Momwe mungayang'anire mtundu wa Ubuntu womwe muli nawo komanso ngati ukuthandizidwabe

¿Kodi ndingayang'ane bwanji mtundu wa Ubuntu womwe ndili nawo komanso ngati ukuthandizidwa? Kudziwa bwino mtundu wa Ubuntu womwe mwayika Sizongofuna kudziwa zambiri: ndikofunikira kwambiri mukafuna kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu, kutsatira maphunziro, kupempha thandizo m'mabwalo, kapena kuonetsetsa kuti makina anu akupitiliza kulandira chithandizo ndi chitetezo. Ngati mukugwira ntchito ndi ma seva, makina amtambo, Ikani Ubuntu mu makina enieni kapena makompyuta opanda malo owonetsera zithunzi, izi ndizofunikira kwambiri.

Nkhani yabwino ndi yakuti kupeza ndikosavuta kwambiri Mungathe kuchita izi kuchokera pa mawonekedwe azithunzi kapena pa terminal, pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo osiyanasiyana. Njira iliyonse imawonetsa tsatanetsatane wosiyanasiyana (nambala ya mtundu, dzina la code, LTS status, kernel, ndi zina zotero), kotero mutha kusankha yomwe ikugwirizana bwino ndi zosowa zanu nthawi iliyonse.

Kodi Ubuntu ndi chiyani ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani mukufuna kudziwa mtundu wake?

Ubuntu ndi kugawa kwa Linux kotseguka yotchuka kwambiri pa makompyuta, ma seva ndi malo amtambo (Kodi kugawa kochokera ku Ubuntu ndi chiyani?Ilipo m'mabaibulo angapo (desktop, server, ndi core) ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kunyumba komanso opanga mapulogalamu, oyang'anira makina, ndi makampani omwe akufuna dongosolo lokhazikika komanso laulere.

Chimodzi mwa ubwino waukulu wa Ubuntu kuposa machitidwe ena Monga Windows kapena macOS, ndi open source: code ndi yotheka kuwerengedwa, dera ndi lalikulu, ndipo dongosolo la phukusi ndi lalikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, limapereka malo otetezeka komanso omasuka opangira intaneti ndi mapulogalamu ambiri.

Pafupifupi chilichonse mu Ubuntu chimasinthidwa kukhala chosinthika.Malo ogwiritsira ntchito kompyuta, mawonekedwe owoneka, mapulogalamu okhazikika, mautumiki omwe amayamba kumbuyo… Kusinthasintha kumeneku ndi kwabwino kwambiri, komanso kumatanthauza kuti nthawi zambiri mungafune kuyika mapulogalamu ena, ndipo ndi pomwe mtundu womwe mukugwiritsa ntchito umayamba kugwira ntchito.Ubuntu vs Kubuntu).

Pulogalamu ikasonyeza kuti imagwira ntchito pa Ubuntu 20.04 ndi ina Ngati chinthu chayesedwa pa Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, muyenera kutsimikizira kuti makina anu akukwaniritsa zomwezo. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pa ma panel ambiri owongolera ma hosting, zida zotumizira, ndi zolemba zokhazikitsa zokha, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalembedwa ndi mitundu ina m'maganizo.

Kudziwa mtundu wanu wa Ubuntu ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuthana ndi mavuto.Mu ma forum, zolemba zovomerezeka, ndi ma blog othandizira, nthawi zambiri zimanenedwa kuti "izi zikugwira ntchito pa Ubuntu X.YY ndi kernel iyi" kapena "kachilomboka kamakhudza mtundu wa Z.ZZ." Ngati simukudziwa mtundu womwe muli nawo, mudzakhala mukufufuza mumdima ndikuwononga nthawi.

Pomaliza, mtunduwo umatsimikiza ngati dongosolo lanu likuthandizidwabe.Kuyendetsa kope losathandizidwa kumatanthauza kuti mudzaphonya zosintha zachitetezo, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri pa ma seva omwe ali ndi deta yachinsinsi kapena makompyuta olumikizidwa ku ma netiweki amakampani.

Momwe mitundu ya Ubuntu imagwirira ntchito (LTS, mitundu yanthawi, ndi ma circuits othandizira)

Ubuntu imatulutsa mitundu yatsopano kawiri pachakanthawi zambiri mu Epulo ndi Okutobala. Ndondomeko yowerengera manambala imatsatira mawonekedwe AA.MMpomwe "YY" ndiye chaka ndipo "MM" ndiye mwezi womwe pulogalamuyo idatulutsidwa. Chifukwa chake, Ubuntu 22.04 idatulutsidwa mu Epulo 2022 ndipo Ubuntu 24.10 idatulutsidwa mu Okutobala 2024.

Kuwonjezera pa nambalayi, mtundu uliwonse uli ndi dzina la code. wopangidwa ndi mlozera ndi chinyama chokhala ndi chilembo choyambirira chomwecho: mwachitsanzo, Nsomba ya Jammy Jellyfish (22.04 LTS), Mantic Minotaur (23.10) o Noble Numbat (24.04 LTS)Mayina awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makalata ndi m'mabwalo, kotero muyenera kuwadziwa bwino.

Zaka ziwiri zilizonse, mtundu womwe umatulutsidwa mu Epulo ndi mtundu wa LTS (Long Term Support).Makope a LTS amabwera ndi zaka zosachepera zisanu zothandizira chitetezo ndi zosintha zokonza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino kwambiri kwa ma seva, malo opangira, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amaona kukhazikika kukhala kofunikira kuposa kukhala ndi zinthu zaposachedwa.

Pakati pa izi, mitundu yanthawi yochepa kapena yapakatikati imafalitsidwaMabaibulo amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chithandizo kwa miyezi pafupifupi isanu ndi inayi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa zinthu zatsopano, ma kernel atsopano, ma driver atsopano, ndi zosintha zomwe pamapeto pake zitha kuphatikizidwa mu LTS yotsatira.

Zotsatira zake n'zakuti si mitundu yonse yomwe imathandizidwa nthawi imodzi.Ngati pakali pano mukugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wakale (mwachitsanzo, mtundu wakale kwambiri), mwina sulandiranso zosintha, ndipo muyenera kuganizira zosintha. samukira ku LTS yaposachedwa kapena mtundu waposachedwa wokhazikika womwe ulipo.

Nchifukwa chiyani ndikofunikira kuyang'ana mtundu wanu wa Ubuntu (ndi chithandizo)?

Pali zifukwa zingapo zomveka zodziwira mtundu wa Ubuntu womwe mukuyendetsa.Kupatula kungofuna kudziwa zambiri, zina mwazofunikira kwambiri ndi izi:

Kugwirizana kwa mapulogalamu ndi phukusiMapulogalamu ambiri, malaibulale, ndi malo osungiramo zinthu akunja amanena kuti "amafuna Ubuntu XX.YY kapena apamwamba" kapena amangofalitsa ma phukusi a mitundu ina ya LTS. Ngati simukudziwa mtundu womwe muli nawo, mutha kuwononga zodalira kapena kukhazikitsa ma phukusi osagwirizana.

Chitetezo ndi zosinthaMabaibulo osathandizidwa salandiranso ma patch a zovuta za dongosolo, kernel, ndi key package. Kusunga seva kapena laputopu yolumikizidwa pa intaneti ndi mtundu wakale ndi lingaliro loipa poyerekeza ndi chitetezo cha pa intaneti.

Kuthetsa mavuto ndi chithandizo chaukadauloMukapempha thandizo pa ma forum ovomerezeka a Ubuntu, madera, Stack Overflow, kapena masamba ena ofanana, chinthu choyamba chomwe amafunsa ndi mtundu wanu wa Ubuntu ndi kernel. Zolakwika zambiri zimachitika pokhapokha ndi mitundu ina kapena kuphatikiza mitundu ndi kernel.

Kukonzekera zosinthaNgati mumayang'anira ma seva kapena makompyuta ambiri, muyenera kudziwa mtundu womwe aliyense ali nawo kuti mukonzekere kusamuka, kulumpha pakati pa mitundu ya LTS, kuyesa m'malo ochitira masewera, kapena kusintha zosintha pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowongolera.

Kudziyimira pawokha ndi kufalitsaZolemba zoyendetsera ntchito, mabuku osewerera a Ansible, makontena, ndi zida zosinthira nthawi zambiri zimawerenga mtundu wa makina kuti zigwiritse ntchito makonzedwe enaake. Ngati mukufuna kulemba zida zamtunduwu nokha, muyenera kudziwa momwe mungapezere izi.

Malo opanda mawonekedwe owonetsera zithunzi (monga ma seva ambiri amtambo) ndi nthawi zambiri pomwe njira yokhayo yeniyeni ndi terminal. Kudziwa malamulo oti mugwiritse ntchito kuti mupeze mtunduwo kumapangitsa kusiyana pakati pa kuyang'anira mwachangu ndi kusochera patali.

Momwe mungawonere mtundu wanu wa Ubuntu kuchokera pa mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito zithunzi (GUI)

Ngati muli pa desktop Ubuntu yokhala ndi malo owonetsera zithunzi Ndipo ngati simukukhutira ndi terminal, mutha kuwona mtunduwo kuchokera ku zoikamo zamakina mwanjira yolondola.

Masitepewo amatha kusiyana pang'ono kutengera mtundu wa desktop (GNOME yakale, zochokera kuzinthu monga Kubuntu, Xubuntu, ndi zina zotero), koma lingaliro lonselo ndi lofanana kwambiri: nthawi zonse pamakhala gulu pomwe dzina la makina ogwiritsira ntchito ndi mtundu wake zimawonetsedwa.

Mu Ubuntu wamba ndi GNOMENjira yodziwika bwino ndi iyi:

• Tsegulani menyu ya mapulogalamu (batani la "Onetsani mapulogalamu" kapena chizindikiro chofanana nacho pa bolodi).
• Yang'anani njira ya "Zokonzera" kapena "Kukhazikitsa". ndipo dinani pamenepo.
• Mu gawo la mbali la zenera la zoikamoPitani pansi mpaka mutapeza gawo la "Zokhudza" kapena "Zambiri".
• Mu gawo limenelo muwona "Dzina la OS" ndi mtundu wake ya Ubuntu, nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi malo osungira makompyuta, purosesa, kukumbukira, ndi zithunzi.

Chophimba chimenecho nthawi zambiri chimasonyezanso ngati ndi mtundu wa LTS (mwachitsanzo, “Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS”), zomwe zimakulolani kutsimikizira mwachidule ngati dongosolo lanu lili mkati mwa nthawi yayitali yothandizira.

Njira iyi ndi yabwino ngati simukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito terminal. Kapena mukathandiza munthu wosadziwa zambiri kupeza mtundu womwe ali nawo. Ingowatsogolerani kudzera pa kanema kapena pazithunzi kuti mulowe mu gulu la "Zokhudza".

Kuyang'ana mtundu wa Ubuntu kuchokera ku terminal: malamulo ofunikira

Njira yolumikizira (kapena mzere wolamula) ndiyo njira yachangu komanso yamphamvu kwambiri Kuti mudziwe mtundu wa Ubuntu, makamaka pa ma seva, makina akutali, kapena machitidwe opanda malo owonetsera zithunzi, mutha kutsegula pa desktop ndi Ctrl + Alt + Tkapena kulumikiza ku seva pogwiritsa ntchito SSH kuchokera pa kompyuta yanu yakomweko.

Mukangotsegula terminalPali malamulo angapo ofunikira omwe amabweza zambiri zokhudza kugawa, nambala yake ya mtundu, dzina la code, komanso tsatanetsatane wa zida.

1. lsb_release lamulo: njira yolunjika kwambiri

Lamulo la lsb_release Ndi njira imodzi yodziwika bwino yowonetsera zambiri zogawa pamakina a Linux Standard Base. Mu Ubuntu, idapangidwa kuti ikupatseni zomwe mukufuna.

lsb_release -a

Zotsatira za lamuloli zikuphatikizapo Chizindikiro cha wogawa (Ubuntu), kufotokozera kwa mtundu wowerengedwa ndi anthu (kuphatikiza LTS ngati kuli koyenera), nambala yotulutsidwa, ndi dzina la code. Ndi lamulo limodzi lokha, mumadziwa pafupifupi chilichonse.

Ngati mukufuna china chake chachindunji komanso chachanguMungagwiritse ntchito mitundu yothandiza kwambiri:

• Kufotokozera mwachidule za mtunduwo: lsb_release -d
• Kufotokozera "koyera" kokha: lsb_release -s -d
• Dzina la khodi: lsb_release -c
• Nambala ya mtundu yokha: lsb_release -r o lsb_release -r -s

Lamulo ili silifuna ufulu wa superuserkotero kuti akaunti iliyonse ya wogwiritsa ntchito ikhoza kuyendetsa mafunso awa popanda mavuto.

2. Werengani mafayilo a /etc/lsb-release ndi /etc/os-release

Njira ina yodziwika bwino ndiyo kuyang'ana mafayilo a malemba kumene dongosolo lokha limasunga zambiri zokhudza kugawa ndi mtundu. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri za Ubuntu /etc/lsb-release y /etc/os-release.

cat /etc/lsb-release

Pamenepo mupeza zosintha monga DISTRIB_ID, DISTRIB_RELEASE, DISTRIB_CODENAME ndi DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION, zomwe zimasonyeza bwino mtundu wa Ubuntu, nambala yake ya mtundu, ndi dzina lake la code.

Mu mabaibulo amakono (16.04 ndi pambuyo pake) mungagwiritsenso ntchito:

cat /etc/os-release

Fayilo iyi ikufotokoza zambiri pang'ono., kuphatikizapo gawo la PRETTY_NAME lokhala ndi kufotokozera kochezeka (“Ubuntu 22.04.4 LTS” mwachitsanzo), ID yogawa, maulalo opita ku tsamba lovomerezeka ndi zinthu zolembera.

cat /etc/*release

Ndi njira yowonekera bwino kwambirichifukwa mukuwerenga mafayilo omwe chizindikiritso cha makina ogwiritsira ntchito chimasungidwa, osadalira zina zowonjezera.

3. Onani fayilo ya /etc/issue

Fayilo ya /etc/issue ndi fayilo yaying'ono yolemba yomwe imawonetsedwa musanalowe. pa ma consoles ena. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi dzina logawa ndi mtundu wake wofupikitsidwa.

cat /etc/issue

Chotuluka nthawi zambiri chimakhala mzere umodzi, waufupi kwambiri., monga “Ubuntu 22.04.4 LTS \n \l”. Ngati mukufuna kungotsimikizira mwachangu ngati muli pa mtundu winawake wa LTS, njira iyi imafika pamfundo yeniyeni.

4. Gwiritsani ntchito hostnamectl kuti muwone mtundu ndi kernel

Lamulo la hostnamectl limagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka poyang'anira dzina la alendo kuchokera ku gululo, komanso limapereka chidziwitso chosangalatsa chokhudza dongosololi.

hostnamectl

Pakati pa deta yomwe ikubweza mudzawona mzere wakuti "Njira Yogwirira Ntchito" Izi zikuwonetsa mtundu wa Ubuntu, womwe nthawi zambiri umatsagana ndi mtundu wa kope (mwachitsanzo, LTS). Patsogolo pang'ono, mtundu wa kernel ya Linux yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri umawonetsedwanso.

Lamuloli silikufunanso sudoNdipo ndizosavuta makamaka ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito kale kuti muwone kapena kusintha dzina la hostname la ma seva kapena makina enieni.

5. Malamulo ena ndi zida zowunikira dongosolo

Kuwonjezera pa njira "zovomerezeka" zokhaPali zida zina zowonjezera zomwe zimawonetsa mtundu wa Ubuntu pamodzi ndi zambiri zowonjezera, zida zonse ziwiri ndi mapulogalamu.

Ena mwa otchuka kwambiri ndi neofetch, screenfetch, inxi, ndi hardinfoNgakhale zambiri mwa izi sizimayikidwa mwachisawawa, zitha kuwonjezeredwa mosavuta kuchokera ku malo osungiramo zinthu a Ubuntu:

• Ikani neofetch: sudo apt install neofetch kenako mumachita neofetch.
• Ikani screenfetch: sudo apt install screenfetch Kenako screenfetch.
• Ikani inxi: sudo apt install inxi ndi kuyambitsa inxi -F kuti mupeze lipoti lathunthu.
• Ikani hardinfo: sudo apt install hardinfo ndipo tsegulani kuchokera pa menyu ya mapulogalamu ngati chida chowunikira zithunzi.

Zida zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa chikwangwani chokhala ndi logo ya distro mu ASCII. Ndipo kumanja, mupeza zambiri monga mtundu wa Ubuntu, kernel, desktop environment, theme, CPU, RAM, GPU, kutentha kwa sensa (monga Archey4, mwachitsanzo), ndi zina zambiri. Izi ndizothandiza kwambiri polemba kasinthidwe ka kompyuta kapena kugawana nayo mukafuna thandizo.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana liti mtunduwo (ndi momwe mungadziwire ngati ukuthandizidwa)

Kupitilira kutsimikizira kamodzi kokhaPali nthawi zina pamene kuyang'ana mtundu wanu wa Ubuntu kuyenera kukhala kofunikira kuti mupewe zodabwitsa.

Musanayike mapulogalamu ovuta kapena enaakeNgati phukusi, gulu lowongolera, kapena database ikusonyeza kuti "yathandizidwa kuyambira Ubuntu XX.YY," onetsetsani kuti mwakwaniritsa zomwezo. Kuyika mitundu yopangidwira kutulutsidwa kwina kungayambitse zolakwika zodalira kapena khalidwe losazolowereka.

Mukapempha thandizo m'mabwalo kapena chithandizo chaukadauloMu ma forum ovomerezeka a Ubuntu ndi malo ochitira misonkhano, okonza, kapena magulu a DevOps, kunena kuti "Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS, kernel yakuti ndi yakuti" kumapulumutsa munthu winayo mafunso ambiri ndikufulumizitsa yankho.

Mukakonzekera kusintha kwakukuluNgati muli ndi pulogalamu yotulutsa yomwe ikuyandikira kutha kwa chithandizo, muyenera kukweza ku LTS yaposachedwa kapena mtundu wina wokhazikika mwachangu momwe mungathere. Kudziwa bwino mtundu womwe muli nawo kudzakuthandizani kutsatira zolemba zoyenera za kukweza.

Mu zomangamanga ndi ma seva ambiriMakamaka mumtambo, kudziwa mtundu womwe chitsanzo chilichonse chikugwira ntchito kumakuthandizani kufotokoza mfundo zosintha, kupanga ma Ansible playbooks okha, kapena ma shell script omwe amasintha malinga ndi kutulutsidwa komwe kwapezeka.

Kuti muwone ngati Ubuntu wanu ukuthandizidwabeMukhoza kuphatikiza zambiri zakomweko (nambala ya mtundu ndi ngati ndi mtundu wa LTS) ndi tsamba lovomerezeka la moyo wa Ubuntu, pomwe Canonical imafalitsa nthawi yomwe mtundu uliwonse umathandizidwa. Kawirikawiri, mitundu ya LTS imakhala ndi chithandizo cha zaka zisanu, ndipo mitundu yapakati imakhala ndi miyezi pafupifupi isanu ndi inayi.

Ngati mumayang'anira makina ambiri ndipo mukufuna kupita patsogoloNdizotheka kwambiri kupanga macheke awa pogwiritsa ntchito ma script omwe amawerenga /etc/os-release kapena kuyendetsa lsb_release -a pa seva iliyonse, kuphatikiza chidziwitsocho kukhala ma dashboard kapena zida zosungiramo zinthu.

Kudziwa momwe mungayang'anire mtundu wa Ubuntu komanso ngati ukuthandizidwa Ndi luso losavuta koma lothandiza kwambiri: limakupatsani mwayi wokhazikitsa mapulogalamu ogwirizana, kusunga makina anu otetezeka ndi zosintha zatsopano, kutsatira maphunziro osasochera chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa kutulutsidwa, komanso kugwirizanitsa bwino kusamuka kwa makompyuta ndi zomangamanga zaukadaulo, kaya pa ma seva enieni, makina enieni, kapena kuyika kwa mtambo.