Mawonekedwe ndi maubwino a makompyuta a ARM: chilichonse chomwe muyenera kudziwa

Nkhaniyi ikukupemphani kuti mulowe mu chilengedwe chochititsa chidwi cha Makompyuta a ARM. Tidzayang'anitsitsa mbiri yawo, momwe amagwirira ntchito, ntchito zawo zenizeni, kusiyana ndi zomangamanga zina (monga Intel ndi AMD's x86), ndi mphamvu ndi zofooka zawo.

Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, ngati wina anatchula mawu oti "purosesa", chinthu choyamba chimene chinabwera m'maganizo chinali mtundu ngati Intel o AMD, yokhala ndi ma PC ake odziwika bwino. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, wosewera watsopano wadzipangira mbiri m'gawoli, akusintha momwe timamvetsetsa makompyuta, mafoni am'manja ndi zida zamitundu yonse: Ma processor a ARM. Koma nchiyani kwenikweni chomwe chiri kumbuyo kwa kamangidwe kameneka? Kodi ubwino wake weniweni ndi uti kuposa mapurosesa ena achikhalidwe?

Kodi purosesa ya ARM imagwira ntchito bwanji? Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi zosiyana ndi x86

Chinsinsi cha zomangamanga za ARM chagona pa kuphweka ndi luso la seti ya malangizo. Potengera nzeru za RISC, ma ARM CPUs amachita zinthu zofunika kwambiri (kuwonjezera, kuchotsa, kusuntha kwa data, kulumpha, ndi zina zambiri) pamawotchi apawokha, m'malo mwa malangizo ovuta komanso aatali monga CISC (yofanana ndi x86 kuchokera ku Intel ndi AMD). Izi zikutanthauza kuti chipangizo cha ARM chikhoza kukhala nacho ma transistors ochepa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti:

• Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa.
• Kuchepetsa kutentha kwapangidwa.
• Kutsika mtengo wopangira.

M'mapangidwe atsopano (monga ARMv8 ndi ARMv9), Purosesa ya ARM imatha kugwira ntchito mumitundu yonse ya 32-bit ndi 64-bit., kufananiza ndipo nthawi zina kupitilira mphamvu yakukonza ya opikisana nawo a x86 pantchito zatsiku ndi tsiku. The makonda mwamakonda amalola wopanga aliyense kuwonjezera mayunitsi enieni, kukulitsa kukumbukira posungira, kuwonjezera ma coprocessors ojambula kapena luntha lochita kupanga, ndi zina zambiri.

Palinso njira ziwiri zogwirira ntchito:

• ARM mode: Malangizo a 32-bit, mphamvu zazikulu ndi ntchito
• Thumb Mode: malangizo oponderezedwa a 16-bit, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pang'ono komanso kachulukidwe ka code, abwino pazida zomwe zili ndi malire okumbukira

Kuphweka sikutanthauza kusowa mphamvu: Mitundu yamakono ya ARM ili ndi mapaipi apamwamba, mapaipi, kulosera kwa nthambi, ndi ma cores angapo., kubwera pafupi kwambiri ndi magwiridwe antchito a tchipisi ta x86, makamaka pantchito zomwe mphamvu zamagetsi ndizofunikira.

Zofunikira zazikulu zamakompyuta a ARM

Kuti timvetsetse chomwe chimapangitsa kompyuta yokhala ndi purosesa ya ARM kukhala yapadera, tiyenera kuyang'ana mbali zake zonse. zaluso, pamlingo wa hardware ndi zomveka zomanga:

• Zomangamanga za RISC: malangizo osavuta, kupha mwachangu, ma transistors ochepa
• Kusintha mwamakonda: Opanga amatha kusintha mapangidwe, kuphatikiza zithunzi, AI, chitetezo, ndi zina.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa kwambiri: yabwino pazida zonyamulika ndi zida popanda machitidwe ozizirira okhazikika
• 32 ndi 64 pang'ono zogwirizana: Mibadwo yaposachedwa imathandizira onse, kuwongolera liwiro komanso kukumbukira kukumbukira.
• Cache ndi kukumbukira bwino: Kuphatikiza kwa cache ya L1/L2 yokometsedwa ndi basi ya data
• Thandizo la maphunziro owonjezera: Thumb mode, thandizo la SIMD (NEON), magawo oyandama ndi zowonjezera zanzeru zopangira mumitundu yaposachedwa
• Tsegulani License: Aliyense atha kupanga tchipisi tawo tokhala ndi ma ARM polipira chilolezo chopanga. Izi zatulutsa mitundu yambiri yazogulitsa ndi mpikisano pakati pa opanga.
• Lonse opaleshoni dongosolo ngakhale: Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, macOS (pa Mac aposachedwa), pakati pa ena ambiri

Pa mlingo wogwiritsa ntchito, Kuchuluka kwa tchipisi ta ARM sikungokhala mafoni am'manja ndi mapiritsi.; Pali makompyuta ochulukirachulukira a ARM, ma laputopu, ma PC ang'onoang'ono, ma seva komanso ma supercomputer omwe amadalira mphamvu zawo komanso scalability.

Ubwino wamakompyuta a ARM kuposa Intel ndi AMD

Ubwino wa zomangamanga za ARM kuposa ma processor amtundu wa x86 (Intel ndi AMD) ndiwodziwikiratu. Zina mwa mfundo zamphamvu ndi:

• Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kosayerekezeka: kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, yomwe imamasulira Moyo wa batri wochulukira wama laputopu komanso kutsika kwamagetsi kwa ma seva. Tchipisi zina zaposachedwa za ARM sizidya 1W, poyerekeza ndi 15-45W zamatchipisi wamba a x86.
• Kuzizira kunapangidwa mophweka: popanga kutentha pang'ono, Safuna mafani amphamvu kapena machitidwe ovuta a dissipation. Izi zimalola kuti apange mapangidwe opanda fani, nyumba zocheperako komanso zabata.
• Mtengo wotsika kwambiri: ma transistors ochepa ndi silicon, osavuta kupanga pamlingo waukulu, kutsitsa mtengo ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale makompyuta otsika mtengo.
• Kusinthasintha ndi makondaOpanga amatha kupanga tchipisi tanthawi zonse pazosowa zilizonse, kuchokera ku zida zazing'ono kwambiri za IoT kupita pamakompyuta apamwamba kwambiri.
• Zosintha zonse: Mpikisano pakati pa opanga (Apple, Qualcomm, Samsung, MediaTek, NVIDIA, etc.) imayendetsa luso komanso kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito komanso kuchita bwino.
• Thandizo la Multiplatform: Ndizofala kuwona makompyuta a ARM akugwirizana ndi Android, Linux, Chrome OS, Windows 10/11 ndi macOS, omwe amapereka kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa opanga ndi ogwiritsa ntchito.

Ubwinowu umafotokoza Chifukwa chiyani ma ARM agonjetsa dziko lamafoni ndipo tsopano akupikisana kwambiri pamakompyuta, zosinthika, ma PC ang'onoang'ono ndi maseva. Kufika kwa tchipisi ta Apple Silicon mu Macs kwawonetsa kuti kukhazikika kwakukulu pakati pa mphamvu ndi moyo wa batri kumatha kutheka, ndikutsegulira njira kuti opanga ena atsatire.

Zoyipa zazikulu zamakono ndi zolepheretsa

Inde, si onse ubwino. Makompyuta a ARM alinso ndi malire omwe ayenera kuganiziridwa.:

• Kugwirizana kwa mapulogalamu ochepa: mapulogalamu ambiri (makamaka omwe adapangidwira x86) Sagwira ntchito mwachibadwa pa ARM. Ngakhale pali machitidwe otsanzira (monga Apple's Rosetta 2 kapena Prism pa Windows), magwiridwe antchito angakhudzidwe.
• Kuchepetsa mphamvu yaiwisi muzochitika zina: Pantchito zovuta kwambiri (akatswiri osintha makanema, masewera owopsa, CAD, ukadaulo wapamwamba), tchipisi ta ARM Nthawi zambiri amagwera kumbuyo kwa x86 yabwino kwambiri.
• Kudalira kukhathamiritsa: chifukwa pindulani nazo, Madivelopa ayenera kupanga mitundu yeniyeni ya mapulogalamu awo a ARM.
• M'munsi kupereka hardware ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu: ngakhale ikusintha mofulumira, pakali pano zilipo Zosankha zochepa za 100% zogwirizana ndi ARM ndi zowonjezera pamsika, makamaka ku Ulaya ndi ku America.
• Zolepheretsa pamasewera ndi makonda: Ma PC amasewera nthawi zambiri amafunikira ma GPU odzipatulira, RAM yochulukirapo, ndi kukweza, zomwe zimakhala zoletsedwa kwambiri pa ARM kuposa pamapulatifomu a x86.

Zomwe zikuchitika, komabe, ndikuti zoperewerazi zichepe pakapita nthawi, popeza opanga ndi opanga akudalira kwambiri ARM.

Mitundu ya ma processor a ARM ndi kusintha kwaukadaulo

Ecosystem ya ARM ili ndi mitundu ingapo ndi mabanja, kuyambira akale a 16- ndi 32-bit tchipisi kupita ku zilombo zaposachedwa za 64-bit zolunjika pa ma seva, ma desktops, ndi ma laputopu apamwamba. Tiyeni tiwone zazikulu:

• ARM1, ARM2, ARM3: apainiya a mbiri yakale, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakompyuta oyambirira aumwini ndi machitidwe ophatikizidwa
• ARM6, ARM7, ARM9, ARM11: kusinthika kwapang'onopang'ono mu mphamvu ndi mphamvu, ndi cache yophatikizika, chithandizo cha multimedia ndi mawonekedwe a SIMD ndi malangizo a Thumb
• StrongARM ndi XScale: ma chips omwe ali ndi chilolezo kuchokera ku DEC ndi Intel, otchuka kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 2000 mu PDAs, mafoni a m'manja ndi zipangizo zamakampani
• Cortex-A, Cortex-R, Cortex-M: mabanja ofunikira kwambiri masiku ano. Cortex-A yamapulogalamu azinthu zonse (ma foni a m'manja, mapiritsi, ma laputopu), okhala ndi mitundu imodzi komanso yamitundu yambiri, NEON, TrustZone, ndi kuthekera kwapa media media. Cortex-R yamakina anthawi yeniyeni (magalimoto, makina), ndi Cortex-M yamagetsi otsika, otsika mtengo.
• Apple pakachitsulo: Titchipisi ta Apple tokhala ndi ma ARM, kuchokera ku M1 kupita ku M3, ndi mitundu ya Pro, Max, ndi Ultra, yomwe imatsogolera pakuchita bwino pama laputopu ndi ma desktops omwe ali ndi macOS.
• Snapdragon: Mtundu wodziwika bwino wa Qualcomm, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafoni am'manja ndipo tsopano mu ma ultrabook ndi laputopu okhala ndi Snapdragon X Elite ndi Copilot+ PC yatsopano.

Nkhani yowonjezera:

Chipangizo chatsopano cha Surface Pro chikuwoneka mu chiphaso cha China, chikuseka chotsitsimutsa cha ARM.

Makina ogwiritsira ntchito ndi kuyanjana kwa mapulogalamu pa ARM

Mbali yofunika kwambiri ndi kuyanjana kwa mapulogalamu, makamaka pamakina ogwiritsira ntchito pakompyuta ndi mapulogalamu:

• Android ndi iOS: Machitidwe opangidwa kuyambira pachiyambi a ARM, kuwonetsetsa kuti amagwirizana ndikuchita bwino pama foni am'manja ndi mapiritsi.
• Linux: Thandizo lalikulu la magawo monga Ubuntu, Debian, Arch Linux, Kali, Gentoo, Oracle Linux ndi ena ambiri, komanso BSD (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD).
• macOSKuyambira 2020, Macs okhala ndi Apple Silicon akhala akuyenda pa ARM kokha, ndi mapulogalamu ambiri omwe amajambulidwa kapena kutsatiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito Rosetta 2.
• Windows 10 ndi 11 za ARM: Matembenuzidwe otsogola omwe amathandizira mapulogalamu achibadwidwe ndi kutsanzira kwa x86, makamaka chifukwa cha Windows 11 Copilot+ ndi injini yake ya Prism.

Vuto lalikulu pamakompyuta a ARM pakali pano ndi kuyanjana kwa pulogalamu ya desktop. Ngakhale mapulogalamu ambiri otchuka ali kale ndi mitundu ya ARM, pali mapulogalamu apadera omwe amafunikira kutsanzira kapena osakometsedwa.

Msika ndi opanga makompyuta a ARM oyenera kwambiri

Masiku ano, makampani angapo ndi zida zimawoneka ngati zosintha pamsika wa ARM pamakompyuta:

• apulo: ndi MacBook, iMac, Mac Mini ndi Mac situdiyo zochokera Apple Silicon. Kuphatikiza apo, iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, ndi Apple TV amagwiritsanso ntchito ARM.
• Microsoft: Makompyuta a ARM omwe ali mgulu la Surface Pro X ndi Surface Copilot+ akuyimira kudzipereka kwa Redmond, mothandizidwa ndi Windows komanso kukhathamiritsa.
• Qualcomm: mtsogoleri mu mafoni am'manja ndi Snapdragon, ndipo pakali pano mu ultrabooks ndi laputopu ndi Snapdragon X Elite ndi Copilot+ PC.
• Google: Chrome OS pa Chromebooks, yokhala ndi moyo wabwino wa batri komanso kugwirizana kwa mapulogalamu a Android.
• Samsung, HP, Acer, Lenovo: Amapereka ma laputopu, mapiritsi, ndi zosinthika zokhala ndi tchipisi ta ARM ndikuyikapo kale Windows 11 ARM, kuyika patsogolo kudziyimira pawokha komanso kapangidwe kopepuka.
• Rasipiberi Pi: nsanja yopanga yomwe yabweretsa ARM kwa ogwiritsa ntchito mamiliyoni ambiri, kulimbikitsa mapulogalamu, ma robotiki, ndi IoT.

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ARM ndi x86 (Intel/AMD)

Kwa ambiri, funso lalikulu ndilakuti: Kodi purosesa ya ARM imasiyana bwanji ndi purosesa ya Intel kapena AMD x86?

• Mtundu wa malangizo: ARM imagwiritsa ntchito RISC, ndi malangizo osavuta komanso achidule; x86 ndi CISC, yokhala ndi malangizo ovuta komanso aatali.
• Kuchita kwa watt: ARM imaposa mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, yabwino kwa mabatire ndi machitidwe osagwira ntchito; x86 mphamvu yaiwisi pa ntchito zovuta.
• Zojambulajambula: ARM ndi yosinthika komanso yosinthika mwamakonda, x86 ndiyotseka komanso yofanana.
• Mapulogalamu apakompyuta: x86 ili ndi mapulogalamu azaka zambiri, koma ARM ikuyenda mwachangu ndi mapulogalamu ndi nsanja.
• Msika wandandanda: ARM imalamulira mafoni, IoT ndipo ikukula mu laputopu ndi maseva; x86 pa PC, masewera ndi cholowa.

Tsogolo la makompyuta a ARM: tingayembekezere chiyani?

El tsogolo la ARM Ikutuluka ngati njira yabwino kwambiri yama laputopu, zosinthika, ma PC ang'onoang'ono ndipo, mochulukira, ma desktops ndi maseva. Chofunikira chidzakhala kulimbikitsa otukula kuti akwaniritse bwino ntchito ndikuwongolera kutsanzira, ndikusunga luso lamphamvu komanso kuchita bwino.

Apple ikupitilizabe kutsogolera njira yake ndi Silicon ndi chilengedwe chotsekedwa, pomwe Microsoft, Google, ndi opanga ena akubetcha pakukulitsa kuyanjana ndi magwiridwe antchito pa ARM. Zomwe zikuchitika ndikulowera ku zida zopepuka kwambiri, zodziyimira pawokha komanso magwiridwe antchito okwanira 90% ogwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku., kusiya mphamvu yaiwisi ya x86 kumbuyo.

Mawonekedwe apakompyuta akusinthidwa kwambiri ndi ARM, yomwe wachoka pakukhala wodziwika bwino pama foni am'manja mpaka kukhala njira yochulukirachulukira pamakompyuta ndi maseva. Kusankha chipangizo chokhala ndi maziko a ARM kumalonjeza kuchita bwino, kusinthasintha, komanso tsogolo lodzaza ndi zatsopano.

Daniel Terrasa

Mkonzi wokhazikika pazaukadaulo komanso nkhani zapaintaneti yemwe ali ndi zaka zopitilira khumi pazama media osiyanasiyana. Ndagwira ntchito ngati mkonzi komanso wopanga zinthu pa e-commerce, kulumikizana, kutsatsa pa intaneti ndi makampani otsatsa. Ndalembanso pamawebusayiti azachuma, azachuma ndi magawo ena. Ntchito yanga ndi chidwi changanso. Tsopano, kudzera mu zolemba zanga mu Tecnobits, Ndimayesetsa kufufuza nkhani zonse ndi mwayi watsopano umene dziko laukadaulo limatipatsa tsiku lililonse kuti tisinthe miyoyo yathu.