Mitosis ndi meiosis: Chidule, kusiyana ndi zochitika

Mitosis ndi meiosis Ndi njira ziwiri zofunika pakubalana kwa ma cell a zamoyo. Ngakhale kuti zonsezi zimakhudza kugawanika kwa maselo, zimakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kumatsimikizira ntchito yawo ndi zotsatira zake. Munkhaniyi, tifufuza mwaukadaulo chidule cha mitosis ndi meiosis, kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane kusiyana pakati pa njira zonse ziwiri ndikupereka zolimbitsa thupi zothandiza kuti timvetsetse bwino. Konzekerani kudumpha mdziko lapansi za biology yama cell ndikupeza momwe mitundu yofunikayi yoberekera ma cell imachitikira.

1. Mau oyamba a Mitosis ndi Meiosis: Chidule

Mitosis ndi meiosis ndi njira ziwiri zofunika pakubereka kwa ma cell. Mitosis ndi njira yogawanitsa ma cell momwe selo la kholo limagawika kukhala ma cell aakazi awiri ofanana, omwe ali ndi ma chromosomes ofanana ndi a kholo. Kumbali ina, meiosis ndi njira yogawanitsa maselo yomwe imapanga maselo ogonana kapena gametes, ndi theka la chiwerengero cha ma chromosome kuposa selo la mayi.

Mu mitosis, kuzungulira kwa cell Zili ndi magawo anayi: prophase, metaphase, anaphase ndi telophase. Panthawi ya prophase, ma chromosome amafupika ndipo mawonekedwe a mitotic spindle. Mu metaphase, ma chromosome amakhala pakatikati pa selo. Mu anaphase, ma chromosome amasiyana ndikusunthira kumitengo yosiyana ya selo. Potsirizira pake, mu telophase, ma chromosome amatsika ndipo nembanemba yatsopano ya nyukiliya imapanga mozungulira seti iliyonse ya ma chromosome, motero amagawa selo kukhala pawiri.

Meiosis, kumbali ina, imakhalanso ndi magawo anayi, koma imagawidwa magawo awiri maselo osiyanasiyana: meiosis I ndi meiosis II. Panthawi ya meiosis I, mamembala a ma chromosome awiri amasiyana, ndikupanga maselo okhala ndi theka la ma chromosome. Kenako, panthawi ya meiosis II, maselowa amagawikananso, kupanga maselo anayi aakazi okhala ndi ma chromosome olondola. Izi Ndikofunikira pakupanga ma gametes ndi kuberekana kwa kugonana.

2. Njira zama cell a mitosis ndi meiosis: Kodi zimagwira ntchito bwanji?

Njira zama cell za mitosis ndi meiosis ndizofunikira pakubala ndi kukula kwa zamoyo. Ngakhale kuti njira zonsezi zimakhudza kugawanika kwa maselo, zimakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu mu ntchito yawo ndi mtundu wa maselo omwe amapanga.

Mitosis ndi njira yomwe selo la mayi limagawanika kukhala ma cell aakazi awiri ofanana. Izi zimakhala ndi magawo angapo, kuphatikizapo interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, ndi telophase. Panthawi ya interphase, selo limakonzekera kugawa ndi kubwereza chibadwa chake. Kenako, mu prophase, ma chromosome amafupika ndipo mawonekedwe a mitotic spindle. Mu metaphase, ma chromosome amalumikizana pakati pa selo ndi kupatukana mu anaphase, kulunjika kumitengo yosiyana. Potsirizira pake, mu telophase, ma chromosome amatsika ndi kupanga ma nuclei awiri osiyana. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukula, kukula ndi kukonza minyewa yazamoyo zambiri.

Kumbali ina, meiosis ndi njira yogawanitsa maselo omwe amapezeka m'maselo ogonana kapena ma gametes. Mosiyana ndi mitosis, meiosis imaphatikizapo magawo awiri otsatizana a maselo, kuchititsa maselo anayi aakazi a haploid. Meiosis imakhala ndi magawo omwewo monga mitosis, koma ndi kusiyana kwakukulu. Panthawi ya prophase I ya meiosis, kusinthana kwa chibadwa pakati pa ma chromosomes a homologous kumachitika, otchedwa genetic recombination. Izi zimathandiza kuti ma genetic asinthe mwa ana. Meiosis ndiyofunikira pakubereka komanso kupanga ma gametes mu zomera ndi nyama.

Mwachidule, ma mitosis ndi meiosis ndi njira zoyambira zama cell pakukula, kukula ndi kuberekana kwa zamoyo. Mitosis imapanga ma cell aakazi ofanana ndi ma cell a mayi, pomwe meiosis imatulutsa ma cell a haploid ndipo imathandizira kusintha kwa majini. Njira zonsezi ndizovuta ndipo zimafuna kuwongolera bwino kuti zitsimikizire kukhazikika komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa majini. M'chilengedwe. Kumvetsetsa zovuta za ma cell awa ndikofunikira m'magawo monga genetics, mankhwala, ndi biotechnology.

3. Magawo a mitosis: Chidule chatsatanetsatane

Mitosis ndi njira yogawanitsa ma cell yomwe imapezeka m'maselo a eukaryotic. Amapangidwa ndi magawo anayi zazikulu: prophase, metaphase, anaphase ndi telophase. Iliyonse mwa magawowa imakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakulekanitsa ndi kugawa kwa ma chromosomes kuti awonetsetse kuti ma cell agawika bwino.

Prophase Ndi chizindikiro cha chiyambi cha mitosis ndipo yodziwika ndi condensation wa ma chromosome. Panthawi imeneyi, nembanemba ya nyukiliya imayamba kusweka ndipo ma chromosome obwereza amalumikizana kuti apange zinthu zomwe zimadziwika kuti ma chromosomes. Kuphatikiza apo, ma microtubules a mitotic spindle amayamba kupanga.

Metaphase Ndi gawo lachiwiri la mitosis, pomwe ma chromosome amalumikizana pakati pa selo. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zochita za ma microtubules, omwe amalumikizana ndi ma chromosome pa centromere yawo ndikuyika pa mbale ya equatorial. Kulondola kwa kusanja kumeneku ndikofunikira pakulekanitsa koyenera kwa ma chromosome alongo mu gawo lotsatira.

Anaphase Ndi gawo lomwe ma chromosomes amasiyana ndikupita kumitengo yosiyana ya selo. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zochita za ma microtubules a mitotic spindle, omwe amafupikitsa ndi kukoka ma chromosome pamene akulekana. Ma chromosome ang'onoang'ono akalekana, amakhala odziyimira pawokha ndipo amapita kumitengo ya selo.

Pomaliza, telophase Ndi gawo lomaliza la mitosis, momwe ma chromosome amafika pamitengo ya selo ndikuyamba kutsika. Kusintha kwa nembanemba ya nyukiliya mozungulira ma chromosome pamtengo uliwonse ndipo cytokinesis (kugawanika kwa cytoplasm) kumachitika, kugawa selo kukhala ma cell awiri odziyimira pawokha.

Mwachidule, mitosis ili ndi magawo anayi ofunika: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, ndi telophase. Iliyonse mwa magawowa imakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakugawanika kwa maselo koyenera, kuyambira pakupanga ma chromosome mpaka kupatukana kwawo ndi kugawa kwawo moyenera. Kumvetsetsa masitepewa ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse momwe mitosis imagwirira ntchito komanso kufunika kwake pakukula ndi kusamalira zamoyo zambiri.

4. Magawo a meiosis: Kusanthula pang'onopang'ono

Magawo a meiosis ndi njira yofunikira pakubala kwa zamoyo. Pakusanthula uku sitepe ndi sitepe, tidzasanthula magawo ofunikira a meiosis ndikufotokozera chilichonse mwatsatanetsatane.

1. Prophase I: Panthawi imeneyi, ma chromosomes amalumikizana, kupanga kapangidwe kotchedwa bivalent. Kuphatikizika kumeneku ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kulekanitsa koyenera kwa ma chromosome mu gawo lotsatira. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwoloka kumachitika pakati pa ma chromosome a homologous, kumalimbikitsa kusiyanasiyana kwamtundu.

2. Metaphase I: Mu gawo ili, ma bivalent amalumikizana pa equatorial plate ya selo. Kuyanjanitsa kolondola kwa ma bivalent ndikofunikira kwambiri kuonetsetsa kulekanitsa kolondola kwa ma chromosome mu gawo lotsatira. Ma achromatic spindle microtubules amalumikizana ndi kinetochore ya homolog iliyonse, kukonzekera njira yolekanitsa.

3. Anaphase I: Panthawi ya anaphase I, ma chromosome a homologous amasiyana ndikupita kumitengo yosiyana ya selo. Kulekanitsa kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti selo la mwana wamkazi aliyense limalandira kope lathunthu la genome.. Kumapeto kwa gawoli, maselo awiri aakazi amapangidwa omwe amakhala ndi theka la ma chromosomes, koma okhala ndi kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa alleles.

Mwachidule, magawo a meiosis ndi njira yovuta yomwe imatsimikizira kulekanitsa koyenera kwa ma chromosome ndi kubadwa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya majini. Kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane magawo ofunikira a meiosis kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino njira yofunikayi pakuberekana kwa zamoyo.. Pophunzira za meiosis, zofunikira pa majini ndi cholowa, komanso kusinthika kwa zamoyo, zikhoza kuwululidwa.

5. Kusiyana kwa mitosis ndi meiosis: Mfundo zofunika kuziganizira

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitosis ndi meiosis ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse momwe zamoyo zimabalalirira komanso momwe maselo atsopano amapangidwira. Pano tikulemba zinthu zofunika kuzikumbukira tikayerekeza njira ziwirizi:

1. Cholinga: Mitosis ndi njira yogawanitsa maselo yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuberekana kwachilengedwe komanso kukula kwa chamoyo, pomwe meiosis ndi njira yogawanitsa maselo yomwe imapangitsa kupanga ma cell ogonana (gametes) kuti abereke.
2. Chiwerengero cha magawo: Mitosis imaphatikizapo kugawanika kwa selo limodzi, lopangidwa ndi magawo anayi (prophase, metaphase, anaphase ndi telophase), pamene meiosis imaphatikizapo magawo awiri otsatizana a maselo (meiosis I ndi meiosis II), zomwe zimatsogolera kupanga maselo anayi aakazi ndi theka la chiwerengero cha ma chromosome.
3. Kusiyana kwa chibadwa: Pa nthawi ya mitosis, maselo aakazi amafanana ndi maselo a mayi, popeza ma chromosome amasungidwa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, meiosis imapanga kusiyana kwa majini chifukwa cha kuyanjananso kwa majini ndi kulekanitsa kwapadera kwa ma chromosome a homologous, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chidziwitso chapadera cha majini m'maselo ogonana.

Ngakhale kuti mitosis ndi meiosis imakhudza njira zogawanitsa maselo, kusiyana kwawo kwa cholinga, kuchuluka kwa magawano, ndi kusiyana kwa majini ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ndi kuberekana kwa zamoyo. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse momwe mikhalidwe imatengera komanso momwe mitundu yatsopano ya majini imapangidwira pakubereka.

6. Kufunika kwa mitosis ndi meiosis mu kubalana kwa maselo

Kubalana foni yam'manja ndi njira zofunika pakukula, chitukuko ndi kusamalira zamoyo. Mitosis ndi meiosis ndi njira ziwiri zoberekera ma cell zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pochita izi.

Mitosis ndi njira yogawanitsa ma cell momwe selo la mayi limagawika kukhala ma cell awiri aakazi ofanana mwachibadwa. Izi ndizofunikira kuti minofu ikule ndi kukonzanso zamoyo zambiri. Panthawi ya mitosis, ma chromosome amabwerezabwereza kenako n'kugawanika kukhala magulu awiri ofanana, omwe amagawidwa ku maselo aakazi.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, meiosis ndi njira yogawanitsa maselo omwe amapezeka m'maselo oberekera kuti apange ma gametes. Mosiyana ndi mitosis, meiosis imaphatikizapo magawo awiri otsatizana a maselo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma cell anayi aakazi a haploid okhala ndi chibadwa chapadera. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga ma gametes, chifukwa zimatsimikizira kusintha kwa majini ndi kupitiriza kwa zamoyozo.

Pomaliza, mitosis ndi meiosis ndi njira zofunika pakubereka kwa ma cell. Ngakhale mitosis imathandizira kukula kwa minofu ndi kukonza, meiosis imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga ma gametes ndikuwonetsetsa kusinthasintha kwa majini. Kumvetsetsa kufunikira kwa njirazi ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse momwe zamoyo zimakulira komanso kuberekana.

7. Zochita zolimbitsa thupi: Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za mitosis ndi meiosis

M'chigawo chino, tiwona zochitika zina zomwe zingatithandize kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za mitosis ndi meiosis. Zochita izi zitithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe maselo amagawikana komanso momwe amachitikira m'zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.

1. Zochita za mitosis m'maselo a zomera:
- Gawo 1: Pezani chitsanzo kuchokera ku chomera chomwe chikukula.
- Gawo 2: Konzani chithunzi ndikuyikapo dontho la madzi.
- Gawo 3: Dulani mosamala kachigawo kakang'ono ka muzu wa mmera ndikuyika mudontho lamadzi.
Gawo 4: Ikani chophimba chagalasi pamwamba pa dontho la madzi ndi chitsanzo cha mizu.
- Gawo 5: Yang'anani chitsanzocho pansi pa maikulosikopu ndikuyang'ana ma cell omwe ali mu magawo osiyanasiyana a mitosis.
Ntchitoyi itithandiza kuti tiwone mwachindunji magawo a mitosis m'maselo a zomera ndikumvetsetsa momwe kugawanika kwa maselo kumachitikira mumtundu uwu wa zamoyo.

2. Kuchita kwa meiosis m'maselo a nyama:
- Gawo 1: Pezani chitsanzo cha umuna kuchokera ku dzira la nyama kapena nkhuku.
- Gawo 2: Konzani chithunzi ndikuyikapo pang'ono chitsanzocho.
- Khwerero 3: Onjezani dontho la utoto kuti muwunikire ma cell.
Gawo 4: Ikani chophimba chagalasi pamwamba pa chitsanzocho.
- Gawo 5: Yang'anani chitsanzocho pansi pa maikulosikopu ndikuyang'ana ma cell omwe ali mu magawo osiyanasiyana a meiosis.
Ntchitoyi itithandiza kuwona magawo osiyanasiyana a meiosis m'maselo a nyama, zomwe zitithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe magawano a cell amachitikira pakubereka komanso momwe zimakhalira. kupanga gametes.

3. Kuyerekezera zochitika pakati pa mitosis ndi meiosis:
- Gawo 1: Pangani tebulo lofananiza ndi mitosis ndi meiosis.
- Gawo 2: Lembani kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa njira ziwirizi.
Khwerero 3: Gwiritsani ntchito zitsanzo za zamoyo zomwe mtundu uliwonse wa magawidwe amachitikira.
- Khwerero 4: Fotokozani zotsatira za mitosis ndi meiosis pa kubalana ndi kukula kwa zamoyo.
- Gawo 5: Lingalirani za kufunikira kwa njirazi pakusintha kwa majini ndi kusinthika.
Ntchitoyi itithandiza kukulitsa chidziwitso chathu cha kusiyana ndi kufanana pakati pa mitosis ndi meiosis. Kuphatikiza apo, itithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino za kufunika kwake m'njira zoyambira zamoyo komanso tanthauzo lake pakusinthika kwa zamoyo.

Mwachidule, ma mitosis ndi meiosis ndi njira zofunika kwambiri pakubalana kwa ma cell, koma zimasiyana muzinthu zingapo zofunika. Ngakhale mitosis imayang'ana makamaka pakuberekana kwachilengedwe komanso kusinthika kwa minofu, meiosis imapangidwira makamaka kuberekana komanso kupanga ma cell a haploid.

Mitosis imakhala ndi gawo limodzi la cell, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma cell awiri aakazi akhale ofanana ndi a mayi. Kumbali inayi, meiosis imakhala ndi magawo awiri otsatizana a maselo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma cell anayi aakazi achepetse ndi theka.

Kusiyana kumeneku kwa magawano kumachitika chifukwa cha zosowa za mtundu uliwonse wa kubereka. Mitosis imatsimikizira kukula bwino kwa maselo ndi kukonza, pamene meiosis imatsimikizira kusintha kwa majini ndi kupanga ana apadera.

Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa ndikusiyanitsa njira zonse ziwiri, popeza mapulogalamu anu Ndiotakata komanso ofunikira m'magawo angapo ophunzirira, monga genetics, zamankhwala ndi chisinthiko cha biology.

Kuti mulimbikitse kumvetsetsa kwa mitosis ndi meiosis, tikulimbikitsidwa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe amaphatikizapo kuzindikira mbali zosiyanasiyana za njirazi. Izi zithandizira kulimbikitsa kuphunzira kwaukadaulo ndikupereka maziko olimba a maphunziro amtsogolo mu cell biology.

Pomaliza, mitosis ndi meiosis ndizofunikira kwambiri pama cell zomwe zimasiyana kwambiri ndi cholinga chawo komanso zotsatira zake zomaliza. Zonsezi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakubereka kwa ma cell ndipo ndizofunikira pakumvetsetsa kwathu zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Kupitiriza kufufuza ndi kufufuza mozama pamitu imeneyi kudzatithandiza kupitiriza kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso cha sayansi.