Colloids Kodi Mitundu ndi Zitsanzo

Mdziko lapansi Mu chemistry pali zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zomwe zingakhale zovuta kwa ambiri. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi colloids, kalasi yapadera ya zosakaniza zomwe zimadziwika ndi katundu wake anthu ndi makhalidwe awo apadera. M'nkhaniyi, tiwona mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya colloids yomwe ilipo ndikusanthula zitsanzo zina mfundo zazikulu za gulu lochititsa chidwi la zinthu. Kupyolera mu njira yaukadaulo komanso yosalowerera ndale, tidzayesetsa kuzama mozama pamutuwu, ndikupereka masomphenya omveka bwino komanso achidule a ma colloids ndi kufunikira kwawo m'magawo osiyanasiyana asayansi ndiukadaulo.

1. Mau oyamba a colloids: zomwe iwo ali, mitundu ndi zitsanzo

Colloids ndi machitidwe omwazikana omwe ali pakatikati pakati pa mayankho owona ndi kuyimitsidwa. Iwo yodziwika ndi kupangidwa ndi omwazika particles wa microscopic kukula, amene inaimitsidwa mu dispersing sing'anga. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake, kuchokera ku nanoparticles kupita ku tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndipo titha kukhala olimba, madzi kapena mpweya.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya colloids, yomwe imayikidwa molingana ndi gawo la gawo lobalalika ndi la sing'anga yobalalitsa. Zina mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi ma colloid amadzimadzi amadzimadzi, ma colloid amadzimadzi olimba, ndi ma colloid amadzimadzi. Mtundu uliwonse wa colloid uli ndi katundu ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala othandiza pazogwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zaukadaulo ndi sayansi.

Kuti mumvetse bwino zomwe ma colloids ndi, ndizothandiza kudziwa zitsanzo za colloids zomwe zimapezeka m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Zitsanzo zina zodziwika bwino ndi mkaka, mayonesi, chifunga, utsi, ndi madzi a m’magazi. Zitsanzozi zikuwonetsa momwe ma colloid amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso momwe katundu wawo amawapangira kukhala ofunikira m'malo osiyanasiyana.

2. Tanthauzo la colloids ndi makhalidwe awo akuluakulu

Colloids ndi machitidwe omwazikana momwe particles omwazikana ndi kukula pakati 1 nanometer ndi 1 micrometer. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti titha kukhala olimba, amadzimadzi kapena mpweya, ndipo amamwazikana mosalekeza. Kubalalika kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono mu sing'anga yosalekeza ndizomwe zimasiyanitsa colloids ndi zosakaniza zina, monga zothetsera ndi kuyimitsidwa. Kubalalika kumakhala kokhazikika chifukwa cha mphamvu zolumikizana pakati pa particles omwazikana, zomwe zimawalepheretsa kukhazikika kapena mpweya.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za colloids ndi kuthekera kwawo kufalitsa kuwala. Izi zili choncho chifukwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timabalalika ndi zazikulu mokwanira kuti tigwirizane ndi kuwala, koma osati zazikulu zokwanira kuti zimwaze kwathunthu. Kubalalitsidwa uku ya kuwala Izi ndi zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatira za Tyndall, zomwe zimatilola kuwona njira ya kuwala kudzera mu colloid. Chinthu chinanso chofunikira ndi kuthekera kwa ma colloids kupanga ma gels, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe amitundu itatu omwe amamangirira sing'anga yopitilira mkati.

Ma Colloids amawonetsanso mphamvu zamagetsi, popeza tinthu tating'onoting'ono titha kupeza ndalama zamagetsi chifukwa cha kutengeka kwa mitundu ya ionic kuchokera pakatikati. Malipiro amagetsiwa akhoza kukhala abwino kapena oipa, ndipo amakhudza kugwirizana pakati pa particles omwazikana. Electrostatic repulsion pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chizindikiro chomwechi chimalepheretsa kuti agglutinating, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma colloids azikhala okhazikika. Komano, kukopa electrostatic pakati mlandu particles wa zizindikiro zosiyana kungachititse kuti mapangidwe aggregates. Ma electrochemical awa ndi ofunikira pamagwiritsidwe ambiri a colloids, monga m'mafakitale azakudya, zodzoladzola ndi zamankhwala.

3. Gulu la colloids molingana ndi kubalalitsidwa kwawo

Amagawidwa m'magulu atatu akuluakulu: sol, gel ndi emulsion.

Choyamba, ma colloids amtundu wa sol amadziwika ndi kukhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timamwazikana mumadzi. Tinthu ting'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ndipo timayimitsidwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sizikhazikika ndi mphamvu yokoka. Zolimba zimatha kukhala mbali ya dzuwa, koma ziyenera kukhala mu mawonekedwe a tinthu tating'ono kwambiri ndipo sizingathe kusungunuka kwathunthu mumadzimadzi. Chitsanzo chofala cha sol colloid ndi magazi, kumene maselo a magazi amamwazikana mu plasma.

Kachiwiri, ma colloids amtundu wa gel amadziwika kuti ali ndi mawonekedwe atatu omwe sing'anga yamadzimadzi imakhalabe yotsekeka. pa netiweki cholimba. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chinthu cholimba chomwe chimakhala ndi zinthu zamadzimadzi komanso zolimba. Ma gels amapangidwa pamene tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta colloidal timalumikizana ndikupanga maukonde opitilira mumadzi. Zitsanzo za gel osakaniza ndi gelatin, labala, ndi silika gel osakaniza.

Pomaliza, ma colloids amtundu wa emulsion amapangidwa pamene zakumwa ziwiri zosasinthika zimamwazikana wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito emulsifying agent. The emulsifying wothandizira amachita ngati mlatho pakati pa magawo awiri amadzimadzi ndikuwalepheretsa kulekanitsa. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha emulsion ndi mayonesi, kumene mafuta ndi vinyo wosasa amapanga chisakanizo chokhazikika chifukwa cha emulsifying agent yomwe ili ndi mazira.

4. Colloids omwazikana mu zakumwa: colloidal solutions

Colloid omwazika mu madzi amatanthauza kuyimitsidwa kwa particles mu sing'anga amadzimadzi. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatha kukhala tolimba, timadzimadzi kapena mpweya, timakhala ndi kukula kwapakati pa 1 ndi 1000 nanometers, zomwe zimawapatsa zinthu zapadera. Mayankho a Colloidal amadziwika ndikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ofananirako m'maso, koma akawonedwa pansi pa microscope kubalalitsidwa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumawonedwa.

Kuti mupeze yankho la colloidal, njira zosiyanasiyana zobalalitsira zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Chimodzi mwazofala kwambiri ndikupera, momwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono timaphwanyidwa mpaka kufika kukula koyenera. Ndizothekanso kupeza njira za colloidal kudzera mu condensation, momwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono timapangidwa kuchokera ku nthunzi. Njira ina ndi emulsion, yomwe imakhala ndi madontho omwaza amadzimadzi mumtundu wina wosasinthika.

Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti mayankho a colloidal amatha kukhala okhazikika kapena osakhazikika. Nthawi zina, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timalumikizana chifukwa cha mphamvu zowoneka bwino pakati pawo. Popewa izi, ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito stabilizers, monga surfactants kapena ma polima, zomwe zimalepheretsa particles ku agglomerating. Komanso, kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'ono mu yankho kumakhudzanso kukhazikika kwake. Mwanjira iyi, ndikofunikira kutsatira malangizo a wopanga ndikuyesa kukhazikika musanagwiritse ntchito yankho la colloidal muzogwiritsa ntchito zenizeni.

5. Colloids omwazikana mu mpweya: colloidal aerosols

Colloidal aerosol ndi kubalalitsidwa kwa tinthu ta colloidal mu gasi. Mu mtundu uwu wa colloid, zolimba kapena zamadzimadzi particles amamwazikana mu mpweya kapena mpweya wina uliwonse. Tinthu tating'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'ono tomwe timatha kukula komanso kapangidwe kake, ndikuwapatsa mawonekedwe apadera. Ma aerosols odziwika bwino a colloidal amaphatikiza utoto wopopera, zoziziritsira, ndi zinthu zamzitini zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zotulutsa.

Kuti mupeze colloidal aerosol, njira zosiyanasiyana zobalalitsira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chimodzi mwazofala kwambiri ndi atomization, momwe madzi amasandulika kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kapena akupanga mphamvu. Njira ina ndi nebulization, kumene madzi amasandulika kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono kudzera mumchitidwe wa wothinikizidwa mpweya kapena akupanga chipangizo.

Chofunika kwambiri, ma colloidal aerosols amagwira ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, m’makampani opanga mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma inhalers kuti azipereka mankhwala kudzera mumpweya. Kuphatikiza apo, ma aerosols a colloidal amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zodzikongoletsera, monga zopopera. tsitsi, zomwe zimathandiza kugawa zosakaniza mofanana. Mwachidule, ma colloidal aerosols ndi a moyenera Kumwaza ma colloidal particles mu gasi, yomwe imakhala ndi ntchito zambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.

6. Colloids omwazika mu zolimba: ma colloidal gels

Mu chemistry, ma gels a colloidal ndi mtundu wapadera wa ma colloids omwazika mu zolimba. Machitidwewa amapangidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayimitsidwa m'madzi amadzimadzi, ndikupanga mawonekedwe atatu amtundu wa maukonde. Ma gels a Colloidal amadziwika ndi kukhuthala kwawo kwakukulu komanso kuthekera kosunga madzi ambiri.

Chitsanzo chofala cha gelisi ya colloidal ndi gelisi ya silica, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani pochotsa mpweya ndi zakumwa, komanso kupanga mankhwala ndi zodzoladzola. Kuti mupeze gel osakaniza a silika, ndikofunikira kumwaza tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta silika mumadzi monga madzi kapena mowa, ndikulola kuti mawonekedwe a gel apangidwe.

Kupanga gel osakaniza colloidal kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kusankha mtundu wa tinthu tating'ono tomwe titha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso madzi omwaza oyenera. Ndiye, particles omwazika mu madzi, mwina ndi makina yogwira mtima, ultrasound kapena njira ina yabwino. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tabalalitsidwa, kapangidwe ka gel osakaniza amaloledwa kupanga kudzera mu mgwirizano pakati pa particles ndi madzi. Njira iyi Zitha kutenga nthawi ndipo zimafuna kuwongolera mosamala kutentha ndi kukhazikika kwa tinthu.

Mwachidule, ma gels a colloidal ndi machitidwe omwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono timamwazikana mumadzi kuti tipange mawonekedwe owoneka ngati maukonde atatu. Ma gels awa ndi owoneka bwino kwambiri ndipo amatha kusunga madzi ambiri. Mapangidwe a gel osakaniza a colloidal amaphatikizapo kusankha koyenera kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi madzi obalalitsa, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kubalalitsidwa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikuwongolera mapangidwe a gel osakaniza. Ma gelswa amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'makampani komanso popanga mankhwala ndi zodzikongoletsera.

7. Mitundu ya colloids: hydrophilic ndi hydrophobic

Colloids ndi zinthu zomwe zimadziwika ndi kuthekera kwawo kumwazikana mu zosungunulira, kupanga gawo losiyanasiyana lotchedwa colloidal dispersion. Ma dispersions awa akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu: hydrophilic colloids ndi hydrophobic colloids.

Hydrophilic colloids ndi omwe gawo lobalalika limakhala ndi mgwirizano wa zosungunulira zamadzi. Mu mtundu uwu wa colloids, kubalalitsidwa kumapangidwa chifukwa cha kugwirizana pakati pa mamolekyu a gawo lobalalika ndi mamolekyu a zosungunulira. Kuyanjana kumeneku kumayamikiridwa ndi polarity katundu wa mamolekyu ndipo kumachitika kudzera njira monga adsorption kapena hydration.

Kumbali inayi, ma hydrophobic colloids ndi omwe gawo lobalalitsidwa limakhala ndi mgwirizano wochepa kapena wopanda kugwirizana kwa zosungunulira zamadzi. Pankhaniyi, kubalalitsidwa kumapangidwa chifukwa chosowa kuyanjana pakati pa mamolekyu a gawo lobalalika ndi mamolekyu a zosungunulira. Kuti zikhazikike kubalalitsidwa, kukhalapo kwa pamwamba yogwira wothandizira kapena surfactants chofunika kuchepetsa padziko mavuto ndi kupewa aggregation wa particles.

Mwachidule, hydrophilic colloids ndi kuyanjana kwa madzi, amene amalola kubalalitsidwa kwa particles mu sing'anga amadzimadzi. Kumbali inayi, ma colloids a hydrophobic alibe mgwirizano wamadzi ndipo amafuna kukhalapo kwa ma surfactants kuti apange ma dispersions okhazikika. Kumvetsetsa mitundu iwiriyi ya ma colloid ndikofunikira kuti mumvetsetse momwe amagwirira ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, monga kupanga zida, zamankhwala, ndi chemistry yazakudya.

8. Colloids madzi particles: emulsions ndi colloidal suspensions

The madzi tinthu colloids Ndi machitidwe omwe tinthu tating'ono tamadzi timamwazikana mumadzi ena kapena m'malo olimba. Emulsions ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa colloidal ndi mitundu iwiri ya tinthu tating'ono tamadzi timene timapezeka m'makampani komanso moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Las emulsiones Ndiwo ma colloids momwe timadontho tating'ono tamadzi amodzi timamwazikana mumadzi ena osasinthika. Chitsanzo chofala ndi mkaka, kumene madontho a mafuta amamwazika m'madzi. Ma emulsions amatha kukhala okhazikika kapena osakhazikika, kutengera chizolowezi cha madonthowo kuti atsike kapena kuphatikizika. Kuti mukhazikike emulsion, emulsifying agents, monga lecithin kapena cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, angagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Kuyimitsidwa kwa Colloidal Ndi machitidwe omwe finely ogawanika olimba particles omwazika mu madzi. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosakhazikika chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakung'ono ndi ma elekitor a electrostatic pakati pawo. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha kuyimitsidwa kwa colloidal ndi gelisi ya silika m'madzi, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya. chisamaliro chaumwini komanso m'makampani opanga mankhwala. Kuyimitsidwa kwa Colloidal kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, monga zokutira, zomatira ndi mankhwala.

9. Colloids wa particles olimba: colloidal dispersions

Olimba tinthu colloids ndi colloidal dispersions wongokhala finely anagawa olimba particles omwazika mu madzi sing'anga. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi kukula koyambira pakati pa 1 nanometer ndi 1 micrometer, zomwe zimawapatsa zinthu zapadera komanso zapadera.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za olimba tinthu colloids ndi bata, popeza olimba particles amakonda agglomerate ndi kukhazikika. Kusunga particles omwazikana ndi kupewa sedimentation, njira zosiyanasiyana ntchito, monga Kuwonjezera stabilizing wothandizira ndi ntchito yoyambitsa ndi homogenization njira.

M'makampani, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, monga kupanga utoto, zokutira, zodzoladzola, mankhwala ndi zakudya. Popanga zinthuzi, ndikofunikira kudziwa momwe zinthu zilili komanso machitidwe a tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta colloids, komanso njira zoyenera zokonzekera ndikukhazikika. Kudziwa kumeneku kudzatithandiza kupeza zinthu mapangidwe apamwamba ndi makhalidwe enieni.

Mwachidule, olimba tinthu colloids ndi colloidal dispersions kuti zigwirizana finely anagawa olimba particles omwazika mu madzi sing'anga. Ma dispersions awa ali ndi katundu wapadera chifukwa cha kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndipo kukhazikika kwawo ndikofunikira m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Ndikofunika kudziwa njira zoyenera zokonzekera ndi kukhazikika kwa tinthu tating'ono ta colloids, komanso ntchito zake popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

10. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino za colloids m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku

Colloids ndi machitidwe omwazikana momwe tinthu tobalalika timakhala ndi gawo limodzi mu kukula pakati pa 1 ndi 1000 nanometers. Machitidwewa amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamoyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku ndipo amapezeka muzinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso zochitika zosiyanasiyana. M'munsimu muli zitsanzo za colloids mu moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

1. Mkaka: Mkaka ndi chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha colloid. Amapangidwa ndi ma globules amafuta omwe amayimitsidwa mu njira yamadzi yopangira mapuloteni, lactose ndi mchere. Chifukwa cha kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono komanso momwe amalumikizirana ndi kuwala, mkaka umakhala ndi mawonekedwe oyera.

2. Mayonesi: Mayonesi ndi chitsanzo china cha colloid chomwe chimapezeka pophika. Amapangidwa ndi madontho ang'onoang'ono a mafuta omwazika mu emulsion ya dzira yolk ndi viniga. Kapangidwe ka colloidal kameneka kamapangitsa mayonesi kukhala wosalala komanso mawonekedwe ofanana.

3. Magazi: Magazi ndi colloid yofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa thupi. thupi la munthu. Amapangidwa ndi maselo a magazi (maselo ofiira ndi oyera a magazi) omwe amaimitsidwa mu plasma yamadzi. Magazi ndi chitsanzo cha colloid chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa particles omwazikana ndi mphamvu yake kusunga particles izi kuyimitsidwa.

Izi ndi zitsanzo zochepa chabe za colloids zomwe zimapezeka m'moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku. Ma Colloids amagwira ntchito yofunikira pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku zakudya kupita ku mankhwala ndi zodzoladzola. Kumvetsetsa chilengedwe ndi katundu wa colloids ndikofunikira m'mafakitale ambiri ndi magawo asayansi.

11. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale a colloids ndi kufunikira kwawo muukadaulo

Kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale kwa colloids kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana aukadaulo wamakono. Chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri ndi kupanga utoto ndi zokutira. Colloids imagwira ntchito ngati zolimbitsa thupi, kupewa mvula komanso kuonetsetsa kuti utoto umakhala wofanana. Izi sizimangowonjezera ubwino ndi kulimba kwa ❖ kuyanika, komanso zimathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito kwake ndikupereka katundu monga madzi ndi abrasion kukana.

Ntchito ina yodziwika bwino ndi makampani opanga mankhwala. Colloids amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala kuti apititse patsogolo kukhazikika komanso kupezeka kwazinthu zogwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, lipid colloids amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti asungunuke mankhwala osasungunuka m'madzi, motero amayamwa bwino m'thupi. Kuphatikiza apo, ma colloids amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zodzoladzola zam'mutu ndi zodzoladzola, zomwe zimapereka mawonekedwe ofewa ndikuthandizira kuyamwa kwapakhungu kwa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito.

M'munda chakudya, ma colloids amathandizanso. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati stabilizers, thickeners ndi emulsifiers muzakudya. Mwachitsanzo, mapuloteni otchedwa colloids amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsira thovu ndi emulsion, pamene starch colloids amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thickeners mu sauces ndi mkaka. Zowonjezera izi zimathandizira kapangidwe kake, kukhazikika komanso mtundu wazakudya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti aziwoneka ndi chidwi.

12. Kufunika kwa colloids pazamankhwala ndi biology

Colloids ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe timayimitsidwa pakati, ndikupanga kubalalitsidwa kwa colloidal. Kufunika kwake pazamankhwala ndi biology kumagona pakutha kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'thupi.

Choyamba, colloids amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magalimoto operekera mankhwala. Chifukwa cha kukula kwawo komanso katundu wosasunthika, amatha kunyamula mankhwala ndikuonetsetsa kuti akugawa yunifolomu m'thupi. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka pazithandizo zomwe zimafuna kumasulidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, motero kupewa kufunikira kwa maulamuliro pafupipafupi.

Kuphatikiza apo, colloids amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'munda wamankhwala obwezeretsanso. M'lingaliro limeneli, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma biological scaffolds omwe amathandiza kukula kwa minofu ndi ziwalo. Zida za colloidal izi zimapereka malo abwino kuti maselo azitsatira ndikukula, kulimbikitsa kusinthika kwa minofu yowonongeka.

Pomaliza, ma colloids amatenga gawo lofunikira pakuwunika kwachipatala ndi labotale. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera mayankho ndi ma reagents, kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a mayeso osiyanasiyana ndi mayeso ozindikira. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthekera kwake kupanga makanema owonda komanso okhazikika amalola kugwiritsa ntchito njira monga chromatography ndi electrophoresis, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatutsa ndikusanthula zigawo zosiyanasiyana zachitsanzo.

Pomaliza, ma colloids ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pazamankhwala ndi biology chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kunyamula mankhwala, kulimbikitsa kusinthika kwa minofu ndikuthandizira kuwunika kwachipatala ndi labotale. Zinthuzi zimawapanga kukhala zida zazikulu popanga chithandizo chamankhwala ndi kafukufuku wasayansi m'malo awa. Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwawo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo, ma colloids akhala gawo la maphunziro ndi chitukuko pakusintha kosalekeza..

13. Katundu ndi khalidwe la colloids mu colloidal systems

Colloids ndi machitidwe omwazikana omwe amapezeka muzinthu zosiyanasiyana ndipo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera komanso machitidwe omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi zinthu zina. Mu sayansi ya colloid, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa mawonekedwe a ma colloid ndi kuyanjana kwawo pamakina a colloidal. Makhalidwewa ndi machitidwe akhoza kufotokozedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Choyamba, ma colloids ali ndi kukula kwa tinthu komwe kumasiyana pakati pa 1 ndi 1000 nanometers, zomwe zimapatsa iwo zinthu zapadera monga kufalikira kwa kuwala komanso kukhazikika kwakukulu motsutsana ndi matope. Ma Colloids amathanso kuwonetsa mawonekedwe a kinetic, omwe amatanthawuza kuthekera kwawo kusintha ndikusintha pansi pamikhalidwe yosiyana ya thupi kapena mankhwala. Zinthu za kineticzi ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga zinthu monga utoto, zomatira ndi mankhwala.

Kuphatikiza pa zinthu zakuthupi, ma colloid amakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe apadera. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo kwapamtunda, ma colloid ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu yolumikizira zinthu, zomwe zimawalola kuti azilumikizana ndi mamolekyu ena kapena tinthu tating'ono m'malo awo. Katunduyu amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa madzi komanso kutengera zinthu zodetsa m'makampani azachilengedwe. Momwemonso, ma colloids amatha kukhala okhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa pH kapena kuchuluka kwa mchere, zomwe zingakhudze kukhazikika kwawo ndi machitidwe awo mumayendedwe a colloidal.

14. Kutsiliza pa colloids: zosiyanasiyana, zothandiza ndi kufunika m'madera osiyanasiyana [END

Colloids ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwazikana mumadzimadzi kapena olimba omwe amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana asayansi ndi mafakitale. Kufunika kwake kwagona pakutha kupanga mayankho okhazikika komanso machitidwe ake osiyanasiyana m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kudzera m'nkhaniyi, tafufuza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma colloid omwe alipo komanso zothandiza m'magawo osiyanasiyana.

Choyamba, ndikofunikira kuwonetsa kuti ma colloids amapezeka muzinthu zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale ndi njira. Zinthuzi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga chakudya, mankhwala, zomangira ndi mankhwala, ndi zina. Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kufalitsa particles mu sing'anga, colloids amalola kulenga zinthu ndi makhalidwe enieni, monga mtundu, mamasukidwe akayendedwe, bata ndi kapangidwe.

Komabe, phindu la colloids silimangogwira ntchito m'makampani. Zinthuzi zimagwiranso ntchito kwambiri m'malo monga sayansi yazinthu, zamankhwala ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe. chilengedwe. Mu sayansi yazinthu, ma colloids amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndikusintha ma nanoparticles omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi, ma photonics, ndi catalysis. Muzamankhwala, ma colloids amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga njira zowongolera zotulutsa mankhwala komanso kupititsa patsogolo luso lozindikira. Kuphatikiza apo, poteteza chilengedwe, ma colloid amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zonyansa komanso kuyeretsa madzi oyipa.

Mwachidule, ma colloids ndi machitidwe omwe amwazikana ma submicron-kakulidwe particles amaimitsidwa mu sing'anga dispersing. Colloids amagawidwa kutengera kukula kwa particles omwazikana ndi kugwirizana pakati pawo ndi sing'anga dispersing.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya ma colloids, monga ma sols, gels, thovu, emulsion ndi ma aerosols, iliyonse ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera omwe amawafotokozera. Ma Sols ndi ma dispersions amadzimadzi a tinthu tating'ono ta colloidal mu sing'anga yamadzimadzi, pomwe ma gels amakhala ngati ma colloid apaintaneti momwe madzi amatsekeka mkati mwake. Zithovu ndi colloids momwe mpweya umamwazidwira mumadzimadzi kapena olimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale porous. Emulsions ndi colloids momwe madzi amodzi amamwazikana mumadzi ena osakanikirana, kupanga osakaniza osasinthika. Ma aerosols ndi ma colloids momwe tinthu tating'ono tolimba kapena tamadzi timamwazikana mu gasi.

Zitsanzo zina zodziwika bwino za colloids ndi mkaka, magazi, sopo, mayonesi, ndi utoto. Zitsanzozi zikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa ma colloid m'miyoyo yathu yatsiku ndi tsiku komanso momwe maphunziro awo alili ofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, monga chakudya, mankhwala ndi zodzoladzola.

Mwachidule, kumvetsetsa ma colloid ndi mitundu yawo yosiyana ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse zochitika zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala zomwe zimachitika mdera lathu. Kuphatikiza apo, kuphunzira kwake ndikugwiritsa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana kumatilola kupanga zinthu zatsopano ndi matekinoloje. Choncho, kupitiriza kufufuza ndi kufufuza gawo lochititsa chidwi la sayansili n'kofunika kuti tipitirize kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso ndi chitukuko cha anthu.