Chiyambi: Nambala Yoyambira Yachiwiri ya Magnetic ndi Spin Quantum
Ziwerengero zazikulu, zachiwiri, za maginito, ndi ma spin quantum ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri mu chiphunzitso cha quantum komanso pophunzira machitidwe a atomiki. Ziwerengerozi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pofotokozera mphamvu zamagetsi za maatomu ndi mamolekyu, ndipo zimatilola kumvetsetsa khalidwe lawo malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha quantum.
M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza mwatsatanetsatane manambala, achiwiri, maginito ndi ma spin quantum, kusanthula tanthauzo lake ndi kufunikira kwake pazochitika za quantum mechanics. Tidzamvetsetsa momwe ziwerengero za quantum zimafotokozera mphamvu zosiyanasiyana za ma elekitironi mu atomu, komanso kugawa kwawo kwa malo ndi kayendetsedwe ka mphamvu ya angular.
Kuphatikiza apo, tiwona momwe manambala oyambira, achiwiri, maginito, ndi ma spin quantum amalumikizirana wina ndi mnzake komanso momwe amazindikirira mawonekedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana yamphamvu ndi ma orbitals a atomiki. Tiwonanso momwe manambalawa amagwiritsidwira ntchito popanga chojambula chamagetsi cha ma atomu, ndikupereka chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza kapangidwe kake ndi kapangidwe kake.
Pakutha kwa nkhaniyi, mumvetsetsa bwino nambala yayikulu, yachiwiri, ya maginito, ndi ma spin quantum, komanso kufunikira kwawo pakuwerenga machitidwe a atomiki ndi mamolekyulu. Mfundozi ndizo maziko a quantum chemistry ndi particle physics, ndipo ndizofunikira kuti timvetsetse momwe ma elekitironi amagwirira ntchito mu maatomu ndi momwe amachitira. Musaphonye mwayi wodzilowetsa m'dziko losangalatsa la manambala a quantum ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwawo mu chiphunzitso cha quantum.
1. Manambala a Quantum: chiyambi cha kufunikira kwawo mu physics ya quantum
Manambala a Quantum ndi chida chofunikira kumvetsetsa ndi kufotokozera machitidwe a thupi pamlingo wa subatomic. Mu physics ya quantum, manambala a quantum amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikiritsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za tinthu tating'onoting'ono, monga mphamvu zawo, kuthamanga kwa angular, ndi malo mumlengalenga. Manambala ochuluka awa ndi manambala omwe amachokera ku yankho la Schrödinger equations, maziko a masamu a nthambi iyi ya physics.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya manambala a quantum, iliyonse yomwe imagwirizana ndi katundu wina wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Nambala yoyamba ya quantum (n) imatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya tinthu, pamene nambala yachiwiri ya quantum (l) imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu ya angular. Kumbali ina, nambala ya maginito ya quantum (m) imasonyeza momwe mphamvu ya angular imayendera mumlengalenga.
Kuphatikiza pa manambala awa, pali nambala yachinayi yodziwika kuti spin quantum number (s), yomwe imafotokoza zamkati mwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono totchedwa spin. Spin ndi gawo lofunikira la tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ndipo timalumikizana ndi mphamvu yamkati ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Nambala ya spin quantum imatha kutenga zinthu ziwiri zomwe zingatheke: +1/2 kapena -1/2.
2. Nambala yaikulu ya quantum: kufotokozera ndi ubale ndi mlingo wa mphamvu wa electron
Nambala yayikulu ya quantum ndi imodzi mwa manambala anayi a quantum omwe amafotokoza momwe electron mu atomu. Woyimiridwa ndi chilembo n, nambala iyi ya quantum imasonyeza mphamvu yomwe electron imapezeka. Pamene chiwerengero chachikulu cha quantum chikuwonjezeka, electron ili pamagulu amphamvu kwambiri.
Ubale pakati pa nambala yayikulu ya quantum ndi mulingo wa mphamvu ukhoza kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito fomula:
n² = mphamvu
Mwachitsanzo, ngati nambala yaikulu ya quantum ndi 3, electron ili mu mphamvu yachitatu. Ngati nambala yaikulu ya quantum ndi 4, electron ili mu msinkhu wachinayi wa mphamvu, ndi zina zotero. Ubale umenewu umapereka njira yodziwira mwamsanga mphamvu ya electron mu atomu yopatsidwa.
3. Nambala yachiwiri ya quantum: kufufuza ma subshells a msinkhu wa mphamvu
Nambala yachiwiri ya quantum ndi njira yowunikira ma subshells kapena ma sublevels mkati mwa mulingo wa mphamvu mu atomu. Nambala yachiwerengeroyi imayimiridwa ndi chilembo "l" ndipo imatha kukhala ndi ziwerengero zapakati pa 0 ndi (n-1), pomwe "n" ndi nambala yayikulu kwambiri. Makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a «l» amafanana ndi ma subshells osiyanasiyana: s (l=0), p (l=1), d (l=2), ndi f (l=3).
Kuti mudziwe nambala yachiwiri ya atomu, njira zina ziyenera kutsatiridwa. Choyamba, mulingo wa mphamvu womwe atomu imapezeka uyenera kudziwika, womwe umaimiridwa ndi nambala yayikulu "n". Ndiye, ma subshells omwe angatheke pamlingo wa mphamvuyo ndi mtengo wake wa "l" ayenera kudziwika. Ma subshells akadziwika, nambala yachiwiri ya quantum imatha kuzindikirika.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati tili ndi atomu ya carbon (C), yomwe ili ndi nambala yaikulu ya 2, timadziwa kuti ikhoza kukhala ndi "s" (l=0) ndi "p" (l=1) ma subshells. Chifukwa chake, nambala yachiwiri ya ma "s" ndi "p" ang'onoang'ono angakhale 0 ndi 1, motsatana. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pa mphamvu ya 2 ya atomu ya carbon, pali "s" ndi "p" ma subshells okhala ndi "l" ofanana ndi 0 ndi 1.
4. Nambala ya maginito quantum: kumvetsa mmene ma elekitironi amayendera mu atomu
Nambala ya magnetic quantum imatanthawuza momwe ma elekitironi amayendera mu atomu. Nambala iyi ya quantum imasonyeza zosiyana siyana zomwe electron ikhoza kukhala nayo mu orbital. Kuti mumvetsetse bwino lingaliro ili, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe nambala ya maginito ya quantum imatsimikiziridwa komanso momwe ikugwirizanirana ndi manambala ena a quantum.
Nambala ya maginito ya quantum imayimiridwa ndi chilembo m ndipo imatha kukhala ndi ziwerengero kuyambira -l mpaka +l. Apa, l akuimira nambala azimuthal quantum, amene amagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a orbital. Choncho, kuti tidziwe nambala ya magnetic quantum, tiyenera kudziwa mtengo wa l.
Njira imodzi yodziwira nambala ya maginito ya quantum ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la zolembera zitatu. Ngati mtengo wa l ndi 0, mtengo wololedwa wa m ndi 0. Ngati l ndi 1, miyeso yotheka ya m ndi -1, 0, ndi 1. Ngati l ndi 2, miyeso yotheka ya m ndi -2, -1, 0, 1 ndi 2. Mwanjira imeneyi, nambala ya maginito ya quantum imapereka chidziwitso chokhudza malo a electron mu atomu ndipo imathandizira kufotokoza zosiyana siyana zomwe zingapezeke.
5. Nambala ya spin quantum: zotsatira za spin pa katundu wa ma elekitironi
Nambala ya spin quantum ndi lingaliro lofunikira mu quantum mechanics lomwe limafotokoza za zotsatira za spin pa katundu ma elekitironi. Mosiyana ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, monga ma photons, ma elekitironi ali ndi chinthu chamkati chomwe chimatchedwa spin, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti ma elekitironi akhale ndi mphamvu. Nambala ya spin quantum imatipatsa chidziwitso cha momwe ma electron amayendera ndi kukula kwake.
Nambala ya spin quantum ili ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe zingatheke: +1/2 ndi -1/2. Makhalidwe awa akuyimira ziwonetsero ziwiri zomwe zingatheke za spin munjira yomwe mwapatsidwa. Chiwonetsero cha +1/2 chikuyimiridwa ngati "↑" ndipo chiwonetsero cha -1/2 chikuyimiridwa ngati "↓". Spin ilibe mawonekedwe enieni mumlengalenga, koma ndi gawo la gawolo.
Nambala ya spin quantum ndiyofunikira kwambiri pofotokoza mawonekedwe amagetsi a ma atomu. Mwachitsanzo, mu chitsanzo cha kasinthidwe ka ma electron, ma electron amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a mphamvu ndi ma sublevels kutengera nambala yawo ya spin quantum. Kugawa kumeneku kumakhudza mwachindunji mankhwala a zinthu zakuthupi ndikusankha reactivity yawo. Kuphatikiza apo, nambala ya spin quantum imakhudzanso mapangidwe azinthu zamakina komanso maginito azinthu. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nambala ya spin quantum ndikofunikira pakuwerenga chemistry ya quantum ndi physics.
6. Kugwirizana pakati pa manambala a quantum: kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane momwe amachitirana wina ndi mzake
Mu physics ya quantum, manambala a quantum ndi mfundo zomwe zimafotokozera zamtundu wa quantum system. Kugwirizana pakati pa manambala awa a quantum ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti timvetsetse momwe amalumikizirana wina ndi mnzake. Pansipa, tipenda mgwirizanowu mwatsatanetsatane ndikuwunika momwe zimakhudzira mawonekedwe a quantum system.
Nambala yaikulu ya quantum (n) imatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya electron mu atomu. Pamene mtengo wa n ukuwonjezeka, electron imatenga miyeso motalikirana ndi phata. Kumbali ina, nambala ya quantum ya orbital angular moment (l) imatanthawuza mawonekedwe a orbital omwe electron ili. Zomwe zingatheke pa l zimayambira pa 0 mpaka n-1, kutanthauza kuti pali mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a orbital pamlingo uliwonse wa mphamvu.
Kuonjezera apo, nambala ya magnetic quantum (m) imatanthawuza momwe orbital imayendera mumlengalenga. Miyezo yake imatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa nambala l, ndipo imachoka ku -l kupita ku l. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa mtengo uliwonse wa l pali zosiyana zomwe zingatheke za orbital. Potsirizira pake, nambala ya spin quantum (s) imatanthawuza mayendedwe a electron a intrinsic angular momentum. Itha kukhala ndi zikhalidwe ziwiri: +1/2 kapena -1/2, zomwe zimayimira njira ziwiri zomwe zingatheke pozungulira ma elekitironi.
7. Zitsanzo zothandiza za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka manambala a quantum pofotokoza kapangidwe ka atomiki
Manambala a Quantum ndi chida chofunikira pofotokozera kapangidwe ka atomiki. Kupyolera mu manambalawa, titha kupeza zambiri zamtengo wapatali zokhudzana ndi kasinthidwe ka atomu pakompyuta, komanso kulosera katundu wake thupi ndi mankhwala. Kenako, adzaperekedwa zitsanzo zina zitsanzo zothandiza zomwe zikuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito manambala a quantum m'nkhaniyi.
1. Kudziwitsa manambala a quantum: Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa atomu, ndikofunikira kudziwa kasinthidwe kake kamagetsi. Elekitironi iliyonse mu atomu imadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa manambala: nambala yoyamba ya quantum (n), yachiwiri kapena orbital quantum nambala (l), nambala ya maginito yamtundu (m), ndi spin quantum nambala (s). Nambala za quantum izi zimatsimikizira malo, mawonekedwe, ndi malo a ma elekitironi mu atomu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tilingalira atomu ya heliamu, yomwe kasinthidwe kake kamagetsi ndi 1s ^2, tikhoza kudziwa manambala amtundu wa ma electron ake.
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito manambala a quantum pa periodic table: Manambala a Quantum nawonso ndi othandiza kwambiri pomvetsetsa dongosolo la zinthu mu periodic table. Nthawi iliyonse patebulo imagwirizana ndi mphamvu (n) ndipo gulu lirilonse limagwirizana ndi gawo laling'ono (l). Mwachitsanzo, zinthu za gulu 1 (zitsulo za alkali) zimakhala ndi electron imodzi mu s sublevel ya msinkhu wawo wotsiriza wa mphamvu (n). Podziwa manambala a quantum, titha kulosera za reactivity ndi mankhwala azinthu.
3. Kuneneratu za mphamvu ya maginito ya ma atomu: Manambala a Quantum amatithandizanso kudziwa mphamvu ya maginito ya ma atomu. Nambala ya magnetic quantum (m) imatsimikizira malo a electron mu orbital. Ngati mtengo wokwanira wa m ndi wofanana ndi , orbital ndi nonmagnetic. Ngati mtengo weniweni wa m ndi wocheperapo l, orbital ndi paramagnetic. Ngati mtengo wathunthu wa m ndi wofanana ndi ziro, orbital ndi diamagnetic. Ndi chidziwitsochi, titha kudziwa ngati atomu ndi paramagnetic kapena diamagnetic, zomwe zimakhudzanso machitidwe ake a maginito.
Mwachidule, manambala a quantum ndi chida chofunikira pofotokozera kapangidwe ka atomiki. Kupyolera mwa iwo, tikhoza kudziwa malo a ma elekitironi, kulosera za ma atomu, ndi kumvetsa dongosolo la zinthu mu periodic tebulo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake ndikofunikira pakuwerenga chemistry ndi physics ya maatomu.
8. Momwe mungadziwire manambala a quantum a elekitironi mu atomu
Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa ma electron mu atomu, ndikofunikira kutsatira masitepe angapo. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti manambala a quantum ndi mfundo zomwe zimafotokozera za ma elekitironi, monga mphamvu zawo, kuthamanga kwa angular, ndi kulowera mumlengalenga. Nambala za quantum izi zimayimiridwa ndi zilembo n, l, m ndi s.
Nambala yoyamba ya quantum, n, ndiyo nambala yaikulu ndipo imatsimikizira msinkhu wa mphamvu ya electron. Zitha kutenga chiwerengero cha chiwerengero chachikulu kuposa kapena chofanana ndi 1. Nambala yachiwiri ya quantum, l, imadziwika kuti nambala ya azimuthal ndipo imatanthawuza mawonekedwe a orbital. Itha kukhala yochulukirapo kuposa kapena yofanana ndi 0 ndi kuchepera kuposa n.
Nambala yachitatu ya quantum, m, imatchedwa nambala ya maginito ndipo imakhazikitsa njira ya orbital mumlengalenga. Itha kukhala ndi zikhalidwe zoyambira -l mpaka +l. Pomaliza, nambala yachinayi ya quantum, s, imayimira kupindika kwa electron ndipo ikhoza kukhala +1/2 kapena -1/2. Miyezo ya manambala awa ikadziwika, mawonekedwe a electron mu atomu amatha kutsimikizika kwathunthu.
9. Kufunika kwa manambala a quantum polosera za khalidwe la ma elekitironi
Manambala a Quantum ndi chida chofunikira pakulosera za ma electron mu ma atomu. Manambalawa amafotokoza za ma electron, monga mphamvu, malo, ndi ma spin. Popanda iwo, sizingatheke kumvetsetsa momwe ma electron amagawidwa mumagulu osiyanasiyana a mphamvu ndi sublevels mu atomu.
Pali manambala anayi akulu akulu: Nambala yoyambira ya quantum (n), yachiwiri ya quantum (l), nambala ya maginito (m) ndi spin quantum nambala (s). Nambala yaikulu ya quantum n imayimira mphamvu za atomu, ndipo ikhoza kutenga mtengo uliwonse wabwino. Nambala yachiwiri ya quantum l imasonyeza mphamvu zowonongeka mkati mwa mulingo, ndipo mtengo wake umachokera ku 0 mpaka n-1.
Nambala ya maginito ya quantum m imatanthawuza malo a orbital mkati mwa subshell, ndipo zikhalidwe zake zimayambira -l mpaka +l. Pomaliza, nambala ya spin quantum s ikuwonetsa komwe ma electron spin, omwe amatha kukhala +1/2 kapena -1/2. Nambala zophatikizika za quantum izi zimatsimikizira malo ndi machitidwe a ma elekitironi mu atomu, zomwe ndizofunikira pakudziwiratu momwe zimakhalira komanso momwe zimakhalira.
10. Quantum theory ndi quantum manambala: gawo lofunikira pakuthetsa mavuto
Kuphunzira kwa chiphunzitso cha quantum ndi manambala a quantum kumatenga gawo lofunikira pakuthana ndi mavuto mu physics ya quantum. Manambala a Quantum ndi mfundo zomwe zimalongosola mawonekedwe a electron mu atomu, monga mphamvu yake, mphamvu yake, ndi malo ake. Kumvetsetsa momwe manambala amagwirira ntchito komanso momwe amalumikizirana wina ndi mnzake ndikofunikira kuthetsa mavuto m'munda uno.
Kuthetsa vuto pogwiritsa ntchito quantum theory ndi quantum manambala, njira zingapo ziyenera kutsatiridwa. Choyamba, katundu wa dongosolo lomwe mukufuna kusanthula ayenera kudziwika, monga mphamvu ya mphamvu kapena mphamvu ya electron. Kenako, manambala a quantum okhudzana ndi zinthu izi ayenera kutsimikiziridwa. Nambala za kuchulukazi zikuphatikiza nambala yayikulu (n), nambala ya azimuthal quantum (l), nambala ya maginito (ml), ndi spin quantum nambala (ms).
Ziwerengero za quantum zikadziwika, malamulo ndi ma equation a quantum theory angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthetsa vutoli. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti manambala a quantum amayenera kukwaniritsa zinthu zina, monga malire pamtengo wawo wololedwa. Kuti mudziwe zamtengo wapatali wa manambala a quantum, ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito masamu ndi zida monga matebulo ndi zithunzi. Podziwa kufunikira kwa manambala a quantum, zomwe zili mu dongosololi zitha kuwerengedwa ndipo vuto lomwe likubwera litha kuthetsedwa.
11. Nambala yaikulu ya quantum ndi ubale wake ndi kukula ndi mphamvu za orbital
Nambala yaikulu ya quantum (n) ndi imodzi mwa manambala anayi omwe amafotokoza malo ndi mphamvu za electron mu atomu. Nambala iyi ya quantum ikugwirizana ndi kukula ndi mphamvu ya orbital yomwe electron ili. Nambala yayikulu ya quantum imatha kukhala ndi ziwerengero zochulukirapo kuposa kapena zofanana ndi 1.
Mtengo wa nambala yayikulu ya quantum imatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu komwe electron imapezeka. Pamene mtengo wa n ukuwonjezeka, kukula ndi mphamvu za orbital zimawonjezeka. Mwachitsanzo, pamene n = 1, electron ili pamtunda wochepa kwambiri wa mphamvu, wotchedwa 1s mphamvu. Pamene n ikuwonjezeka kufika ku 2, electron ili pa mlingo wa mphamvu wa 2s, womwe ndi wokulirapo mu kukula ndi mphamvu poyerekeza ndi mphamvu ya 1s.
Ubale wapakati pa nambala yayikulu ya quantum ndi kukula ndi mphamvu za orbital zitha kuwonedwa poyimira milingo yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu mu atomu. Mulingo uliwonse wa mphamvu umaimiridwa ndi mzere wopingasa pomwe ma orbitals olingana ndi mulingowo amakokedwa. Pamene mtengo wa n ukuwonjezeka, ma orbitals ambiri amawonjezeredwa ndipo kukula kwa orbitals kumawonjezeka. Kuonjezera apo, ma orbitals okhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba wa n amachokera ku nucleus ya atomu, zomwe zikutanthauza mphamvu yapamwamba.
12. Nambala yachiwiri ya quantum ndi kufotokoza kwa maonekedwe ndi maonekedwe a orbitals
Manambala a Quantum ndi mfundo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera ma elekitironi mu maatomu. Nambala yachiwiri ya quantum, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti nambala ya azimuthal (l), imatsimikizira mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a orbitals mu atomu. Nambala iliyonse yachiwiri ya quantum imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mtundu wina wa orbital. Mwachitsanzo, pamene l = 0, orbital ndi orbital yooneka ngati spherical. Pamene l = 1, orbital imakhala yozungulira kawiri p orbital.
Nambala yachiwiri ya quantum ili ndi zikhalidwe kuyambira 0 mpaka n - 1, pomwe n ndi nambala yoyambira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa atomu yokhala ndi nambala yayikulu ya 3, zotheka za l ndi 0, 1, ndi 2. Mtengo uliwonse wa l umagwirizana ndi mtundu wina wa orbital: s, p, ndi d, motsatana.
Maonekedwe a orbitals amatsimikiziridwa ndi kugawidwa kwa mwayi wopeza electron m'madera osiyanasiyana a mlengalenga mozungulira phata la atomiki. Ma orbitals ndi ozungulira ndipo alibe mawonekedwe enieni. P orbitals ndi mawonekedwe okhala ndi ma lobe awiri oyenderana, iliyonse motsatizana ndi axis (x, y ndi z). Choncho, pali atatu p orbitals oriented perpendicular wina ndi mzake. Ma orbitals ali ndi mawonekedwe ovuta kwambiri okhala ndi ma node ndi ma lobes osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma orbitals asanu.
Mwachidule, nambala yachiwiri ya quantum (l) ndiyofunikira pofotokoza mawonekedwe ndi kayendedwe ka orbitals mu atomu. Mtengo uliwonse wa l umagwirizana ndi mtundu wina wa orbital (s, p, d, etc.), ndipo orbitals awa ali ndi mawonekedwe odziwika ndi kugawa kwa mwayi wopeza ma elekitironi. Kumvetsetsa manambala a quantum ndi ma orbitals awo ofananira ndikofunikira kuti mumvetsetse kapangidwe ka maatomu ndi machitidwe awo amthupi!
13. Mphamvu ya nambala ya maginito quantum pa njira ndi mawonekedwe a orbital
Nambala ya maginito ya quantum ndi imodzi mwa manambala anayi a quantum omwe amafotokoza za orbitals mu atomu. Nambala iyi ya quantum imatsimikizira malo ozungulira a orbital wachibale ndi maginito akunja. Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kapangidwe kamagetsi ka ma atomu.
Nambala ya maginito quantum imatha kutenga ziwerengero kuyambira -l mpaka +l, pomwe l ndi nambala ya azimuthal quantum. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa chiwerengero cha maginito quantum, kumapangitsanso mphamvu ya maginito pamayendedwe a orbital. Mwachitsanzo, ngati nambala ya maginito ya quantum ili ndi mtengo wa +2, zikutanthauza kuti orbital idzakhala yogwirizana kwambiri ndi mphamvu ya maginito kusiyana ndi kukhala ndi mtengo wa 0.
Chikoka cha nambala ya maginito ya quantum pamawonekedwe a orbital imawonekeranso ikaimiridwa mojambula. Kwa p orbitals, mwachitsanzo, ngati nambala ya maginito quantum ndi -1, orbital idzakhala ndi mawonekedwe a droplet ndi lobe yokulirapo molunjika ku maginito. Kumbali ina, ngati nambala ya maginito quantum ndi +1, lobe yaikulu kwambiri ya orbital idzagwirizana ndi mphamvu ya maginito. Kusiyana kumeneku kwa mawonekedwe a orbitals kumakhala ndi zofunikira pakugawa kachulukidwe kamagetsi amagetsi mu atomu.
14. Nambala ya spin quantum: chinsinsi chomvetsetsa kuthekera kwa electron kugwirizanitsa kapena kusokoneza
Nambala ya spin quantum ndi imodzi mwa manambala anayi a quantum omwe amafotokoza mawonekedwe amagetsi a atomu. Nambala iyi ya quantum, yoimiridwa ndi chilembo s, ili ndi zikhalidwe ziwiri: +1/2 ndi -1/2. Amadziwika kuti "kiyi" kuti amvetsetse kuthekera kwa electron kugwirizanitsa kapena kusokoneza.
Nambala ya spin quantum imagwirizana ndi spin ya electron. Spin ndi chinthu chamkati mwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndipo titha kuganiziridwa ngati mtundu wa kasinthasintha wamkati. Ma elekitironi amatha kukhala ndi ma spin (+1/2) kapena pansi (-1/2).
Kuthekera kwa ma elekitironi kuphatikizira kapena kusagwirizana kumadalira mfundo yopatula Pauli. Malinga ndi mfundo iyi, mu atomu, palibe ma elekitironi awiri omwe angakhale ndi manambala anayi ofanana. Choncho, ngati orbital imakhala ndi ma elekitironi yolowera mmwamba (+1/2), mnzakeyo ayenera kukhala ndi mapini otsika (-1/2) kuti akwaniritse mfundo yopatula Pauli ndikupewa kuthamangitsidwa ndi electrostatic.
Pomaliza, manambala oyambira, achiwiri, maginito, ndi ma spin quantum ndi zida zofunika pakufotokozera kuchuluka kwa ma electron mu atomu. Chifukwa cha manambalawa, titha kudziwa ndikumvetsetsa mawonekedwe amagetsi, milingo yamphamvu ndi maginito a ma atomu.
Nambala yayikulu ya quantum (n) imatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu komwe electron imapezeka ndi kukula kwa orbital. Pamene chiwerengero cha n chikuwonjezeka, electron imakhala pamagetsi apamwamba kwambiri komanso kutali ndi phata. Kumbali ina, nambala yachiwiri ya quantum (l) imatipatsa chidziwitso cha mawonekedwe a orbital ndikukhazikitsa zopinga za maginito nambala (m_l). Izi zikutanthauza kuti, malinga ndi mtengo wa l, electron ikhoza kukhala yozungulira (l = 0), lobular (l = 1), orbital yofanana ndi donut (l = 2), pakati pa ena.
Nambala ya maginito ya quantum (m_l) imatanthawuza malo ozungulira a orbital ndipo imatanthawuza momwe mungayendetsere mphamvu ya angular ya electron. Mtengo wake ukhoza kusiyana kuchokera ku -l kupita ku l, zomwe zimatipatsa ife chidziwitso cha zosiyana zomwe zingatheke za electron mkati mwa orbital. Kuphatikiza apo, nambala ya spin quantum (m_s) imalongosola momwe maginito a elekitironi amagwirira ntchito ndipo imatha kukhala ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe zingatheke: +1/2 (kuzungulira) ndi -1/2 (kuzungulira pansi).
Mwachidule, nambala yayikulu, yachiwiri, ya maginito ndi ma spin quantum imatilola kuti timvetsetse momwe ma elekitironi amapangidwira mu maatomu ndikuthandizira kwawo kuzinthu zakuthupi zazinthu zamakemikolo. Kuphunzira ndi kumvetsetsa kwa manambala awa ndikofunika kwambiri m'magawo monga chemistry ndi physics, chifukwa amatithandiza kutanthauzira ndi kulosera za khalidwe. za nkhaniyi pamlingo wa subatomic.
Ndine Sebastián Vidal, mainjiniya apakompyuta omwe amakonda ukadaulo komanso DIY. Komanso, ine ndine mlengi wa tecnobits.com, komwe ndimagawana nawo maphunziro kuti ukadaulo ukhale wofikirika komanso womveka kwa aliyense.