaputala ya virtio ndikuyikabe ... Kutha kwa intaneti mu Virt-manager ndi VirtualBoxTsimikizirani kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito njira yotuluka (NAT kapena bridged) komanso kuti wolandirayo ali ndi intaneti. Ngati vutoli lingochitika munjira yolumikizidwa, lingalirani izi: ndondomeko za intaneti, DHCP ndi firewallNgati ikuwonekeranso mu NAT pa ma hypervisors onse, yang'anani madalaivala a netiweki, kupezeka kwa IP/DNS pa seva ya alendo, ndikukhazikitsanso TCP/IP stack (onani gawo la Windows). Kuthandizira machitidwe achiwerewere, kusintha kwa maadiresi a MAC, ndi kutumiza mokakamiza pa switch switch kungakhale kofunikira ngati mapulogalamu akuyang'anira / kusefa magalimoto.

Parallels Desktop pa Mac: Zizindikiro ndi Njira

Pali nthawi zina pomwe Windows sangayende mu Parallels, ngakhale Mac amatha. Zizindikiro zake ndi izi: Popanda intaneti pa Windows, kuchedwa kapena kusakhazikika, mapulogalamu omwe amalephera ngakhale ali ndi netiweki, kapena kulephera kuwona makompyuta ena pamaneti.Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala chifukwa cha makonda olakwika a Windows, pulogalamu ya antivayirasi ya chipani chachitatu, zoikamo za VM, kapena malo owonongeka a Windows.

• Onetsetsani kuti Mac ali ndi intaneti ndikupanga chithunzithunzi musanakhudze chilichonse.
• Bwezeretsani Zida Zofananira ndikuyambitsanso boot yoyera mu Windows poletsa ntchito za anthu ena (sungani ntchito za Parallels).
• Mu Hardware> Network, sinthani pakati pa "Shared Network (Yomwe Yandilimbikitsa)" ndi "Bridged Network: Default Adapter" kuti muwone yomwe imagwira bwino ntchito.
• Tsegulani CMD ndikuyesa pinging parallels.com. Ngati sichikuyankha, thamangani:

  netsh winsock reset
  netsh int ip reset reset.log

  ndi kuyambitsanso. Vuto likapitilira, yesani:

  ipconfig /release
  ipconfig /renew

• Mu Woyang'anira Chipangizo, ngati muwona "Parallels Ethernet Adapter #…", sinthani driver basi.
• Ndi ma Pro/Business editions, mutha kupita ku Zokonda> Network ndikubwezeretsanso zosintha.

Kulumikizana kukabwezeretsedwa, amachotsa chithunzithunzi kupewa kudziunjikira mikhalidwe yosafunikira.

Windows Mlendo: Zothandiza Network Commands

Vuto likakhala ndi ma netiweki a Windows, ma classics awa nthawi zambiri amasunga tsiku. Thamangani Command Prompt ngati woyang'anira:

• Bwezerani TCP/IP stack ndi Winsock:

  netsh winsock reset
  netsh int ip reset reset.log

• Konzaninso adilesi yanu ya IP mukayambiranso ngati mulibe intaneti:

  ipconfig /release
  ipconfig /renew

• Sinthani kapena yambitsaninso adaputala ya netiweki kuchokera ku Chipangizo Choyang'anira.
• Ngati pali pulogalamu yachitatu ya antivayirasi, zimitsani kwakanthawi kapena sinthani mawonekedwe ogwirizana ndi VM.

Pa Ubuntu ndi zotumphukira, ogwiritsa ntchito ena amatero install/update apt-get kapena zodalira zokhudzana ndi netiweki ndi ziphaso "tsegulani" msakatuli pomwe kusamvana kwa DNS kapena TLS kwalephera.

Azure: Kuzindikira kulumikizana pakati pa ma VM ndi intaneti

Ku Azure, njirayo imasintha chifukwa muli ndi zida zowunikira. Ngati VM imodzi siyingafikire ina mu VNet yomweyi, kapena simungathe kupeza intaneti, imatsata ndondomeko yolamulidwa.:

Kulumikiza ma VM mu VNet yomweyo

Pa gwero la VM, gwiritsani ntchito chida ngati tcping kuyesa madoko (mwachitsanzo, RDP 3389):

tcping64.exe -t <IP de la VM destino> 3389

Ngati sichikuyankha, yang'anani malamulo a NSG: ayenera kulola "Lolani VNet Inbound" ndi "Lolani Load Balancer Inbound" ndipo asakhale ndi kukana pamwamba ndi zofunika zochepa.

Onetsetsani kuti mutha kulowa kudzera pa RDP/SSH kuchokera pa portal; ngati izo zigwira ntchito, thamangani "Kulumikizana Kufufuza" pogwiritsa ntchito Network Watcher (PowerShell/CLI). Zotsatira zalemba "Kulumpha" ndi "Zochitika"; konzani molingana ndi zomwe ikuwonetsa ndikuyesanso.

Adaputala yachiwiri yamtaneti mu VNet yomweyo

Ma NIC achiwiri mu Windows alibe khomo lokhazikika. Ngati mukufuna kuti azilankhulana kunja kwa ma subnet awo, Onjezani njira yokhazikika mwa alendo (thamangani CMD ngati woyang'anira):

route add 0.0.0.0 mask 0.0.0.0 -p <IP de la puerta de enlace>

Onani NSG pa ma NIC onse awiri ndikutsimikizira ndi Network Watcher.

Kufikira pa intaneti ku Azure

Ngati VM silumikizana ndi intaneti, choyamba onetsetsani kuti NIC ili pamavuto. kuchokera Azure Resource Explorer imakupatsani mwayi wokakamiza "PUT" kuchokera kuzinthu za NIC Kulunzanitsa mawonekedwe ndikutsegulanso portal. Kenako, bwererani ku "Chongani Cholumikizira" ndikuwongolera zovuta zilizonse zomwe zapezeka.

Ma IP angapo pa Windows NIC yomweyo

Mu Windows, Ma adilesi otsika kwambiri a IP atha kukhalabe ngati adilesi yoyamba. Ngakhale mutasankha adilesi ina ya IP mu Azure Portal, ndi adilesi yoyamba ya IP yokha ku Azure yomwe ili ndi intaneti / ntchito. Sinthani "SkipAsSource" kudzera pa PowerShell kuti muwonetsetse kuti adilesi yoyenera ya IP ndiyo yoyamba.

$primaryIP = '<IP primaria que definiste en Azure>'
$netInterface = '<Nombre del NIC>'
$IPs = Get-NetIPAddress -InterfaceAlias $netInterface | Where-Object {$_.AddressFamily -eq 'IPv4' -and $_.IPAddress -ne $primaryIP}
Set-NetIPAddress -IPAddress $primaryIP -InterfaceAlias $netInterface -SkipAsSource $false
Set-NetIPAddress -IPAddress $IPs.IPAddress -InterfaceAlias $netInterface -SkipAsSource $true

Pa Linux, tsatirani kalozera wa Azure kuti muwonjezere ma IP angapo ku OS.

Mayesero ofulumira kuti achepetse kulephera

Macheke angapo adzakupatsani kalozera wachangu. Gwiritsani ntchito ngati thermometer:

• Ngati mulibe intaneti mu NAT, koma wolandirayo ali ndi intaneti, ganizirani kusamvana kwa subnet kapena vuto ndi ntchito za NAT/DHCP za hypervisor.
• Ngati ikalephera mumlatho koma imagwira ntchito mu NAT, Izi zilozera ku DHCP, firewall, kapena switch/rauta chitetezo..
• Ping adilesi ndi IP (monga, 8.8.8.8) ndi dzina (monga, domeni ya anthu onse). Ngati imagwira ntchito ndi IP koma osati ndi dzina, vuto liri ndi DNS.

Ma Networking ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri

Kuti mumve zambiri: Nthawi zonse sankhani mawonekedwe enieni amlatho.Pewani "Automatic"; kulekanitsa ma subnets pafupifupi kuchokera ku LAN yakuthupi; lemba malamulo a NSG/ACL ndikusunga DHCP ngati mukufuna ma IP osasunthika a ma VM olumikizidwa. Pa makamu okhala ndi ma VM angapo, malire a bandwidth pa VM ndikuyang'anira mizere ngati maukonde adzaza.

Zosunga zobwezeretsera: ngati china chake chalakwika

Kutaya deta chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwa intaneti kapena kulakwitsa kwa kasinthidwe kumakhala kowawa, kowawa kwambiri. Zosungira zosunga zobwezeretsera za virtualization Amalola zosunga zobwezeretsera zopanda agent, kubwezeretsanso pompopompo mumasekondi, ndikuchira papulatifomu. (VMware, Hyper-V, Proxmox, oVirt, etc.). Ngati mumayang'anira ma VM pakupanga, lingalirani za nsanja yomwe imapereka kontrakitala yapaintaneti, kuchira msanga, ndi mayeso aulere athunthu kuti mutsimikizire njira yanu.

FAQ: Mafunso Ofulumira

Mafunso ena omwe amafunsidwa ngati VM sikusakatula amakhala ndi mayankho achidule. Nazi zothandiza kwambiri:

• Chifukwa chiyani NAT imatsika pafupipafupi? Kuyambitsanso ntchito ya NAT ya hypervisor pa wolandila nthawi zambiri kumabwezeretsa kulumikizana.
• Kodi adaputala ikuwoneka ngati yolumikizidwa? Chongani "Cholumikizidwa" ndi "Lumikizani pa kuyatsa" pazokonda za VM.
• Ngati palibe kulumikizidwa kwa netiweki mutayimitsa / kuyambitsanso wolandirayo, zimitsani ndikuyambitsanso VM kuti muyambitsenso adapter ya netiweki.
• Kodi VM ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanda intaneti? Inde: Host-only kapena Internal Network imapanga maukonde akutali popanda mwayi wakunja.
• Kodi VM ingagwirizane ndi VPN? Mu NAT, amalandira VPN kuchokera kwa wolandirayo; munjira yolumikizidwa, imayika kasitomala wa VPN pa VM.

Kumvetsetsa momwe ma network (NAT, bridged, internal, host-only) amagwirizanirana wina ndi mzake, kuwunika mikangano ya subnet, ma hypervisor services (NAT/DHCP), malamulo achitetezo, ndi stack network network Imathetsa mavuto ambiri "ndilibe intaneti pa VM".Chilengedwe chikakhala chokhazikika pamtambo, dalirani zida zowunikira ndi zoikamo monga kusakhazikika kwa ma NIC achiwiri kapena kasamalidwe koyambirira ka IP mu Windows. Ndipo, monga lamulo, sungani zithunzi ndi zosunga zobwezeretsera kuti zibwererenso ku zomwe zidachitikapo ngati kusintha kuswa kulumikizana.

Nkhani yowonjezera:

Windows 11 breaks localhost: zomwe zikuchitika, yemwe wakhudzidwa, ndi momwe angakonzere

Mkhristu Garcia

Wokonda ukadaulo kuyambira ali mwana. Ndimakonda kukhala wodziwa zambiri m'gawoli ndipo, koposa zonse, kulumikizana nazo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndakhala ndikudzipereka kwa kuyankhulana pa teknoloji ndi mawebusaiti a masewera a kanema kwa zaka zambiri. Mutha kundipeza ndikulemba za Android, Windows, MacOS, iOS, Nintendo kapena mutu wina uliwonse womwe umabwera m'maganizo.