Zojambula Zamakono Zamakono, Mayendedwe ndi Ojambula.

Zosintha zomaliza: 29/06/2023
Wolemba: Sebastian Vidal

M'dziko losangalatsa lazojambula zamakono, timakumana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mayendedwe ndi akatswiri ojambula omwe asiya chizindikiro chachikulu pazojambula zamakono. Chiyambireni chiyambi chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, luso lamakono lasintha kwambiri ndikutsutsa misonkhano yomwe inakhazikitsidwa, zomwe zikupereka njira yatsopano ndi kuwonetsera kwaluso. M'nkhaniyi, tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane makhalidwe apadera a zojambulajambula zamakono, mayendedwe omwe akufotokozera, ndi ena mwa akatswiri ojambula kwambiri a nthawi yochititsa chidwiyi. Konzekerani kulowa m'dziko lazaluso zaluso ndikuphwanya zotchinga zokongola.

1. Chiyambi cha Zojambula Zamakono: Tanthauzo ndi Mbiri Yakale

Zojambula zamakono ndi luso lazojambula lomwe linayambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800 mpaka pafupifupi m'ma 20th century. Panthawi imeneyi, kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika mwa njira yomwe zojambulajambula zinkamveka ndikuyimiridwa. Inali nthawi yoyesera, kupanga zatsopano ndi kukana miyambo yokhazikitsidwa. Zojambula zamakono zimadziwika ndi kutsindika kwake pa chiyambi, maonekedwe aumwini ndi kufunafuna mitundu yatsopano yowonetsera zithunzi.

Mbiri yakale ya zojambulajambula zamakono ndizofunikira kuti timvetse tanthauzo lake ndikuthandizira pazochitika zaluso. Panthawi imeneyi, kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndale ndi chikhalidwe kunachitika zomwe zinakhudza luso ndi momwe zimakhalira. Kusintha kwa Industrial Revolution ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kunakhudza kwambiri m'gulu la anthu ndipo, chifukwa chake, mumitundu yopangidwa mwaluso. Kuphatikiza apo, zochitika zakale monga nkhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi, kutukuka kwa mafakitale ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko, zidasiyanso mbiri yawo pazaluso zamakono.

M'lingaliro limeneli, luso lamakono limadziwika ndi kusiyana kwake komanso kusinthasintha. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaukadaulo idatuluka monga impressionism, cubism, expressionism ndi surrealism, pakati pa ena. Kusuntha kulikonse kumeneku kumasiyanitsidwa ndi kalembedwe kake, kachitidwe kake ndi njira yake. Zojambula zamakono sizimangokhala ndi mawonekedwe amodzi, koma zimaphatikizana ndi mauthenga osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo kujambula, zojambulajambula, zomangamanga, zojambula, kujambula ndi mafilimu. [1]

2. Makhalidwe a Zojambula Zamakono: Zatsopano ndi Kuyesera

Muzojambula zamakono, zatsopano ndi zoyesera ndizofunika kwambiri zomwe zimatanthauzira kachitidwe kaluso kameneka. Ojambula amakono adachoka ku njira zachikhalidwe ndi masitayelo kuti afufuze mitundu yatsopano yofotokozera ndikuphwanya ndimisonkhano yokhazikitsidwa. Ntchito zake zimadziwika ndi chiyambi chawo, luso lawo komanso kufufuza kosalekeza kwa malingaliro ndi njira zatsopano.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za luso lamakono ndi luso logwiritsa ntchito zipangizo ndi njira. Ojambulawo adayesa zinthu zosavomerezeka, monga mapulasitiki, zitsulo ndi zinthu zamakampani, kupanga ntchito yake. Adafufuzanso njira ndi masitayelo atsopano, monga collage, assemblage ndi abstract art. Zatsopano izi analola kwa ojambula zamakono zimadutsa malire a zojambulajambula ndikupanga ntchito zapadera ndi avant-garde.

Kuwonjezera pa zatsopano mu zipangizo ndi njira, luso lamakono limadziwika ndi kuyesera mu kuyimira zenizeni. Ojambula amakono sanadzichepetse okha kubwereza mokhulupirika zenizeni, koma adafunafuna njira zatsopano zowonetsera ndi kufotokozera malingaliro awo. Anagwiritsa ntchito mtundu, mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe ndi zinthu zina zowoneka mwachisawawa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta, zophiphiritsira kapena za surreal. Kuyesera kumeneku poyimira zenizeni kunalola akatswiri amakono kuti afufuze malingaliro atsopano ndi kufalitsa maganizo ndi zochitika m'njira yowonjezereka.

Mwachidule, luso lamakono limadziwika ndi zatsopano ndi kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo, njira ndi kuyimira zenizeni. Ojambula amakono adaswa misonkhano ndikufufuza njira zatsopano zowonetsera ndi kulankhulana. Kufufuza kwawo kosalekeza kwa zoyambira ndi ukadaulo kunawatsogolera kupanga ntchito zapadera komanso zosintha. Zojambula zamakono zikupitirizabe kukhala zofunikira kwambiri mdziko lapansi luso lamakono, ndipo cholowa chake chimakhala cholimbikitsa kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo.

3. Zojambula Zamakono Zamakono: Chidule Chachidule

Zojambula zamakono zimaphatikizanso zojambulajambula ndi masitayelo osiyanasiyana omwe adawonekera m'zaka za zana la 19 komanso koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20. Maguluwa adasiyana ndi miyambo yakale yaukadaulo ndikufufuza njira zatsopano zofotokozera. Panthawi yonseyi, ojambula ochokera padziko lonse lapansi adayesa njira zosiyanasiyana, mitu ndi masitayelo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito zatsopano komanso zosintha.

Zina mwazinthu zodziwika bwino muzojambula zamakono ndi monga Impressionism, Cubism, Expressionism, Surrealism, ndi Dadaism. Mwachitsanzo, Impressionism imadziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mabulashi otayirira, owoneka bwino kuti ajambule kuwala ndi mtundu wa zochitika pakadali pano. Cubism, kumbali ina, inatsutsa kuyimira kwachikhalidwe kwa zinthu ndi malingaliro, pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a geometric ndi kugawanika kwa zenizeni muzochita zake. Kusuntha kumeneku sikunangosintha momwe zojambulajambula zinkawonera, komanso zinakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe ndi anthu a nthawiyo.

Gulu lililonse lamakono lamakono linali ndi filosofi yake ndi njira yokongola. Mwachitsanzo, Expressionism inkafuna kuyimira malingaliro ndi mayiko amkati mwa kupotoza ndi kukokomeza. Komano, Surrealism, inafufuza dziko la maloto ndi chidziwitso, ndikupanga zithunzi zomwe zimatsutsana ndi malingaliro ndi zenizeni zenizeni. Mafunde aluso awa anali ofunikira pakukula ndi kusinthika kwaukadaulo, ndipo adayala maziko amayendedwe apatsogolo, monga zojambulajambula za pop ndi zojambulajambula. Mwachidule, kayendedwe ka zojambulajambula zamakono ndi umboni wa mphamvu ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa malingaliro aluso, zomwe zikupitiriza kulimbikitsa mibadwo yamtsogolo.
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4. Cubism: Makhalidwe ndi Oyimilira Akuluakulu

Cubism inali gulu laluso lomwe linayamba m'zaka za zana la 1907, makamaka pakati pa 1914 ndi XNUMX. Icho chinali chimodzi mwazinthu zosintha kwambiri. m'mbiri zojambulajambula, chifukwa zidasweka ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe yowonetsera mawonekedwe. Cubism inali yodziwika ndi kuyang'ana kwake pa kuyimira nthawi imodzi ya mawonedwe angapo ndi mawonekedwe a geometric, m'malo moyimira zenizeni.

Zofunika kwambiri za Cubism zimaphatikizapo mawonekedwe osamveka a mawonekedwe ndi zinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosalala ndi ma toni, komanso kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe kukhala zidutswa za geometric. Ojambula a Cubist ankafuna kusonyeza zenizeni kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, kukonzanso zinthu ndi ziwerengero mumitundu itatu ndi iwiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga kugawikana kwa maonekedwe ndi kukwera kwa ndege, ma cubists adatha kufotokoza kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.

Mwa oimira akuluakulu a Cubism ndi Pablo Picasso ndi Georges Braque. Picasso amaonedwa kuti ndi mmodzi mwa omwe anayambitsa Cubism ndipo ntchito yake "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zodziwika bwino za gululi. Braque, kumbali yake, adagwirizana kwambiri ndi Picasso ndipo pamodzi adapanga zomwe zimatchedwa "analytical cubism", zomwe zimadziwika ndi kugawanika ndi kusanthula mawonekedwe. Oyimilira ena odziwika a Cubism akuphatikizapo Juan Gris, Fernand Léger ndi Robert Delaunay.

5. Surrealism: Kufufuza za Subconscious mu Art

Surrealism ndi gulu laluso lomwe lidayamba m'zaka za zana la 20, lomwe limadziwika ndi kuwunika zachidziwitso kudzera mukuyimira zithunzi zopanda nzeru komanso zonga maloto. Gululi linatsutsa misonkhano yaluso ndipo linkafuna kumasula luso la kulenga la chikumbumtima. M'chigawo chino, tiwona zizindikiro zazikulu za surrealism ndi zotsatira zake pa luso.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za surrealism ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zodabwitsa zomwe zimalumikizidwa m'njira yosamveka. Ojambula a Surrealist ankafuna kufotokoza zochitika zomwe zimatsutsana ndi malingaliro ndi zenizeni, zomwe zinayambitsa kusamvana pakati pa zomveka ndi zopanda nzeru. Izi zitha kuwoneka m'mabuku otchuka monga "The Persistence of Memory" ya Salvador Dalí, pomwe mawotchi osungunuka amawonetsa nthawi yamadzimadzi komanso kusakhazikika kwa zenizeni.

Surrealism imaphatikizanso zaluso zodziwikiratu, zomwe zimafuna kufotokoza popanda kuzindikira kapena kuchitapo kanthu mwadala. Ojambula a Surrealist adafufuza njira monga kujambula zodziwikiratu ndi kulemba zokha kuti atulutse malingaliro ndi malingaliro kuchokera ku chikumbumtima. Kulengedwa kotereku kunalola wojambula kupeza maloto ndi zokhumba zake zakuya, kupanga ntchito zodzaza ndi zizindikiro ndi tanthauzo laumwini.

Kuphatikiza apo, surrealism idakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha cinema ndi zolemba. Owongolera ambiri ndi olemba adatengera mfundo za surrealism kuti afufuze zenizeni komanso zosinthidwa. Mafilimu monga "Galu wa Andalusi" ndi Luis Buñuel ndi "Mngelo Wowononga", komanso Buñuel, amasonyeza makhalidwe a surreal, monga kusakaniza kwa zithunzi zosokoneza ndi nkhani zopanda mzere. M'mabuku, olemba monga André Breton ndi René Magritte adafufuza mphamvu ya mawu ndi zithunzi kuti atulutse luso la kulenga ndikukayikira mikangano ya chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe.

Mwachidule, surrealism ndi gulu laluso lomwe limafufuza zachinsinsi kudzera muzithunzi zopanda nzeru komanso zonga maloto. Mawonekedwe ake akuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mopanda nzeru kwa zinthu za juxtaposed, zojambulajambula zokha komanso chikoka m'mafilimu ndi mabuku. Surrealism inapitirizabe kukhudza luso lamakono ndipo imakhalabe mawonekedwe amphamvu owonetsera. Kufufuza m'makona akuya kwambiri a malingaliro aumunthu ndi kuwagwira muzojambula zakhala cholinga chachikulu cha akatswiri ambiri a surrealist, ndipo cholowa chawo chikupitiriza kudabwitsa ndi kutsutsa misonkhano ya zojambulajambula.

6. Kufotokozera: Kutengeka ndi Kusokoneza Pazojambula

Expressionism ndi gulu laluso lomwe linayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndipo linkadziwika ndi kufotokoza maganizo ndi malingaliro kupyolera mu kupotoza kwa maonekedwe ndi mitundu pojambula. Ojambula a Expressionist ankafuna kufotokoza maganizo awo ndi zochitika zaumunthu m'njira yodziwika bwino komanso yaumwini.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za expressionism ndi kukhudzika kwamalingaliro komanso kuwonetsa kumvera. Ojambula amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yolimba, yosiyana kuti iwonetsere kupsinjika maganizo ndi kupsinjika maganizo. Kuphatikiza apo, adagwiritsa ntchito kupotoza mawonekedwe kuti aimirire dziko lamkati la ojambula ndikufufuza malingaliro monga mantha, kusungulumwa, kuzunzika komanso kuzunzika komwe kulipo.

Ena mwa ojambula otchuka kwambiri mu gulu la Expressionist ndi Edvard Munch, Vincent van Gogh, ndi Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Ojambulawa ankagwiritsa ntchito maburashi amphamvu, osonyeza kukhudzika kwa ntchito zawo. Komanso, iwo anayamba kuwononga maonekedwe ndi maonekedwe a anthu kuti afotokoze maganizo awo.

Mwachidule, expressionism ndi kachitidwe kaluso kamene kamadziwika ndi kuyimira kokhazikika komanso kwamalingaliro kudzera pakupotoza kwa mawonekedwe ndi mitundu pojambula. Ojambula a Expressionist ankafuna kufotokoza maganizo awo ndi zochitika zaumunthu m'njira yaumwini komanso yokhazikika. Anagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yolimba, yosiyana, komanso kupotoza kwa mawonekedwe, kuti afotokoze maganizo amphamvu ndi malingaliro omwe alipo. Kusunthaku kwasiya kukhudzidwa kosatha pazaluso zaluso ndipo kwakhudzanso akatswiri ambiri ojambula ndi mayendedwe.

7. Constructivism: Geometry ndi Abstraction mu Art

Constructivism ndi gulu lazojambula ndi chikhalidwe lomwe linayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. Idawonekera ku Russia ndipo idakhudza kwambiri luso lamakono. Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za constructivism ndikuphatikiza kwa geometry ndi abstraction mu zaluso.

Geometry imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri a constructivist kuti apange mawonekedwe ndi mapangidwe ovuta. Njirayi imachokera ku lingaliro lakuti mawonekedwe ndi mapangidwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zojambulajambula. Ojambula a Constructivist amafufuza miyeso ndi kuthekera kosiyanasiyana kwa geometry muzolemba zawo, pogwiritsa ntchito mizere, ndege ndi ma voliyumu kuti apange zowoneka bwino.

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Komano, kutulutsa ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazaluso za constructivist. Ojambula amapanga ntchito zawo pofewetsa ndi kuchepetsa mafomu kuzinthu zawo zofunika. Abstraction imalola ojambula kupanga ntchito zomwe zimapereka malingaliro ndi malingaliro osadalira kuyimira kwenikweni. M'malo mopanganso chithunzi chokhulupirika cha zenizeni, akatswiri a constructivist amafuna kufotokoza uthenga kapena lingaliro mwa kuphatikiza mawonekedwe ndi mitundu.

8. Dadaism: Kusalemekeza Monga Mchitidwe Wotsutsa

Dadaism, gulu lazojambula ndi zolembalemba lomwe linayambika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, linali lodziwika ndi kusalemekeza ndi mzimu wake wopanduka monga njira yotsutsa anthu ndi misonkhano yokhazikitsidwa. Gulu la avant-garde, lochokera ku Zurich, Switzerland, panthawiyi Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse Yoyamba, anafuna kuswa malamulo ndi kumanga chinenero chatsopano chaluso chozikidwa pa kudzidzimutsa ndi kusokoneza.

Dadaism adadziwonetsera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga ndakatulo, kujambula, zojambulajambula, collage ndi machitidwe. Cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kukayikira zaluso zamakhalidwe ndi malingaliro omveka, kudzera mukupanga ntchito zopanda pake, zododometsa komanso zokopa. Kupyolera mu mawonetseredwe awa, a Dadaists ankafuna kutsutsa machitidwe a chikhalidwe ndi ndale a nthawiyo, komanso kunyoza misonkhano yokhazikitsidwa zojambulajambula.

Kuti akwaniritse cholinga ichi, a Dadaists adagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga kuphatikizira zinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku muzochita zawo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nthabwala ndi nthabwala. Njirazi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito zosokoneza zomwe zimatsutsana ndi malamulo ndi zoyembekeza za zojambula zachikhalidwe, motero zimapangitsa kuti anthu azitsutsa komanso otsutsa. Dadaism, ngakhale kuti inalipo kwakanthawi, idasiya chidwi kwambiri pazaluso ndipo idayala maziko aukadaulo wambiri wotsatira.

9. Ojambula Odziwika a Zojambula Zamakono: Picasso ndi Dalí

M'dziko lazojambula zamakono, awiri mwa ojambula otchuka kwambiri ndi Picasso ndi Dalí. Ojambula onsewa asiya cholowa chosatha m'mbiri ya zaluso ndipo asintha momwe timawonera dziko kudzera muzochita zawo.

Pablo Picasso, wobadwira ku Spain mu 1881, amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa gulu la Cubist. Maonekedwe ake apadera komanso avant-garde adasiyana ndi misonkhano yaluso ya nthawi yake. Ntchito zake monga "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" ndi "Guernica" ndi zithunzi za zojambulajambula zamakono ndipo zimasonyeza luso lake loyimira zenizeni m'njira yatsopano komanso yosamvetsetseka.

Kumbali ina, Salvador Dalí, yemwe anabadwa mu 1904 ku Spain, anadziŵika bwino ndi kalembedwe kake ka surrealist. Zojambula zake, monga "Kulimbikira kwa Memory," zimadziwika chifukwa choyimira maloto komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zochititsa chidwi komanso zophiphiritsa. Dalí adayesa njira ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, kupanga mawonekedwe apadera omwe adamupangitsa kukhala m'modzi mwa ojambula otchuka kwambiri m'zaka za zana la XNUMX.

10. Zojambula Zamakono: Zida Zatsopano ndi Njira Zamakono

Muzojambula zamakono, ojambula adafufuza ndikugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono ndi njira zamakono kuti apange ntchito zapadera komanso zowonetseratu zojambula. Zosankha zatsopanozi zalola osema kutsutsa malire achikhalidwe ndikuyesa mawonekedwe atsopano ndi malingaliro opanga.

Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazojambula zamakono ndi zitsulo, galasi, resin, ceramics ndi pulasitiki. Zida zimenezi zimapereka zinthu zosiyanasiyana zakuthupi ndi zokongola, zomwe zimalola ojambula kuti azisewera ndi kuwala, mtundu, mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe muzojambula zawo. Kuonjezera apo, njira zamakono monga kusindikiza kwa 3D ndi kujambula kwa digito zasintha njira yopangira ziboliboli, kupatsa akatswiri ojambula luso lopanga mafomu ovuta, atsatanetsatane ndi olondola kwambiri.

Zina mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazojambula zamakono ndi monga kusonkhanitsa, kuwotcherera, kuumba, kusema, ndi kuponyera. Ndi msonkhano, ojambula amatha kuphatikiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuti apange zojambulajambula zatsopano, pomwe kuwotcherera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza zidutswa zazitsulo. Kuumba kumathandiza osema kupanga zinthu zotha kusintha monga dongo kapena utomoni, ndipo chosema chimagwiritsidwa ntchito posema zinthu zolimba monga matabwa kapena mwala. Pomaliza, kuponyera ndi njira yomwe imaphatikizapo kuthira zinthu zamadzimadzi, monga chitsulo kapena galasi, mu nkhungu kuti apange chosema.

11. Zomangamanga Zamakono: Kachitidwe ndi Mchitidwe Wapadziko Lonse

, yakhala ikufala kwambiri m'mapangidwe a zomangamanga kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900. Mchitidwewu umadziwika ndi kuyang'ana kwake pa ntchito, kuphweka ndi zomangamanga pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono komanso zipangizo zamakono. International Style yakhala chizindikiro cha mizinda yambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo yasiya chizindikiro chokhazikika pa mbiri ya zomangamanga.

Zomangamanga zamakono zimachokera pa mfundo yakuti mawonekedwe amatsatira ntchito. Imayang'ana pakupanga nyumba zomwe zimakhala zothandiza komanso zogwira mtima, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito malo omwe alipo. Kuti akwaniritse izi, omanga amakono amaganizira zinthu zingapo, monga zosowa ndi zofuna za kasitomala, malo okhala, bajeti ndi zovuta zakuthupi.

Mtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi, kumbali ina, umadziwika ndi kukongola kwake kocheperako komanso kuyang'ana pa geometry ndi mizere yowongoka. Nyumba zomangidwa motere nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi magalasi, konkire ndi zitsulo, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mazenera akuluakulu kuti alowetse kuwala kwachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, zomanga zamakono zimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba komanso njira zomangira, monga machitidwe a HVAC ogwira ntchito, zida zokhazikika, ndi njira zomangira zokomera chilengedwe. Mwa kuphatikiza magwiridwe antchito ndi kalembedwe kokongola kosiyana, zomanga zamakono zasiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika padziko lonse lapansi.

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Mwachidule, kamangidwe kamakono ndi kalembedwe ka mayiko ndi machitidwe omanga omwe amayang'ana kwambiri ntchito, mphamvu, ndi minimalist aesthetics. Masitayilo awa akhudza momwe nyumba zimapangidwira ndikumangidwira padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zikupitilizabe kukhala zolimbikitsa kwa omanga amakono. Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi mapangidwe a zomangamanga, dziwani mfundo ndi makhalidwe a masitayelowa zingakhale zothandiza monga maziko opangira ma projekiti apamwamba komanso ofunikira m'dziko lamakono.

12. Zojambulajambula: Kuphwanya ndi Kuyimilira Kowona

Abstract Art ndi kachitidwe kaluso kamene kamasiyana ndi mawonekedwe enieni a zinthu ndikuyang'ana kufotokoza zakukhosi ndi malingaliro kudzera m'mawonekedwe, mitundu ndi mizere. Zojambulajambulazi zinayambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndipo zakhudza kwambiri mbiri yakale.

Muzojambula zosamveka, cholinga sikuyimira zenizeni monga momwe zilili, koma kufufuza njira zatsopano zowonetsera ndi kuyankhulana kowonekera. Njirayi imachokera ku lingaliro lakuti luso likhoza kukhala lodziimira ndipo siliyenera kudalira zenizeni kuti likhale ndi tanthauzo lakuya. Maonekedwe ang'onoang'ono ndi mitundu amatha kudzutsa malingaliro mwa owonera ndikuwalola kuti azitha kuchita zaluso m'njira yokhazikika komanso yokhazikika.

Kuti apange zojambulajambula, ojambula amatha kuyesa njira ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku zojambula zamafuta mpaka zojambulajambula ndi kukhazikitsa. Ojambula ena otchuka akuphatikizapo Wassily Kandinsky, Piet Mondrian ndi Jackson Pollock. Kupyolera muzojambula zawo, ojambulawa afufuza mgwirizano pakati pa maonekedwe, mitundu ndi mizere, ndikupanga zolemba zosamveka zomwe zimatsutsa misonkhano yachikhalidwe.

Mwachidule, zojambulajambula zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuyimira zenizeni pofunafuna njira zatsopano zowonetsera ndi kuyankhulana kowonekera pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe osamveka, mitundu ndi mizere. Gulu la zalusoli lakhudza mbiri yakale ndipo limalola owonera kuti aziwona zojambulajambula mwanjira yapayekha komanso yokhazikika. Kupyolera mukuyesera ndi njira zosiyanasiyana ndi zipangizo, akatswiri ojambula zithunzi apanga nyimbo zatsopano zomwe zimatsutsana ndi zochitika zamakono.

13. Kujambula mu Zojambula Zamakono: Kujambula Mphindi

Kujambula mu Modern Art kwasintha momwe timajambulira ndikugawana zithunzi. Mu ichi zaka za digito, ojambula alandira kujambula ngati chida chowonetsera masomphenya awo opanga ndi kufufuza zotheka zatsopano.

Kujambula kumakupatsani mwayi wojambula nthawiyi mwanjira yapadera, nthawi yozizira mu chithunzi chimodzi zomwe zimatha kufotokoza zakukhosi komanso kukamba nkhani. Ukadaulo wamakono wapangitsa mwayi wojambula zithunzi, kulola aliyense kukhala wojambula ndikupanga ntchito zapadera zaluso.

Muzojambula zamakono, kujambula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kufufuza mitu monga kudziwika, jenda, utsamunda ndi ndale, pakati pa ena. Ojambula amayesa njira zosiyanasiyana zojambulira ndi masitaelo kuti apereke uthenga wawo mogwira mtima komanso mogwira mtima. Amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga kupanga, kuyatsa ndi kusintha kwa digito kuti apange zithunzi zomwe zimakopa owonera ndikuwapempha kuti awonetsere. Kujambula muzojambula zamakono kwakhala chida champhamvu chodzutsa maganizo, kupanga chidziwitso cha anthu komanso kuyankhulana maganizo kuposa mawu olembedwa.

14. Cholowa cha Zojambula Zamakono: Chikoka ndi Kufunika Kwamakono

Cholowa cha zojambulajambula zamakono ndizofunika kwambiri komanso zofunikira pakadali panoKupyola mu za mbiri yakale, zojambulajambula zamakono zasiya chizindikiro chachikulu pa anthu ndipo zakhudza akatswiri ambiri ojambula ndi mayendedwe aluso. Zotsatira zake zimatha kuwoneka muzojambula ndi zojambulajambula, komanso zomangamanga, zojambula ndi mafashoni.

Chimodzi mwa zisonkhezero zazikulu za luso lamakono lakhala luso lotha kuphwanya miyambo yachikhalidwe ndikufufuza mitundu yatsopano ya zojambulajambula. Ojambula amakono atsutsa miyambo yokhazikitsidwa, akuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana, machitidwe ndi zipangizo. Izi zalola kuti pakhale mafunde atsopano aluso ndi chitukuko cha chinenero chapadera chowonera.

Mpaka lero, cholowa cha zojambulajambula zamakono chikupitirizabe kukhala chofunikira komanso chothandizira pazochitika zamakono. Ojambula amakono amalimbikitsidwa ndi zaluso zamakono kuti apange ntchito zatsopano komanso zotsogola. Kuwonjezera apo, mayendedwe amakono amakono amafuna kupitiriza malingaliro ndi kufufuza koyambitsidwa ndi ojambula amakono. Momwemonso, zaluso zamakono zimapitilirabe kukhala chinthu chophunziridwa ndikuwunikiridwa m'gawo lamaphunziro, ndipo chimawonedwa ngati malo ofotokozera kuti amvetsetse kusinthika kwaukadaulo pakapita nthawi.

Mwachidule, luso lamakono ndi lodziwika chifukwa cha kuyesa kwake, kumasuka ku malire a chikhalidwe, ndi kuyang'ana kwake pa kufotokoza kwa munthu payekha. Mayendedwe aluso azaka za m'ma 1900 adasiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika m'mbiri yaukadaulo, ndikuyambitsa mitundu yatsopano yoyimira, malingaliro osintha komanso kusintha kwaukadaulo ndi zida. Kuchokera ku Impressionism kupita ku Surrealism, Dadaism ndi Cubism, gulu lililonse lathandizira zojambulajambula zamakono zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera komanso masomphenya atsopano. Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri amakono amatsutsa ma canon okhazikitsidwa, amafufuza nkhani zonyansa komanso kutsutsa zachikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Mwachidule, luso lamakono ndi zenera la malingaliro olenga ndi osokonezeka aumunthu, kumene njira ndi malingaliro zimagwirizanitsa, kupanga zochitika zapadera kwa owona.