Prokaryotic Cell Wall PDF

Kusintha komaliza: 30/08/2023
Author: Sebastian Vidal

⁤ Kuphunzira kwa ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka maselo a prokaryotic kwakhala kofunikira kwambiri pa biology ndi microbiology. Makamaka, analysis za khoma Selo la Prokaryotic ladzutsa chidwi chachikulu chifukwa cha kufunikira kwake kwa thupi komanso gawo lake pakukula kwa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza mwatsatanetsatane mutu wa khoma la cell prokaryote kuchokera kumalingaliro aukadaulo, kuwunika kapangidwe kake, mawonekedwe akuthupi ndi achilengedwe, komanso kufunika kwake pakufufuza kwasayansi kwamakono. Kupyolera mu njira yosalowerera ndale komanso yokhwima, tikupempha owerenga kuti afufuze za dziko lochititsa chidwi la khoma la selo la prokaryotic ndikumvetsetsa ntchito yake yofunikira pazochitika za biology.

1. Chiyambi cha phunziro la prokaryotic cell wall

Khoma la cell ndi gawo lodziwika bwino la ma cell a prokaryotic ndipo limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuteteza ndi kuchirikiza kapangidwe ka tizirombozi. Pokhala ndi wosanjikiza wokhazikika komanso wosasunthika, khoma la cell ya prokaryotic limakhala kunja kwa nembanemba ya plasma ndipo limapereka kukhazikika kwa selo, kuliteteza ku kusintha kwa osmotic ndi zowawa zakunja.

Khoma la cell Prokaryote imapangidwa makamaka ndi peptidoglycan, polysaccharide yovuta yopangidwa ndi unyolo wa shuga ndi unyolo wa peptide. Kuphatikiza pa peptidoglycan, mabakiteriya ena amatha kukhala ndi zigawo zina m'makoma awo, monga mapuloteni, ma polysaccharides kapena lipids. Zigawo zowonjezerazi zimatha kupereka zinthu zapadera ku selo, monga kukwanitsa kumamatira kumtunda kapena kukana kuukiridwa ndi chitetezo cha mthupi.

Khoma la ⁢prokaryotic cell limakwaniritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zofunika kuti ⁤ cell ya bakiteriya ikhale ndi moyo. Zina mwa ntchitozi ndi:

  • Chitetezo ku kusintha kwa osmotic: khoma la cell limalepheretsa kusungunuka kwa ma cell m'malo okhala ndi ma solutes apamwamba kapena otsika.
  • Kusamalira mafayilo a mawonekedwe a cell: "kukhazikika kwa" khoma la cell kumatsimikizira mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse wa bakiteriya.
  • Kulankhulana naye zachilengedwe: ⁢kudzera m'mapuloteni omwe amapezeka mu cell wall

2. Makhalidwe ofunikira a khoma la cell prokaryotic

Khoma la cell ya prokaryotic ndilofunika kwambiri lomwe limapezeka m'maselo onse a prokaryotic. Lili ndi zinthu zingapo zofunika zomwe zimapereka bata ndi chitetezo ku selo. Zina mwa izi zifotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane pansipa:

  • Mapangidwe a Chemical: Khoma la cell ya prokaryotic limapangidwa makamaka ndi peptidoglycan, chinthu chopangidwa ndi unyolo wa polima wamafuta ndi ma amino acid. Kapangidwe kake kapadera kameneka kamapangitsa kuti khoma la selo likhale lolimba komanso lolimba.
  • Ntchito yoteteza: Khoma la cell limakhala ngati chotchinga chakuthupi chomwe chimateteza cell ya prokaryotic ku kuwonongeka kwamakina ndi kusintha kwa osmotic m'malo ake. Kuonjezera apo, imalepheretsa selo kuti isakule komanso kuphulika chifukwa cha kupanikizika kwa mkati.
  • Kuyanjana kwa ma cell: Khoma la cell ya prokaryotic limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulumikizana kwa ma cell. Imatha kulola kusinthana kwa mamolekyu pakati pa ma cell, monga michere ndi ma siginecha amankhwala, kudzera mu pores ndi zida zapadera zama cell khoma, monga pilis ndi flagella.

Mwachidule, khoma la cell ya prokaryotic ndilofunika kwambiri m'maselo a prokaryotic omwe amapereka bata, chitetezo, ndikuthandizira kuyanjana kwa ma cell. Kapangidwe kake ka peptidoglycan kumapangitsa kukana kwake komanso kusasunthika, pomwe chitetezo chake chimalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwamakina ndi kusintha kwa osmotic. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe kameneka kamalola kusinthanitsa ndi kulumikizana pakati pa maselo, zomwe zimathandizira kupulumuka ndikusintha kwa zamoyo za prokaryotic.

3. Kupanga mankhwala ndi kapangidwe ka prokaryotic cell khoma

Khoma la cell la prokaryotes ndilofunika kwambiri lomwe limapereka chithandizo ndi chitetezo ku maselowa. Mosiyana ndi maselo a eukaryotic, ma prokaryotes nthawi zambiri alibe nembanemba yamkati mwa cell, motero khoma la cell lawo limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukhazikika kwawo. Kapangidwe kake ndi kapangidwe ka khoma la cell kumasiyana pakati pamagulu osiyanasiyana a prokaryotes, koma kawirikawiri, zigawo zotsatirazi zitha kuwunikira:

Zigawo zazikulu za khoma la cell ya prokaryotic:

  • Peptidoglycan: Ndilo gawo losiyana kwambiri komanso lochulukirapo la khoma la cell ya prokaryotic. Amakhala ndi maunyolo olumikizana a polysaccharides opangidwa ndi mayunitsi a N-acetylglucosamine ndi N-acetylmuramic acid. ⁢peptidoglycan ⁤imapereka kukana kwamakina⁢ komanso kuteteza ku mankhwala owopsa.
  • Teichoic acids: Ma polima awa amapangidwa ndi ma phosphoric acid ndi shuga, ndipo amapezeka makamaka mu cell khoma la Gram-positive bacteria. Amakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakulumikizana kwa mabakiteriya ndi chilengedwe chawo komanso pathogenity.
  • Lipoteichoic acid: Ndi ofanana ndi ma teichoic acid koma amamangiriridwa ku lipids⁢ omwe amalowetsedwa mu nembanemba ya cell. Amapezekanso makamaka mu mabakiteriya a Gram-positive ndipo amathandizira kuti antimicrobial resistance and cell adhesion.

Kapangidwe ka prokaryotic cell wall:

Khoma la cell la prokaryotes lili ndi mawonekedwe omwe amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mitundu. Kawirikawiri, mawonekedwe a "sandwich" amatha kusiyanitsa, omwe ali ndi:

  • Chigawo chakunja, chodziwika kuti nembanemba yakunja yomwe imapezeka mu mabakiteriya a Gram-negative ndipo imakhala ndi lipopolysaccharides ndi mapuloteni.
  • A pakati wosanjikiza wa peptidoglycan, zomwe zimapereka kukana ndi kuuma kwa selo.
  • Mu mabakiteriya ena a Gram-positive, wosanjikiza wamkati wotchedwa Cytoplasmic membrane.

4. Ntchito zazikulu za khoma la selo la prokaryotic mu selo la prokaryotic

Khoma la cell ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zama cell a prokaryotic, kuwapatsa chitetezo ndi mawonekedwe. The ntchito zofunika wa cell wall m'maselo a prokaryotic ndi awa:

  • Perekani kukana kwamakina: Khoma la cell limapereka kukhazikika kwa selo, kuliteteza ku mphamvu ya osmotic ndikuloleza kuti likhalebe ndi mawonekedwe ake.
  • Kupewa kwa lysis: Khoma la selo limalepheretsa selo kuphulika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti selo lizigwira ntchito bwino.
  • Kusefera kosankhidwa⁢:⁢ Khoma la cell limawongolera njira ya zinthu kulowa ndi kutuluka muselo, kuwongolera kusinthana kwa michere ndi zinyalala.
  • Kulumikizana kwa ma cell: Khoma la cell limalola kumamatira pakati pa maselo oyandikana nawo, kumathandizira kupanga mapangidwe kapena ma biofilms.
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Kuphatikiza pa ntchito zofunika izi, khoma la cell ya prokaryotic litha kukhalanso ndi maudindo ena, kutengera mtundu wa mabakiteriya:

  • Chitetezo ku bacteriophages: mabakiteriya ena amatha kusintha⁢ cell khoma lake kukana kuukira kwa ma virus a bacteriophage.
  • Kumamatira pamalo: Mabakiteriya ena amatha kupanga zida zapadera zama cell awo zomwe zimawalola kumamatira pamalo enaake, monga minofu kapena zida.
  • Kukana mankhwala opha maantibayotiki: Mabakiteriya ena amatha kupanga kusintha kwa khoma la maselo awo zomwe zimawapangitsa kukana mankhwala enaake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuchotsa.

Mwachidule, khoma la cell la prokaryotic limagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri kuti cell ikhale ndi moyo, monga kupereka kukana kwamakina, kuteteza lysis, kuwongolera kusinthana kwa zinthu komanso kulimbikitsa kulumikizana kwa ma cell. Kuphatikiza apo, ⁤nthawi zina, khoma la cell limathanso kusintha kuti liteteze ku ma virus, kumamatira ku malo enaake, kapena kukana zochita⁢ za maantibayotiki.

5. Kusanthula kukana ndi kukhazikika komwe kumaperekedwa ndi khoma la cell ya prokaryotic

Khoma la cell ya prokaryotic ndilofunika kwambiri lomwe limapereka mphamvu ndi kukhazikika kwa maselo a prokaryotic. Mu ndemanga iyi, zizindikiro zazikulu ndi ntchito za khoma la selo, komanso zomwe zimathandizira pa kukhulupirika kwa ma cell, zidzawunikiridwa mwatsatanetsatane.

Khoma la cell ya prokaryotic limapangidwa makamaka⁢ ndi peptidoglycan, polima wopangidwa ndi unyolo wosinthana wa N-acetylglucosamine ndi N-acetylmuramic acid. Mapangidwe apaderawa amapereka kukana kwabwino kwambiri pamene amasunga mawonekedwe ndi kuteteza selo ku osmotic pressure, mabakiteriya ena amatha kupereka mamolekyu ena mu khoma la selo, monga lipids, mapuloteni ndi polysaccharides, zomwe zimathandiza⁤ kulimba.

Ma cell a prokaryotic amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zofunika kuti mabakiteriya akhale ndi moyo.

  • Chitetezo: Khoma la selo limakhala ngati chotchinga chakuthupi chomwe chimateteza selo ku osmotic lysis ndi zowawa zakunja.
  • Thandizo la zomangamanga: Imaperekedwa ndi zinthu monga peptidoglycan, imapereka kukhazikika komanso mawonekedwe ku cell ya bakiteriya.
  • Kusinthana kwa michere: Khoma la cell limakhala ndi pores ndi njira zomwe zimalola kuti mamolekyu ofunikira azitha kudya ma cell.

Pomaliza, kusanthula kukana ndi kulimba komwe kumaperekedwa ndi khoma la cell ya prokaryotic kumawonetsa kufunikira kwake pakuteteza ndi kupulumuka kwa maselo a bakiteriya. Kudziwa za mawonekedwe ndi ntchito za kapangidwe kameneka kumapereka maziko olimba omvetsetsa physiology ndi pathogenicity ya mabakiteriya.

6. Kufunika kwa khoma la cell ya prokaryotic pokana maantibayotiki ndi ma bactericides

Mapangidwe a khoma la cell mu zamoyo za prokaryotic amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakutha kwawo kukana maantibayotiki ndi ma bactericides. Chigawo chofunika kwambiri cha selo la bakiteriya chimapereka chitetezo ku chilengedwe chakunja ndikuthandizira kusunga mawonekedwe ndi kukhulupirika kwa selo.

Khoma la mabakiteriya limapangidwa makamaka ndi peptidoglycan, gulu la ma polima omwe amazungulira nembanemba ya plasma. Mapangidwe okhwimawa amapereka kukana kupanikizika kwa osmotic, kuteteza selo ku lysis Komanso, khoma la selo limapereka kukhazikika kwapangidwe ndipo limathandizira ku mawonekedwe enieni a mtundu uliwonse wa bakiteriya.

Chimodzi mwazofunikira za kukhalapo kwa khoma la cell kulimbana ndi maantibayotiki ndi ma bactericides ndikuti zimatha kulepheretsa kulowa kwa zinthu izi mu cell ya bakiteriya. Peptidoglycan imagwira ntchito ngati chotchinga chakuthupi chomwe chimalepheretsa mamolekyu a maantibayotiki kulowa muselo, motero amalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwawo. Izi zitha kukhala zofunikira makamaka ngati maantibayotiki ena amafunikira kulowa mwachangu komanso moyenera mkati mwa mabakiteriya kuti achitepo kanthu.

7. Kuyanjana kwa khoma la cell ya prokaryotic ndi chilengedwe ndi zamoyo zina

Ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri⁤ mdziko lapansi ⁤matenda a tizilombo. Khoma la maselo a prokaryotic ndi dongosolo lolimba lomwe limazungulira ndikuteteza maselo a prokaryotic, kupereka mphamvu zamakina ndi chitetezo ku zinthu zovuta izi, khoma la selo limagwiranso ntchito yofunikira pakuyanjana kwa maselo ndi chilengedwe chawo.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino ndikulumikizana kwamankhwala pakati pa ma cell a prokaryotic kudzera m'makoma awo. Kuyankhulana kumeneku kumachokera ku kutuluka kwa mamolekyu owonetserako, monga mapuloteni kapena ma polysaccharides, omwe amatha kuzindikiridwa ndi maselo ena oyandikana nawo. Zizindikiro zamakemikolozi zimatha kuyambitsa mayankho enaake mu selo yowalandira, monga kufotokozera zoopsa kapena kuyambitsa njira zodzitetezera. Kuyanjana kotereku kungathandizenso kupanga magulu a tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, monga biofilms, kumene maselo amasonkhana pamodzi ndi kugwirizana wina ndi mzake.

Chinthu chinanso chofunikira cha kuyanjana kwa khoma la cell ya prokaryotic ndi chilengedwe ndi kuthekera kwake kuzindikira ndi kuyankha ku zinthu zapoizoni kapena zakudya zomwe zimapezeka m'malo ake. Khoma la cell limakhala ndi zolandilira zomwe zimatha kuzindikira zinthuzi ndikuyambitsa njira zoyankhira zoyenera. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya ena amatha kuzindikira mankhwala omwe ali ndi poizoni ndikuwonjezera kupanga ma enzymes omwe amachotsa poizoni, pamene ena amatha kuona zakudya zoperewera ndi kuyambitsa kufotokoza kwa majini omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutengeka kwawo ndi metabolism.

8. Kafukufuku waposachedwa pa chisinthiko ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa khoma la cell ya prokaryotic

M'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufuku wambiri wachitika wokhudza kumvetsetsa kusinthika ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa khoma la cell mu zamoyo za prokaryotic. Khoma la cell ndi gawo lolimba lakunja lomwe limazungulira ma cell a prokaryotic ndipo limagwira gawo lofunikira pakuteteza ndikuzindikira mawonekedwe a cell.

Chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi kupezeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya omwe amapezeka m'maselo a mabakiteriya amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mamolekyu osiyanasiyana, monga peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides, polysaccharides, ndi teichoic. zidulo. Kusiyanasiyana kwa zigawo za khoma la cell kumapereka maziko olimba ophunzirira kusinthika kwa ma prokaryotes ndikusintha kwawo kumadera osiyanasiyana.

Chinthu chinanso chofunikira pa kafukufuku waposachedwapa ndikuwunika kwa kaphatikizidwe ndi njira zowonongeka za khoma la selo. Zapezeka kuti pali ma enzymes ndi mapuloteni osiyanasiyana omwe amakhudzidwa ndi izi, ndipo kafukufuku wawo watithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino za kayendetsedwe ka cell wall biosynthesis m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe. Komanso, zawonedwa kuti masinthidwe mu majini omwe amachititsa kaphatikizidwe ka khoma la cell amatha kukhala ndi vuto lalikulu pakukhala ndi moyo komanso ma pathogenesis a mabakiteriya.

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9. Njira za kaphatikizidwe ndi kusinthidwa kwa khoma la cell ya prokaryotic

Njira za kaphatikizidwe ndi kusintha kwa khoma la cell mu prokaryotes ndizofunikira kuti pakhale kukhulupirika komanso magwiridwe antchito a maselowa. Khoma la cell ndi gawo lolimba lomwe limazungulira nembanemba ya plasma mu mabakiteriya ndi archaea, omwe amapereka chitetezo ku kupsinjika kwa osmotic, kutaya madzi m'thupi komanso nkhanza zakunja.

Kuphatikizika kwa khoma la cell ya prokaryotic kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo zolumikizirana ndi michere ndi mapuloteni osiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za khoma la cell ndi ma peptidoglycans, omwe ndi ma polima opangidwa ndi unyolo wa shuga ndi ma peptides olumikizidwa palimodzi. Ma peptidoglycanswa amapangidwa ndi michere yotchedwa penicillinases, yomwe imapangitsa mgwirizano wa shuga ndi ma peptides.

Kuphatikiza pa kaphatikizidwe, kusinthika kwa khoma la cell ndikofunikiranso pakukonza ntchito zama cell. Ma prokaryotes amatha kusintha ⁢khoma lawo powonjezera ⁤or⁤ kuchotsa⁤ magulu osiyanasiyana amankhwala. Zosinthazi zingaphatikizepo kuwonjezera kwa lipids, teichoic acid, kapena mapuloteni omangirira ku khoma la cell, zomwe zingapangitse kukana kwa maantibayotiki kapena kulola kumangiriza kwa ma receptor pama cell ena.

10. Mphamvu ya prokaryotic cell khoma pa pathogenicity ya mabakiteriya

Khoma la cell la mabakiteriya limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mphamvu ya khoma la cell ya prokaryotic pa kuthekera kwa mabakiteriya oyambitsa matenda chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera komanso kapangidwe kake.

Khoma la cell la prokaryotic limapereka kukana kupsinjika, monga kusintha kwa osmotic, desiccation, ndi mankhwala. Izi zimalola mabakiteriya kukhala ndi moyo m'malo osiyanasiyana ndikukhazikitsa bwino omwe amawasungira. Kuphatikiza apo, khoma la cell limagwira ntchito ngati chotchinga choteteza motsutsana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, kuteteza mabakiteriya ku phagocytosis ndi zochita za antibody.

Mbali ina yofunika ndi chikoka cha khoma selo pa kutsatira ndi koloni mabakiteriya. Mapuloteni ndi ma polysaccharides omwe amapezeka pamwamba pa khoma la selo amatha kuyanjana ndi maselo okhudzidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mabakiteriya amamatire ku maselo enaake ndi minofu. Izi zimathandizira kukhazikika kwa mabakiteriya ndikukhazikitsa ngati gawo lofunikira la matenda. Kuphatikiza apo, zigawo za khoma la cell zimatha kuyambitsa mayankho otupa mwa omwe akukhala nawo, zomwe zimathandizira kuti mabakiteriya awonongeke.

11. Zida ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira khoma la cell ya prokaryotic

⁢Zida ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera ⁣prokaryotic cell khoma ndizofunikira pakumvetsetsa kapangidwe kake ndi ntchito yake. Pansipa pali zida ndi njira zazikulu zomwe ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito pankhaniyi:

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): Njira iyi⁤ imalola⁢ kuphunzira makoma a cell pamlingo wa microscopic, kuwulula zambiri za kapangidwe kake. Pogwiritsa ntchito TEM, makonzedwe a zigawo za khoma la cell, monga peptidoglycan wosanjikiza ndi nembanemba zogwirizana, zikhoza kuwonedwa.

Madontho a Gram: Njira ya Gram stain imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya. Njirayi imachokera ku kuthekera kwa mabakiteriya kuti asunge utoto (crystal violet) motero amawayika ngati Gram positive kapena Gram negative malinga ndi momwe amachitira pakusinthika kwawo ndi mowa ndikusinthana ndi utoto wosiyana.

Enzymology ndi ma genetics a molekyulu: Zida izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira ndi kuzindikiritsa majini⁢ ndi ma enzymes omwe akukhudzidwa⁤ kaphatikizidwe ndi kuwonongeka kwa zigawo za khoma la prokaryotic cell. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ndi kutsatizana kwa majini, njira za biochemical ndi majini zomwe zimayang'anira kaphatikizidwe ka cell khoma mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya zitha kudziwika.

12. Zotsatira za biomedical ndi kugwiritsa ntchito biotechnological chidziwitso cha khoma la cell ya prokaryotic

Khoma la ⁢prokaryotic cell ndi chinthu chofunikira komanso chovuta chomwe chimapezeka mu ⁢bacteria ndi archaea. Kudziwa kwawo kuli ndi zofunikira pazachilengedwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito biotechnological. M'munsimu, tiwonetsa zina mwa izo:

1. Kukana kwa maantibayotiki: Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka khoma la cell ya prokaryotic kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe maantibayotiki ena amachitira komanso momwe mabakiteriya amakulirakulira. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga mankhwala atsopano komanso njira zochiritsira zogwira mtima zothana ndi matenda oyambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya.

2. Umisiri wa chibadwa: Kusokoneza ma jini omwe amapangira kaphatikizidwe ka khoma la cell kungayambitse kupangika kwa mitundu yatsopano ya mabakiteriya omwe ali ndi ntchito zinazake zasayansi. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya osinthidwa ma genetic amatha kupangidwa kuti apange mapuloteni ochizira kapena ma enzymes osangalatsa a mafakitale.

3. Katemera ⁢ndi matenda: Pomvetsetsa zigawo za khoma la cell ya prokaryotic ndi momwe zimagwirizanirana ndi chitetezo chamthupi, ndizotheka kupanga katemera wogwira mtima motsutsana ndi mabakiteriya ena a pathogenic. Kuphatikiza apo, kuzindikira ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo zina za ⁢khoma la cell zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira zachipatala⁤ zozindikiritsa kupezeka kwa matenda a bakiteriya.

13. Kupanga njira zochiritsira zomwe zimayang'ana khoma la cell ya prokaryotic

Pamene kukana kwa maantibayotiki kukuchulukirachulukira mu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kufunikira kopanga njira zochiritsira zolunjika ku khoma la cell ya prokaryotic kukukulirakulira. Mwamwayi, ⁢kupita patsogolo⁢ mu kafukufuku watilola ife kufufuza njira zatsopano zothetsera vutoli. Zina mwa njira zochiritsira zodalirika zaperekedwa pansipa:

  • Kusintha kwa peptidoglycans: + Peptidoglycans ndizofunikira kwambiri wa bacteria cell wall ndipo ali ndi udindo pakukhazikika kwake. Posintha zinthuzi, mutha kusokoneza kukhulupirika kwa khoma la cell ndikufooketsa mabakiteriya Njira zina zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ma enzymes omwe amawononga ma peptidoglycans, kuletsa kwa michere yomwe imayambitsa kaphatikizidwe kawo, kapena kusintha kwamankhwala azinthu zawo. .
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amasintha kapangidwe ka cell wall: Pali magulu osiyanasiyana a mankhwala omwe angakhudze biosynthesis ya zigawo za khoma. bakiteriya cell. Mwachitsanzo, maantibayotiki ena amalepheretsa kaphatikizidwe ka peptidoglycans kapena lipopolysaccharides. Mankhwalawa amatha kufooketsa khoma la cell ndikupangitsa kuti mabakiteriya azitha kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala ena kapena njira zodzitetezera.
  • Kuletsa kwa mapuloteni oyendetsa ma cell wall: Mabakiteriya ena amadalira mapuloteni oyendera kuti asamutsire zakudya ndi mamolekyu kudutsa khoma la cell yawo. Kuletsedwa kwa mapuloteniwa kungathe kusokoneza kuyenda kwa zakudya zofunikira komanso kusokoneza moyo wa bakiteriya. Zoletsa zapadera za mapuloteniwa akupangidwa, zomwe zikuyimira njira yabwino yochizira mabakiteriya osamva.
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Mwachidule, ndikofunikira kuthana ndi kukula kwa mabakiteriya kukana. Kusintha kwa ma peptidoglycans, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amasintha kapangidwe ka khoma la cell, komanso kuletsa kwa mapuloteni oyendetsa ndi zina mwa njira zomwe zimapitilira zomwe zimapereka kuthekera kwakukulu kothana ndi matenda obwera chifukwa cha mabakiteriya osamva ma antibiotic.

14. Mapeto ndi malingaliro a kafukufuku wamtsogolo mu gawo la khoma la cell prokaryotic

Mu phunziroli, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya khoma la cell ya prokaryotic zawunikidwa mozama, ndikupereka dongosolo lolimba la kafukufuku wamtsogolo pankhaniyi. Kupyolera mu kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane zigawo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapanga dongosolo lofunika kwambiri la mabakiteriya ndi archaea, takwanitsa kukulitsa chidziwitso chathu cha kukana, morphology ndi pathogenicity ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Choyamba, ndikofunikira kupitiliza kuyang'ana zachilengedwe za khoma la cell ya prokaryotic kuti mumvetsetse bwino ntchito yake pakukana kwa maantibayotiki. Kuphunzira njira za kagayidwe kachakudya zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kaphatikizidwe ndi kuwonongeka kwa zigawo za khoma la maselo kungathandize kuzindikira zolinga zatsopano zopangira mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Kuphatikiza apo, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tifufuze kuyanjana pakati pa khoma la cell ya prokaryotic ndi chitetezo chamthupi chachitetezo. Kufufuza za kuzindikira ndi chitetezo cha chitetezo cha mthupi kungapereke malingaliro abwino⁤ pakupanga njira zochiritsira zomwe zimapititsa patsogolo kulamulira kwa matenda a bakiteriya ndi ofukula zakale. Momwemonso, ndikofunikira kukulitsa chidziwitso chathu cha momwe mabakiteriya ndi archaea angasinthire khoma la cell yawo kuti apewe chitetezo cha mthupi, zomwe zingatilole kuzindikira njira zomwe zingatheke popewera ndi kuchiza matenda opatsirana.

Q&A

Q: Dzina lachinthucho ndi chiyani?
A: Nkhaniyi imatchedwa "Prokaryotic Cell Wall PDF".

Q: Nkhaniyi ikunena za chiyani?
A: Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kamangidwe ndi ntchito ya khoma la maselo m’maselo a prokaryotic, komanso kufunika kwake pachitetezo ndi kukhazikika kwa maselowa.

Q: Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa selo la prokaryotic ndi selo la eukaryotic?
A: Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli mu Mapangidwe a cell: Maselo a prokaryotic alibe phata lodziwika bwino kapena membranous organelles, mosiyana ndi maselo a eukaryotic, omwe ali ndi izi.

Q: Kodi ntchito ya khoma la cell m'maselo a prokaryotic ndi chiyani?
Yankho: Khoma la cell m'maselo a prokaryotic limakwaniritsa ntchito zingapo zofunika, monga kupereka kusasunthika kwadongosolo, kuteteza cell ku kupsinjika kwa osmotic, ndikuthandizira kulumikizana pakati pa ma cell.

Q: Kodi khoma la cell ya prokaryotic limapangidwa ndi chiyani?
A: Khoma la ma cell m'maselo a prokaryotic limapangidwa makamaka ndi ma peptidoglycans, omwe ndi ma polima opangidwa ndi maunyolo a shuga ndi ma peptide awa amapangidwa kukhala mawonekedwe olumikizana omwe amapereka kukana ndi mphamvu ku selo.

Q: Kodi khoma la cell limapangidwa bwanji m'maselo a prokaryotic?
A: Khoma la cell ya prokaryotic limapangidwa m'magulu angapo. Mu mabakiteriya a Gram-positive, pali gawo limodzi la peptidoglycan, pamene mabakiteriya a Gram-negative amakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri za peptidoglycan ndi zowonjezera zakunja za lipopolysaccharides.

Q: Kodi kufunikira kwa khoma la cell m'maselo a prokaryotic ndi kotani?
A: Khoma la cell ndi lofunikira kuti ma cell a prokaryotic apulumuke, kupereka chitetezo ku kusintha kwa osmotic, kukana kupanikizika, komanso kulimba kwamapangidwe. Kuonjezera apo, ikhoza kukhala cholinga cha chitukuko cha maantibayotiki, chifukwa chakuti mapangidwe ake ndi osiyana ndi maselo a eukaryotic.

Q: Ndingapeze kuti nkhani yonse Fomu ya PDF?
Yankho: Nkhani yonse yamtundu wa PDF ingapezeke pa [sonyezani kumene nkhaniyo ikupezeka].

Kumaliza

Mwachidule,⁢ kafukufuku watsatanetsatane wa "Prokaryotic Cell Wall⁢PDF" watipatsa chithunzithunzi chokwanira cha kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya gawo lodziwika bwino la ma cell a prokaryotic. Kupyolera mu kusanthula uku, tafufuza zigawo zake zofunika, monga ma peptidoglycan ndi ma molekyulu omatira, komanso gawo lawo pachitetezo cha ma cell ndi kukonza mawonekedwe ndi kulimba.

Kuphatikiza apo, takambirana za kusiyanasiyana komwe kuli mu cell khoma la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya prokaryotic, komanso momwe kusiyanasiyanaku kungakhudzire kuthekera kwawo kolumikizana ndi chilengedwe ndi zamoyo zina.

Nkhaniyi yawonetsa kuti kafukufuku wa «»Prokaryotic Cell Wall PDF» ‍ ndiwofunikira kuti timvetsetse ⁢biology ⁣ma cell prokaryotic, komanso kupanga njira zatsopano zochiritsira ndi biomaterials.

Pomaliza, kafukufuku m'derali akupitiliza kuwulula chidziwitso chatsopano chokhudza khoma la cell ya prokaryotic komanso kufunikira kwake mu cell biology ndi chilengedwe cha tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Kukhalabe paubwenzi ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi pankhani imeneyi kudzatithandiza kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zonse m’ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira m’makampani azakudya mpaka kumankhwala.