Momwe mabakiteriya amagawidwira molingana ndi khoma la cell yawo.

M'dziko lochititsa chidwi la tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mabakiteriya ali ndi malo otchuka. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti tapangidwa modabwitsa kuti tigwirizane ndi malo osiyanasiyana ndipo timagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazachilengedwe. Makhalidwe apadera a mabakiteriya ndi awo khoma la selo, mawonekedwe akunja omwe amapereka chitetezo ndi chithandizo. Komabe, mabakiteriya alibe khoma la selo lofanana, koma m'malo mwake amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe a dongosololi. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza mwaukadaulo komanso mopanda ndale za gulu la mabakiteriya potengera khoma la cell yawo, ndikuwunikira mozama za mawonekedwe ofunikirawa.

Chiyambi

Ndi gawo loyamba la polojekiti iliyonse kapena chikalata chaumisiri chomwe cholinga ndi nkhani za polojekitiyi zimaperekedwa mwachidule komanso momveka bwino. Gawoli likupereka chithunzithunzi cha zomwe owerenga angayembekezere kupeza muzolemba zonse. Ndikofunikira kukopa chidwi cha owerenga ndikupereka chidziwitso choyambirira cha mutu womwe udzakambidwe.

M'chigawo chino, ndondomeko yamalingaliro ndi malingaliro omwe adzakhala ngati maziko a chitukuko chotsatira cha zomwe zili mkati mwake akhoza kukhazikitsidwa. Kuonjezera apo, magwero oyenerera ndi maumboni angatchulidwe omwe amathandizira mfundo zomwe zaperekedwa mu polojekitiyi.Ikhozanso kuphatikizapo chidule chachidule cha mitu kapena zigawo zomwe zidzakambidwe, motero kupereka ndondomeko yomveka bwino ya chikalatacho.

Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikukhazikitsa nkhani ndi kufunikira kwa polojekitiyo, kuwonetsa mfundo zazikulu zomwe zidzayankhidwe pambuyo pake. Kuphatikiza pakupereka mwachidule, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito gawoli kuti mulembe zolinga zenizeni za polojekitiyo komanso mavuto omwe cholinga chake ndi kuwathetsa. Momwemonso, ndikofunikira kufotokozera momveka bwino mawu aumisiri omwe adzagwiritsidwe ntchito muzolemba zonse, kutsimikizira kumvetsetsa kolondola kwa owerenga.

Kapangidwe ka khoma la bakiteriya

Ndikofunikira kupereka kukhazikika komanso chitetezo ku mabakiteriya. Zimapangidwa ndi zigawo zingapo ndi zigawo zomwe zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zisunge kukhulupirika kwa selo.

Choyamba, khoma la cell ya bakiteriya limapangidwa ndi chingwe chakunja chotchedwa nembanemba yakunja. Nembanemba iyi⁢ imapangidwa makamaka ndi lipopolysaccharides ndi mapuloteni. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuchita ngati chotchinga choteteza ku zinthu zapoizoni ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Pansi pa nembanemba yakunja pali peptidoglycan wosanjikiza, yomwe ili yosiyana kwambiri ya khoma selo ya bakiteriya. Peptidoglycan ndi polima wa carbohydrate wopangidwa ndi unyolo wosinthasintha wa shuga ndi N-acetylmuramic acid. Maunyolo awa amalumikizidwa ndi milatho ya peptide, ndikupanga mawonekedwe olimba komanso osamva.

Chemical zikuchokera bakiteriya selo khoma

Khoma la selo Bakiteriya ndi gawo lofunikira lomwe limazungulira ndikuteteza mabakiteriya, kuwapatsa kukhazikika komanso kukana. Kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala kumasiyanasiyana pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya, koma kawirikawiri amapangidwa ndi:

• Peptidoglycan: Ichi ndi gawo lalikulu la khoma la bakiteriya cell ndipo limapereka mawonekedwe ake. Peptidoglycan amapangidwa ndi unyolo wolumikizana wa shuga, wotchedwa glycans, ndi maunyolo ⁤ amino acid otchedwa peptides. Unyolo uwu umapanga mawonekedwe olimba amitundu itatu omwe amapereka mphamvu ku khoma la cell.
• Proteínas: ⁢Kuphatikiza pa peptidoglycan, khoma la cell ya bakiteriya limakhala ndi mapuloteni osiyanasiyana omwe ⁢amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
• Lípidos: Ma lipids amapezekanso muzolembazo wa bacteria cell wall, ngakhale⁤ pagawo laling'ono ⁤ kuposa peptidoglycan. Ma lipids awa, makamaka ma phospholipids ndi lipoproteins, amathandizira kuti ma permeability apangidwe komanso kukhulupirika kwa khoma la cell.

Mwachidule, ‍ imayang'aniridwa ndi peptidoglycan, polima zovuta za shuga ndi ma amino acid.⁤ Komabe, ilinso ndi mapuloteni ndi lipids omwe amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zofunika kuti mabakiteriya akhalebe ndi moyo. Kuphatikizika kwa zigawo za mankhwala kumapereka khoma la cell ya bakiteriya kukana kwake komanso chitetezo chake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mabakiteriya apulumuke ndikutengera chilengedwe chawo.

Gulu la mabakiteriya molingana ndi khoma la cell yawo

Mabakiteriya amagawidwa molingana ndi kapangidwe ka khoma la cell yawo, lomwe ndi gawo loteteza lomwe limazungulira ndi kupanga matupi awo. Khoma la seloli ndilofunika kuti mabakiteriya apulumuke, chifukwa amapereka chitetezo ku zinthu zovuta komanso amathandiza kuti akhale okhwima komanso otsutsa. M'munsimu muli magulu akuluakulu a mabakiteriya malinga ndi khoma la cell yawo:

Malinga ndi Chemical:

• Mabakiteriya a gram-positive: Mabakiteriyawa ali ndi khoma lokhuthala la cell lomwe limapangidwa makamaka ndi peptidoglycan, chinthu chomwe chimawapangitsa kukana kwambiri ndikupangitsa kuti asunge utoto wa Gram. Amakhudzidwa ndi maantibayotiki ena monga penicillin.
• Bacterias gramnegativas: Mosiyana ndi mabakiteriya a Gram-positive, mabakiteriyawa ali ndi khoma locheperako lomwe lili ndi peptidoglycan yocheperako. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi nembanemba yakunja⁤ yopangidwa ndi lipopolysaccharides. Amalimbana ndi maantibayotiki ena ndipo amakhala owopsa kwambiri.

Popanga magulu:

• Bakiteriya Diplococcus: Ndi mabakiteriya omwe ali m'magulu awiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Zitsanzo za zamoyo zimenezi ndi Neisseria meningitidis ndi Streptococcus pneumoniae.
• Matenda a Staphylococcus: Mabakiteriyawa amasonkhana pamodzi m'magulumagulu kapena magulu a mphesa. Chitsanzo cha mtundu uwu wa ⁤bacteria ndi Staphylococcus aureus, yomwe imayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana apakhungu.

Pakutha kusunga utoto:

• Mabakiteriya othamanga acid: ⁤ Mabakiteriyawa amatha kusunga utoto ngakhale utapaka asidi. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino ndi Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yomwe imayambitsa chifuwa chachikulu, ndi Mycobacterium leprae, yomwe imayambitsa khate.
• Mabakiteriya omwe alibe asidi: Mosiyana ndi mabakiteriya othamanga asidi, mabakiteriyawa sasunga utoto pambuyo poyera asidi. Chitsanzo choimira gululi ndi Escherichia coli, bakiteriya wofala m'matumbo a nyama zoyamwitsa.

Mabakiteriya a gram-positive: makhalidwe ndi magulu

Mabakiteriya a gram-positive ndi gulu la mabakiteriya omwe amadziwika ndi kukhala ndi khoma la cell cell lopangidwa ndi wosanjikiza⁢ peptidoglycan. Chosanjikiza ichi chimawapangitsa kukana kwambiri ndipo amawapangitsa kuti asasunthike ndi njira ya Gram. Kenako, makhalidwe ena ndi gulu la mabakiteriyawa adzaperekedwa.

Makhalidwe a mabakiteriya a gram-positive:

• Spherical kapena bacillary mawonekedwe.
• Khoma lama cell okhala ndi wosanjikiza wandiweyani wa peptidoglycan womwe umawapatsa kukana.
• Iwo alibe nembanemba kunja.
• Amatha kupereka spores (mitundu yotsutsa yomwe imawalola kuti apulumuke m'malo osavomerezeka).
• Mitundu ina imatulutsa poizoni woopsa kwa anthu.
• Iwo ndi heterotrophic, ndiko kuti, amapeza chakudya chawo kuchokera ku zamoyo zina.

Gulu la mabakiteriya a gram-positive:

• Firmicutes: Zimaphatikizapo mabakiteriya monga staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci ndi clostridia.
• Actinobacteria: Zimaphatikizapo mabakiteriya amtundu wa Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium ndi Nocardia.
• Tenericutes: Zimaphatikizapo mabakiteriya monga mycoplasmas, omwe alibe khoma la selo.

Pomaliza, mabakiteriya a Gram-positive amadziwika ndi khoma lawo lalikulu la cell komanso kukana kwawo ku decolorization ndi njira ya Gram. Amabwera m'mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndipo akhoza kukhala ndi makhalidwe monga kutha kupanga spores kapena kutulutsa poizoni. Kuphatikiza apo, amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana, monga Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, ndi Tenericutes, omwe ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya.

Mabakiteriya a gram-negative: makhalidwe⁤ ndi magulu

Mabakiteriya a gram-negative amapanga gulu lalikulu la tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timawasiyanitsa ndi mabakiteriya a gram-positive. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za mabakiteriya a gram-negative ndi kapangidwe kawo ka khoma la cell, lopangidwa ndi nembanemba wakunja ndi wosanjikiza woonda wa peptidoglycan. Kapangidwe kameneka kamawathandiza kukana maantibayotiki ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chithandizo chawo chikhale chovuta.

Kuphatikiza pa khoma la cell lawo lapadera, mabakiteriya a Gram-negative amagawidwa kutengera momwe amapangidwira komanso kagayidwe kake. Ena mwa magulu odziwika bwino a mabakiteriya a gram-negative ndi awa:

• Enterobacteriaceae: Banja ili la mabakiteriya opanda gram-negative limaphatikizapo zamoyo monga Escherichia coli, Salmonella, ndi Klebsiella. Ndi maselo a bacillary omwe amakhala makamaka m'matumbo a anthu ndi nyama.
• Pseudomonas: Mtundu uwu wa mabakiteriya a gram-negative amadziwika chifukwa chokana maantibayotiki angapo komanso amatha kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zipatala. Mitundu ina ya Pseudomonas imatha kuyambitsa matenda oopsa kwa odwala omwe alibe chitetezo chamthupi.
• Neisseria: Mabakiteriya amtundu wa Neisseria ndi diplococci ya gram-negative yomwe imaphatikizapo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda aumunthu monga Neisseria gonorrhoeae (kuyambitsa chinzonono) ndi Neisseria meningitidis (kuyambitsa meningitis).

Mwachidule, mabakiteriya a gram-negative ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera mu khoma la cell yawo ndipo amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi morphology ndi metabolism. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti titha kukhala opindulitsa komanso ovulaza anthu, ndipo kuphunzira kwawo ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse gawo lawo paumoyo wamunthu komanso kupanga njira zochiritsira zogwira mtima.

Acid-fast mabakiteriya: makhalidwe ndi gulu

Mabakiteriya othamanga kwambiri ndi gulu la tizilombo tomwe timatha kukana zinthu za acidic kwambiri zomwe zimalepheretsa kukula ndi kupulumuka kwa mabakiteriya ena ambiri. Kukaniza kwawo kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kosiyanasiyana ndi njira zopulumutsira zomwe zimawalola kuti azikhala m'malo okhala acidic monga m'mimba mwa munthu kapena dothi lina lodzala ndi ma acid. Mabakiteriyawa ndi ofunikira kwambiri m'makampani azakudya, zamankhwala ndi ma microbiology.

Nthawi zambiri, mabakiteriya othamanga acid amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana kutengera kulolera kwawo kwa ma acid komanso kuthekera kwawo kukhala ndi moyo mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pH. Zitsanzo zina zodziwika bwino za mabakiteriya othamanga acid ndi awa:

• Corynebacterium: mtundu wa mabakiteriya a gram-positive omwe amapezeka m'nthaka komanso osamva acidic pH.
• Helicobacter ⁤pylori: mtundu wa microaerophilic womwe umapezeka m'mimba mwa munthu ndipo umakhudzana ndi matenda am'mimba monga zilonda zam'mimba.
• Lactobacillus: mtundu wa mabakiteriya omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya zofufumitsa, monga yogati, omwe amatha kukhala ndi moyo m'malo okhala acidic chifukwa amatha kupanga lactic acid.

Kukaniza kwa asidi kwa mabakiteriyawa kumakhudzanso kusintha kwa nembanemba ya cell, monga kukhalapo kwa lipids apadera omwe amachepetsa permeability ndikuteteza nembanemba yama cell. kapangidwe ka maselo motsutsana ndi acidity. Kuphatikiza apo, ambiri mwa mabakiteriyawa amapanga ma enzyme omwe amawalola kuti achepetse kapena kusokoneza ma acid, zomwe zimawapatsa mwayi wopikisana nawo m'malo ovuta.

Mabakiteriya opanda khoma la cell:⁤ mawonekedwe ndi magulu

Mabakiteriya opanda khoma la selo, omwe amadziwikanso kuti mycoplasmas kapena mabakiteriya opanda khoma la selo, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amadziwika kuti alibe dongosolo lolimba lomwe limapereka chithandizo ndi chitetezo. Mosiyana ndi mabakiteriya ena, nembanemba yawo ya plasma imalumikizana mwachindunji ndi chilengedwe chakunja, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe.

Mabakiteriyawa ali ndi machitidwe apadera omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi magulu ena a taxonomic. Zina mwa izo ndi:

• Kukula kochepa: Mabakiteriya opanda khoma la cell ndi ochepa kwambiri, ocheperako kuposa mabakiteriya ambiri.
• Mtundu wosinthika: mosiyana ndi mabakiteriya ndi cell wall, mabakiteriyawa alibe mawonekedwe odziwika bwino, omwe amawapangitsa kukhala osinthasintha kwambiri.
• Kudalira mabungwe ena: Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa khoma la cell, mabakiteriya opanda khoma amakhala ndi tizirombo toyambitsa matenda, kutanthauza kuti amafunikira makamu kuti apulumuke ndi kuberekana.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a taxonomic, mycoplasmas amagawidwa mu ufumu Bacteria, phylum Tenericutes ndi class Mollicutes. Mkati mwa kalasi iyi, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya opanda makoma a cell imasiyanitsidwa, iliyonse ili ndi mawonekedwe ake komanso pathogenicity. Mitundu ina ya mycoplasmas imadziwika kuti ndi yoyambitsa matenda a kupuma, genitourinary ndi olowa mwa anthu ndi nyama.

Njira zolimbana ndi mabakiteriya ⁢zogwirizana ndi khoma la cell

Kukana kwa bakiteriya ndi vuto lomwe likukulirakulira mu zamankhwala zamakono. Njira zolimbana ndi ma cell ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zomwe mabakiteriya amapeza mphamvu yolimbana ndi maantibayotiki. Makinawa amatengera kusintha kwamapangidwe komanso magwiridwe antchito wa cell wall zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maantibayotiki azikhala ochepa.

Imodzi mwa njira zotsutsa zokhudzana ndi khoma la selo ndikusintha kwa zigawo za dongosololi. Mabakiteriya amatha kupanga ma enzyme omwe amasintha mapuloteni ndi chakudya m'makoma a cell, kulepheretsa maantibayotiki kumangiriza ndi kuwalepheretsa. Kuphatikiza apo, mabakiteriya amatha kupanga mapampu a efflux omwe amakhala ngati onyamula ndikutulutsa maantibayotiki mkati mwa selo asanayambe kuchitapo kanthu.

Njira ina yotsutsa yokhudzana ndi khoma la selo ndi mapangidwe a biofilms. Ma biofilms ndi magulu a bakiteriya omwe amatsatira pamwamba ndipo amakutidwa ndi matrix owonjezera. Matrix awa amapereka chotchinga chakuthupi chomwe chimapangitsa kukhala kovuta kuti maantibayotiki alowe m'maselo a bakiteriya. Kuphatikiza apo, ma biofilms amalola kusinthana kwa ma genetic pakati pa mabakiteriya, omwe amathandizira kusamutsidwa kwa majini okana komanso kumathandizira kufalikira kwa mabakiteriya osamva.

Kufunika kwachipatala kwa gulu la mabakiteriya malinga ndi khoma la cell yawo

Mitundu ya mabakiteriya malinga ndi khoma la cell yawo komanso kufunikira kwawo kuchipatala

Kugawika kwa mabakiteriya malinga ndi khoma la cell ndikofunika kwambiri pachipatala, chifukwa kumatithandiza kuzindikira ndi kuchiza matenda osiyanasiyana. Mapangidwe a khoma la cell ndi mawonekedwe apadera amagulu osiyanasiyana a bakiteriya ndipo amatha kukhudza kukana kwawo kwa maantibayotiki komanso kuthekera kwawo koyambitsa matenda.

Pali mitundu itatu yayikulu ya mabakiteriya kutengera khoma la cell yawo:

• Mabakiteriya a gram-positive: Mabakiteriyawa amakhala ndi khoma lokhuthala lomwe limapangidwa makamaka ndi peptidoglycan.Amamva bwino ndi maantibayotiki omwe amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi kapangidwe kameneka ndipo amatha kuyambitsa matenda monga chibayo komanso matenda apakhungu.
• Bacterias gramnegativas: Mabakiteriyawa ali ndi khoma locheperako la cell lomwe lili ndi lipopolysaccharides, zomwe zimatha kukhala poizoni m'thupi la munthu. Amagonjetsedwa ndi maantibayotiki ambiri ndipo angayambitse matenda aakulu monga meningitis ndi septicemia.
• Mycobacteria: Gulu la mabakiteriya ili ndi khoma lapadera lomwe lili ndi gawo lalikulu la lipids. Ndizovuta kuchiza chifukwa chokana maantibayotiki wamba ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa matenda monga chifuwa chachikulu.

Kudziwika bwino kwa mabakiteriya malinga ndi khoma la selo lawo kumatipatsa mwayi wosankha chithandizo choyenera, kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha maantibayotiki kosafunikira ndikuwongolera zotsatira zachipatala. Kuphatikiza apo, gululi limatipatsanso chidziwitso chokhudza ma pathogenicity amtundu wa mabakiteriya komanso kuthekera kwawo kuyambitsa matenda oopsa. Kumvetsetsa kufunikira kwachipatala kwa gulu la khoma la cell ndikofunikira pakuzindikiritsa ndi kupewa matenda oyambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya.

Kuganizira za matenda ndi chithandizo cha matenda a bakiteriya

Kuzindikira matenda a bakiteriya:

Kuti mudziwe bwino za matenda a bakiteriya, m'pofunika kufufuza bwinobwino zachipatala ndikugwiritsa ntchito mayesero osiyanasiyana a labotale. Zina mwa njira zodziwira matenda ndi monga:

• Kusanthula magazi: Kuyezetsa kumeneku kumatithandiza kuzindikira kukhalapo kwa mabakiteriya m'magazi, omwe angasonyeze matenda a systemic.
• Culture ndi antibiogram: Potenga zitsanzo kuchokera pamalo omwe ali ndi kachilomboka ndikuzikulitsa muzofalitsa zachikhalidwe, mabakiteriya amatha kudziwika komanso kukhudzidwa kwawo ndi maantibayotiki osiyanasiyana.
• Mayeso a Rapid Sensitivity: ⁢ Amadziwikanso kuti mayeso ozindikira mamolekyulu, mayesowa amagwiritsa ntchito njira zokulitsa za nucleic acid kuti azindikire ndikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa mabakiteriya m'miyeso yachipatala.

Chithandizo cha matenda a bakiteriya:

Kuchiza matenda a bakiteriya kumachokera makamaka pa ntchito yoyenera ya maantibayotiki. Ndikofunikira kusankha maantibayotiki oyenera kutengera mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa komanso kutengeka kwake ndi mankhwala omwe alipo. Mfundo zina zofunika kuzikumbukira ndi izi:

• Sipekitiramu zochita: Maantibayotiki amaikidwa ngati sipekitiramu yotakata (yogwira ntchito motsutsana ndi mitundu ingapo ya mabakiteriya) kapena yopapatiza (yogwira motsutsana ndi gulu la mabakiteriya). Kusankha koyenera kwa maantibayotiki kumatengera mtundu wa matenda komanso kumva kwa bakiteriya.
• Vía de administración: Zosankhazo ndi monga oral, intramuscular, kapena intravenous administration. Kusankhidwa kwa njira yoperekera chithandizo kudzadalira kuopsa kwa matendawa komanso kuthekera kwa wodwala kumwa mankhwala pakamwa.
• Kutalika kwa chithandizo: Kutalika kwa mankhwala opha maantibayotiki kumatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu komanso kuopsa kwa matendawa. Ndikofunikira kutsatira malangizo a dokotala ndikumaliza njira yonse yamankhwala kuti mupewe kuoneka kwa mabakiteriya.

Kupyolera mu kuzindikira koyenera komanso chithandizo chanthawi yake komanso chothandiza⁢, kuchiza matenda ambiri a bakiteriya kutha kutheka. Komabe, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti vuto lililonse likhoza kukhala losiyana ndipo limafuna njira yamunthu payekha. Nthawi zonse ndi bwino kukaonana ndi dokotala kuti mupeze matenda olondola ndi kulandira chithandizo choyenera.

Zotsatira za gulu la mabakiteriya pakukula kwa maantibayotiki ndi katemera

Gulu la mabakiteriya ndilofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa maantibayotiki ndi katemera, chifukwa limatithandiza kumvetsetsa kapangidwe kawo ndi mawonekedwe ake enieni. Gululi limachokera pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, monga mawonekedwe a mabakiteriya, momwe amachitira ndi utoto wosiyanasiyana, kuthekera kwake kupanga spores, pakati pazinthu zina.

Kuyika mabakiteriya m'magulu osiyanasiyana kumatithandiza kuzindikira njira zawo zolimbana ndi maantibayotiki, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga mankhwala atsopano. Kuphatikiza apo, imatithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe mabakiteriya amafalira komanso momwe amakhudzira anthu, zomwe zimatipangitsa kupanga katemera wogwira mtima kwambiri.

Chifukwa cha gulu la mabakiteriya, asayansi amatha kuzindikira mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ingayambitse matenda ndikupanga katemera wapadera wothana nawo. ⁤Kugawika kumeneku kumatithandizanso kumvetsetsa momwe maantibayotiki amagwirizanirana ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a mabakiteriya komanso momwe angakulitsire kuti akhale ogwira mtima. Mwachidule, gulu la mabakiteriya ndilofunika kwambiri pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha maantibayotiki ndi katemera, zomwe zimalola kupita patsogolo kwakukulu polimbana ndi matenda opatsirana.

Mapeto ndi⁢ malingaliro

Mafunso ndi Mayankho

Q: Kodi ⁢magawo a mabakiteriya malinga ndi khoma la cell yawo ndi chiyani?
A: Mabakiteriya amagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu malinga ndi khoma la cell yawo: mabakiteriya a gram-positive ndi gram-negative.

Q: Kodi mabakiteriya a Gram-positive ndi ati?
A: Mabakiteriya a gram-positive ali ndi khoma lakuda la cell lopangidwa makamaka ndi peptidoglycan wosanjikiza. Chigawo ichi chazunguliridwa ndi nembanemba ya cytoplasmic. Mabakiteriyawa amasunga utoto wabuluu wa violet kuchokera ku njira ya Gram stain, yomwe imawapatsa dzina lawo.

Q: Kodi zazikulu⁤ mabakiteriya a Gram negative ndi ati?
A: Mabakiteriya a gram-negative ali ndi khoma lochepa thupi lopangidwa ndi peptidoglycan wosanjikiza ndi nembanemba yakunja yopangidwa ndi lipopolysaccharides. Pakati pa zigawo ziwirizi pali malo a periplasmic. Mabakiteriyawa sasunga utoto wabuluu wa violet-buluu⁢ wa njira ya Gram stain, motero amawonekera pinki akathimbirira.

Q: Kodi mabakiteriya a Gram positive ndi Gram negative amasiyana bwanji?
A: Kuphatikiza pa kusiyana kwa makulidwe a khoma la cell, mabakiteriya a Gram-negative alinso ndi nembanemba yakunja yomwe si⁢ kupezeka mu mabakiteriya a Gram-positive. Nembanemba yowonjezera iyi ya mabakiteriya a gram-negative imawapatsa mphamvu zapadera, monga kukana maantibayotiki ena.

Q: Kodi mabakiteriya a Gram positive amagawidwa bwanji?
A: Mabakiteriya omwe ali ndi gram-positive amagawidwa m'magulu kutengera makhalidwe monga ma cell morphology, kuthekera kwawo kupanga spores kapena ayi, physiology yawo, ndi kuyankha kwawo ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utoto ndi mitundu.

Q: Kodi mabakiteriya a Gram⁢ amagawidwa bwanji?
A: Monga mabakiteriya a Gram-positive⁢, mabakiteriya a gram-negative amagawidwa m'magulu kutengera makhalidwe monga ma cell morphology, kuthekera kwawo kupanga spores kapena ayi, thupi lawo, ndi kuyankha kwawo ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utoto ndi mitundu.

Q: Chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunika kugawa mabakiteriya kutengera khoma la cell yawo?
Yankho: Kuyika mabakiteriya molingana ndi khoma la maselo awo ndikofunikira chifukwa kusiyana kwa khoma la cell kumakhala ndi zotsatira zake pakuchita kwawo ku maantibayotiki osiyanasiyana, kuwopsa kwawo, komanso kulumikizana kwawo. ndi dongosolo chitetezo cha mthupi. Kuphatikiza apo, gululi⁢ limathandiza pozindikira ndi kuchiza matenda a bakiteriya. moyenera.

Pomaliza

Mwachidule, kuphunzira kagayidwe ka mabakiteriya malinga ndi khoma la cell yawo ndikofunikira kwambiri pankhani ya microbiology. Kupyolera mu njirayi, asayansi amatha kuzindikira ndi kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti amvetse matenda awo, kukana kwa maantibayotiki, ndi ntchito yawo muzinthu zachilengedwe. Podziwa mawonekedwe a khoma la selo, mapangidwe ndi mapangidwe a mabakiteriyawa amatha kutsimikiziridwa, zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso chamtengo wapatali pamagulu awo a taxonomic ndi phunziro lomaliza. Chifukwa chake, chidziwitso cha gulu la mabakiteriya molingana ndi khoma lake la cell ndikofunikira kuti pakhale njira zowonjezera zowunikira komanso zochiritsira, motero kutilola kuti tithane ndi matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Pamene⁤ kafukufuku m'derali akupitilira kukula, kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya ndi zotsatira⁢ za ⁢mapangidwe awo a ma cell muzinthu zosiyanasiyana za sayansi ndi thanzi la anthu akupitiriza kukula. Chotsatira chake, kafukufuku wa gulu la mabakiteriya amakhalabe malo odalirika komanso osinthika nthawi zonse⁤, kutipatsa ife chithunzithunzi chomveka⁢ komanso chodziwika bwino cha moyo wa tizilombo.