Momwe mungadziwire zolephera za SSD ndi malamulo apamwamba a SMART

Ngati mukukhudzidwa ndi thanzi la malo anu osungira, muli pamalo oyenera: ndi SMART luso Mutha kuyembekezera zovuta za SSD ndi HDD ndikusunga deta yanu munthawi yake. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza. Momwe mungadziwire zolakwika mu SSD yanu pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo a SMART.

Kupitilira chidwi chabe, kuyang'anira momwe disk ilili ndikofunikira zimatsimikizira kupezeka kwa chidziwitso ndi kukonzekera mphamvu ndi ntchito. Ma hard drive omwe amalephera mosayembekezereka amatha kusokoneza mautumiki, kuwononga mbiri yanu, ndikuwonongerani ndalama. Ndipo ngakhale SSD sipanga phokoso la HDD, zizindikiro zake zilipo: kuthamanga kutsika, kulemba zolakwika kapena kutayika kwa data chifukwa cha kuvala kwa ma cell.

Kodi SMART ndi chiyani (ndipo simungathe) kuchita

SMART ndi chidule cha Kudziyang'anira, Kusanthula ndi Kupereka MalipotiMndandanda wazinthu mu firmware imayang'anira masinthidwe amkati a disk ndikupereka machenjezo akazindikira kulephera. Cholinga chawo ndi chodziwikiratu: kukupatsani nthawi yosunga zosunga zobwezeretsera zanu ndikusintha galimotoyo tsoka lisanachitike.

Kuti mugwiritse ntchito, ndikofunikira boardboard (BIOS/UEFI) ndipo drive yokhayo imathandizira ndipo yathandizidwa ndi SMART. Masiku ano ndizopezeka konsekonse ku SATA, SAS, SCSI ndi NVMe, ndipo machitidwe amakono amalumikizana nawo popanda mavuto.

Ma parameters omwe amayesa ndi awa: kutentha, magawo operekedwanso, zolakwika za CRCNthawi yozungulira injini, zolakwika zowerengeka/zolemba zosalongosoka, kuchuluka kwa magawo omwe akudikirira, kuthamanga kwakusaka, ndi zina zambiri. Wopanga aliyense amatanthauzira ndikuwongolera matebulo ake, okhala ndi malire ndi zovomerezeka.

Chofunika: SMART sichita zamatsenga. Amangokuchenjezani inu. zolephera zodziwikiratu (kuvala, zovuta zamakina zomwe zikupita patsogolo, midadada yosokonekera ya NAND). Izo sizingakhoze kuyembekezera zochitika mwadzidzidzi monga ma surges amphamvu kapena kuwonongeka kwadzidzidzi kwamagetsi. Maphunziro ngati a Google ndi Backblaze akuwonetsa kuti zina ndizothandiza, koma Iwo samaphimba 100% ya zolephera.

Linux: smartmontools, malamulo ofunikira ndi mayeso

Ku Linux, phukusi la smartmontools lili ndi magawo awiri: smartctl (chida cha console cha mafunso ndi mayeso) ndi wanzeru (daemon yomwe imayang'anira ndi kuchenjeza kudzera pa syslog kapena imelo). Ndi yaulere komanso yogwirizana nayo SATA, SCSI, SAS ndi NVMe.

Kuyika (mwachitsanzo Debian/Ubuntu): sudo apt install smartmontoolsMu magawo ena, imagwiritsa ntchito woyang'anira wofananira; kupezeka mu Linux ndi BSD kuli ponseponse komanso Siziyenera kukubweretserani vuto lililonse..

Choyamba pezani mayunitsi. Mukhoza kulemba misonkhano ndi df -h kapena kuzindikira ma disks ndi magawo ndi sudo fdisk -lKumbukirani: smartctl imachita pa chipangizocho, osati pagawo; ndiko, pa /dev/sdX kapena /dev/nvmeXnY.

Malamulo ofunikira okhala ndi smartctl for yamba kugwira ntchito ndi SMART pa disk inayake:

• Yang'anani chithandizo cha SMART ndi udindo: sudo smartctl -i /dev/sda
• Yambitsani SMART Ngati yayimitsidwa: sudo smartctl -s on /dev/sda
• Onani mawonekedwe onse ndi zipika: sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda
• Kudziyesa kwakanthawi kochepa (mwachangu): sudo smartctl -t short /dev/sda
• Kudziyesa kwakanthawi (zonse): sudo smartctl -t long /dev/sda
• Chidule cha Zaumoyo: sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda

Konzani mayeso afupikitsa sabata iliyonse komanso mayeso ataliatali mwezi uliwonse ndi cron to kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa ndi kukhala ndi mbiri yakaleYesetsani kuyesako m'mawa kwambiri kapena panthawi yomwe muli ndi katundu wochepa; pa mayeso yaitali mudzaona kuchuluka kwa latency ndi kutsika kwa IOPS.

Misonkhano yotchula zida mu Linux

Kutengera wowongolera ndi mawonekedwe, muwona njira zosiyanasiyana. Zitsanzo zina zodziwika bwino pakuzindikira ma drive ndi owongolera: /dev/sd, /dev/nvmen, /dev/sg*Kuphatikiza pa njira zenizeni pa 3ware kapena olamulira a HP (cciss/hpsa), kumvetsetsa njira yeniyeni kumalepheretsa santhula chipangizo cholakwika.

Zolakwika zenizeni ndi zipika (ATA/SCSI/NVMe)

SMART imasunga zipika za zolakwika zaposachedwa ndikuziwonetsa mu mawonekedwe osankhidwa. ATA Mudzawona zolakwika zisanu zomaliza ndi zilembo ndi ma code; mu SCSI Werengani, lembani, ndi zowerengera zolephera kutsimikizira zandandalikidwa; mu NVMe Zolemba zolakwika zimasindikizidwa (mwachisawawa 16 zaposachedwa kwambiri).

Mawu achidule odziwika pazotsatira zolakwika (zothandiza pakuzindikira mwachangu): ABRT, AMNF, CCTO, EOM, ICRC, IDNF, MC, MCR, NM, TK0NF, UNC, WPNgati zikuwoneka mobwerezabwereza, pali a vuto lakuthupi kapena kulumikizana kufufuza.

Ndikofunikiranso kuzindikira zovuta za ID, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi zolephera zomwe zikuyandikira: 05, 10, 183, 184, 188, 196, 197, 198, 201, 230Kuwonjezeka kosalekeza mwa aliyense wa iwo ndi chizindikiro choipa.

Makhalidwe a SMART: momwe mungawawerengere komanso omwe muyenera kulabadira

Mapulogalamu amawonetsa parameter iliyonse yokhala ndi magawo angapo. Nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo Identifier (1-250), Threshold, Value, Woest, and Raw Data, kuwonjezera pa mbendera (kaya ndizovuta, zowerengera, etc.). Mtengo wokhazikika umayamba kwambiri komanso amachepetsa ndi ntchitoKupitilira malire kumayambitsa chenjezo.

Zina mwazofunikira kwambiri pakuzindikira kutha kapena kuwonongeka, yang'anani: Relocated_Sector_Ct (magawo osinthidwa), Current_Pending_Sector (magawo oyembekezera osakhazikika), Offline_Zosalondola (zolakwika popanda kukonza pa intaneti), Relocated_Event_Count (zochitika zosinthidwa) komanso, pa HDD, Spin_Retry_Count (kuyambiranso kwa injini). Izi ndizofunikira pa SSD. Valani Leveling Count y Kulephera kwa Pulogalamu/kufufuta.

Kutentha kumatsutsana, koma kusunga unit pansipa 60 °C Izi zimachepetsa kuthekera kwa zolakwika. Yang'anani mpweya wa chassis ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, onjezani ma heatsinks a NVMe ku ma drive a M.2. pewani kugwedezeka ndi kuwonongeka.

Windows: WMIC, PowerShell ndi CHKDSK

Kuti mufufuze mwachangu pamakina a Windows mutha kugwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira chapamwamba WMIC kapena PowerShell, osayika china chilichonse, ndiyeno onjezerani ndi chida cha SMART chokwanira ngati pakufunika.

Ndi Command Prompt monga woyang'anira, thamangani: wmic diskdrive get model, statusNgati ibwereranso Chabwino, mawonekedwe a SMART ndi olondola; ngati mukuwona Pred KulepheraPali magawo ofunikira ndipo ndizofunikira Pangani kope ndikuganiza za cholowa m'malo..

Mu PowerShell, yambani ngati woyang'anira ndikuyambitsa: Get-PhysicalDisk | Select-Object MediaType, Size, SerialNumber, HealthStatusMunda Mkhalidwe Waumoyo adzakuwonetsani Zathanzi, Chenjezo kapena Zopanda Thanzi, zothandiza kuzindikira mavuto pang'onopang'ono.

Kuti muwone ndikukonza zolakwika zamafayilo oyenera, gwiritsani ntchito CHKDSK. Pangani lamulo ili mu console ndi mwayi wapamwamba: chkdsk C: /f /r /x kuthetsa zolakwika, kupeza magawo oyipa, ndi kusokoneza galimoto ngati kuli kofunikira; ngati mukufuna kalozera Konzani Windows pambuyo pa kachilombo koyambitsa matendaOnani tsopano. Mu NTFS, mungagwiritse ntchito chkdsk /scan kusanthula pa intaneti.

MacOS: Disk Utility ndi Terminal

Pa Mac, muli awiri njira zosavuta. Mbali inayi, Kugwiritsa Ntchito Disk (Mapulogalamu> Zothandizira): Sankhani choyendetsa chakuthupi ndikusindikiza Chithandizo choyambira kukonza mafayilo amafayilo; kuonjezerapo, mudzawona SMART state monga Kutsimikizika kapena Kulephera.

Ngati mukufuna Terminal, thamangani diskutil info /Volumes/NombreDeTuDisco ndikuyang'ana mzere wa SMART Status. Ngati Chotsimikizika chalembedwa, pumani; koma, zosunga zobwezeretsera nthawi yomweyo ndi kuganiza zosintha.

Linux yowonjezera: dmesg, /sys ndi GUI yokhala ndi GSmartControl

Kuphatikiza pa smartctl, ndizothandiza kuyang'ana chipika cha kernel pazotsatira izi: I/O zolakwika kapena kutha kwa nthawi kwa controller. Sefa yofulumira ingakhale: dmesg | grep -i errorndikukwaniritsa ndi mawu ngati failed o timeout.

Kuti mumve zambiri za chipangizocho mutha kuwerenga njira zamakina monga /sys/block/sdX/device/model kapena ziwerengero za /sys/block/sdX/statZothandiza mukafuna kutsimikizira ntchito ndi chitsanzo opanda zida zakunja.

Ngati mukufuna mawonekedwe azithunzi, yikani GSmartControl (Mwachitsanzo: sudo apt install -y gsmartcontrol) ndikuyendetsa ndi mwayi woyang'anira. Zimakulolani kutero Onani mawonekedwe, yesani mayeso amfupi/atali, ndi malipoti otumiza kunja ndikudina pang'ono.

Zida zovomerezeka za chipani chachitatu

Kuti mupitirire zoyambira pozindikira zolakwika mu SSD yanu ndi malamulo a SMART, muli ndi zida zodziwika bwino:

• CrystalDiskInfo (Windows) ndi yaulere, yomveka komanso yogwirizana ndi mkati ndi kunja kwa SATA ndi NVMe; imawonetsa mawonekedwe a SMART, kutentha ndi maola ogwiritsira ntchito.
• Kuyimba kwa HD Imawonjezera mamapu amgawo ndi mayeso othamanga (ili ndi mtundu wolipira).
• Sentinel ya Hard Disk Imayang'ana kwambiri kuwunika kosalekeza, zidziwitso zapamwamba ndi malipoti; Baibulo lake laulere lili ndi malire koma lamphamvu kwambiri pakutanthauzira SMART.
• GSmartControl Ndi yaulere ndipo imakupatsani mwayi woyesa ndikuwona mawonekedwe omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe azithunzi.

Zizindikiro kuti SSD kapena HDD yanu ili pamiyendo yake yomaliza

Lembani zizindikiro zodziwika bwino: Kuyamba pang'onopang'ono, kuzimitsa kosayembekezereka, zowonera zabuluu zakufa (BSoD kapena kernel panic)Mafayilo omwe sangatseguke kapena kuwonongeka, kulephera kuyika kapena kusintha, ndikuyendetsa zimenezo kutha kuchokera padongosolo kapena BIOS/UEFI.

Pa HDDs, phokoso lamakina (kudina, kufinya, kulira) ndi chizindikiro choyipa. Pa ma SSD, yang'anani zolakwika zolembera. zolakwika pakukweza ma voliyumu ndi kuchuluka kwa magawo omwe adagawidwanso kapena kuwerengera kwa attrition. Ngati mavuto akupitilira, musade nkhawa: Pangani kope tsopano.

Kugula mwanzeru: zomwe muyenera kuyang'ana posankha zolemba zatsopano

Imayamikira mitundu yokhala ndi mbiri yabwino (Seagate, WD, Toshiba, Samsung), the tipo de unidad (SSD ya liwiro, HDD ya mphamvu), mawonekedwe (SATA, NVMe mu M.2/PCIe), cache, ndi kutaya kutentha. kuthekera Ndikoyenera kukulitsa pang'ono kuposa zomwe mukufuna.

Chongani analengeza durability (TBW pa SSD, zitsimikizo, MTBF mosamala), ndi Kugwiritsa ntchito koyembekezeka (Zitsanzo za NAS nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito bwino ndi RAID) ndi bajeti: nthawi zina kulipira pang'ono kumakupatsani mtendere wamalingaliro ndi moyo wothandiza.

Zochepa za SMART: nkhani ndi maphunziro

SMART ndiyothandiza koma yopanda ungwiro: ilipo kusagwirizana pakati pa opanga M'matanthauzo ndi zoyimira, zina ndizofunika kwambiri (zoperekedwanso, zodikirira, zosalongosoka), pomwe zina zimapereka zochepa. Backblaze akuwonetsa kuti makhalidwe ochepa Imagwirizana bwino ndi zolephera, ndipo Google idawonetsa milandu zolephera popanda kuzindikira.

Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani? Zikutanthauza kuti SMART imathandizira kuyembekezera mavuto ambiri, koma njira yanu iyenera kuphatikiza kuyang'anira, redundancy (RAID), zosunga zobwezeretsera ndi kuchira. Osamangodalira nyali yobiriwira.

Ngati chida kapena dongosolo lipoti Chenjezo/Kulephera Kodziwikiratu/Zopanda thanzi1) Koperani momwe mungathere tsopano, 2) Tsimikizani ndi chida china kuti mutsimikizire, 3) Konzani m'malo mwamsangaMukasintha, yang'anani RAID ngati kuli koyenera kupewa Kumanganso zoopsa.

Kutsatira zofunikira kumathandizira: SMART imakuchenjezani za zovuta zambiri zomwe zikubwera.Koma si onse; njira yanzeru yogwirira ntchito ndikuphatikiza ndi mayeso okonzekera, zosunga zobwezeretsera zabwino, ndi ndondomeko yomveka bwino yosinthira pamene zizindikiro zovuta zimayamba kuyenda.