Kuyenda kwa misa kudutsa nembanemba ya cell ndi njira yofunikira mu cell yomwe imalola kusamutsa bwino kwa mamolekyu ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono pazitali za nembanemba. Njirayi imaphatikizapo njira zingapo zapadera zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti mkati mwa selo ndikugwira ntchito moyenera. M'nkhaniyi, zonyamula anthu ambiri kudutsa nembanemba cell zidzawunikidwa mwatsatanetsatane, kusanthula mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zoyendera, zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe zikukhudzidwa ndi kufunikira kwake mu ma cell homeostasis.
Njira zoyendetsera mu cell membrane
Ndikofunikira kuti mukhalebe ndi homeostasis ndikulola kusinthana kwa zinthu pakati pa mkati ndi kunja kwa selo. Njirazi zimakhala zoyendetsedwa bwino komanso zogwira mtima, kuonetsetsa kuti mamolekyu ofunikira amalowa ndikutaya zinthu zomwe zimachoka m'selo moyenera. Njira zazikulu zonyamulira zomwe zimachitika mu cell membrane zafotokozedwa pansipa:
Kufalikira kosavuta: Ndi njira yokhayo yomwe mamolekyu amayenda kudutsa nembanemba ya selo kuchokera kudera lapamwamba kupita kudera locheperako. Njirayi ndiyofunikira pakunyamula mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono, monga oxygen ndi carbon dioxide.
- Kufalikira kothandizira: Ndi mtundu wina wamayendedwe ongoyenda olumikizidwa ndi mapuloteni oyendera. Mapuloteniwa amalola kuti mamolekyu enaake, monga shuga ndi amino acid, adutse kudzera mu nembanemba ya cell. Palibe ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira kuti izi zitheke.
- Zoyendera: Makinawa amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamtundu wa ATP kuti asunthire mamolekyu kuchokera chigawo chocheperako kupita ku china chapamwamba kwambiri. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya zoyendetsa zogwira ntchito: zoyendera zoyamba, zomwe mphamvu zimachokera mwachindunji ku ATP, ndi zoyendera zachiwiri, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito electrochemical gradient yokhazikitsidwa ndi njira zina zoyendera kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka mamolekyu.
Pomaliza, ndizofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti ma cell akuyenda bwino komanso kulola kusinthana kwabwino kwa zinthu. Kufalikira kosavuta, kufalikira, komanso kuyenda mwachangu ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma cell kunyamula mamolekyu kudutsa nembanemba yawo. Iliyonse mwa njirazi imakhala ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pa homeostasis komanso kugwira ntchito moyenera kwa cell.
Kufalikira kosavuta kudutsa nembanemba
Njirayi ndiyofunikira kuti ma cell azikhala bwino komanso kuti ma cell asamayende bwino, mamolekyu amayenda kuchokera pamalo okwera kupita kumalo otsika, osafuna mphamvu. Nembanemba ya cell imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri polola kuti pakhale njira yosankha yazinthu zofunikira kuti ma cell azigwira ntchito.
Pali zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kudzera mu nembanemba. Kutentha, kupanikizika ndi ndende ndizofunikira kwambiri pa liwiro la ndondomekoyi. Kutentha kwapamwamba, mphamvu yaikulu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu, yomwe imathandizira kuyenda kwawo, motero, kufalikira. Momwemonso, kuthamanga kwakukulu kumapereka mphamvu yowonjezera kuti mamolekyu asunthe. Pomaliza, kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kumayenderana mwachindunji ndi kusiyana kwa ndende pakati pa mbali ziwiri za nembanemba.
Njirayi imapezeka makamaka kudzera mu pores kapena njira zomwe zilipo mu nembanemba, zomwe zimalola kuti mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono apite, monga mpweya (oxygen ndi carbon dioxide) ndi mchere wina Kuonjezera apo, kufalikira kosavuta Kumapezekanso kudzera mu lipid bilayer ya nembanemba, monga malinga ngati mamolekyu ali osungunuka ndi mafuta. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti kufalikira kosavuta sikumangokhalira ku mamolekyu, koma kungaphatikizepo ma ions, ngakhale pang'ono chifukwa cha magetsi awo.
Transport motsogozedwa ndi ma ion njira
Njira za ion ndi zida zapadera zomwe zimalola kuti ma ion azitha kusuntha ma cell mwachangu komanso moyenera. Mapuloteni a transmembranewa ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera omwe amawalola kuti azilola kuti ma ion ena adutse kudzera pakatikati. Pamene ion ikuyandikira kutsegulira, mapangidwe a njira ya ion amasintha makamaka kuti alole kupita kwake.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma tchanelo a ayoni, iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zake ndi ntchito zake. Njira zina zimayendetsedwa ndi ligand, kutanthauza kuti kutsegula kapena kutseka kwawo kumayendetsedwa ndi kumangirira kwa molekyulu yodziwika.
Ndikofunikira kuchita zambiri zofunikira m'thupi. Njirazi zimagwira ntchito yofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zomwe zingatheke m'maselo a mitsempha ndi minofu, zomwe zimalola kuti mauthenga amagetsi azitha kuyenda mofulumira komanso molondola. Kuphatikiza apo, mayendedwe a ayoni ndi ofunikira kuti ma ionic azikhala bwino m'thupi, kumathandizira kulowa ndikutuluka kwa ma ayoni ofunikira pazachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana, monga kutsika kwa minofu, kutulutsa kwa mahomoni, komanso kupanga mphamvu.
Endocytosis ngati njira yoyendetsera
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Endocytosis ndi njira yofunikira ya cell, momwe zinthu zakunja ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono timaphatikizidwa mu selo. Limagwirira izi ikuchitika kudzera invagination wa selo nembanemba, kupanga vesicles kuti encapsulate zinthu kunyamulidwa. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya endocytosis, yodziwika kwambiri kukhala receptor-mediated endocytosis ndi pinocytosis.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis ndi njira yoyendetsedwa bwino yomwe imachitika pamene mamolekyu oti anyamulidwe amamangirira ku ma receptor enaake pa nembanemba ya cell. Izi zolandilira zimasonkhana pamodzi ndipo kulowerera kwa nembanemba kumachitika, kupanga ma endocytosis vesicles. Njira iyi imalola kulowetsa mwa kusankha kwa zinthu monga mahomoni, ma neurotransmitters ndi lipoproteins, pakati pa ena.
Kumbali inayi, pinocytosis ndi njira ya endocytosis yomwe imalola kulowa kwa madzi ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono mopanda kusankha. Panthawi ya pinocytosis, nembanemba ya cell imalowerera mosalekeza, ndikutsekera madzi akunja ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhalamo. Mtundu uwu wa endocytosis ndi wofunikira pazakudya zam'maselo, chifukwa umalola kutenga michere ndikuchotsa zinyalala.
Exocytosis ndi udindo wake mu kayendedwe ka zinthu
Exocytosis ndi njira yofunikira pakunyamula zinthu m'maselo. Makinawa ndi ofunikira pakutulutsa ndi kunyamula mamolekyu osiyanasiyana, monga ma neurotransmitters ndi mahomoni, kuchokera muselo kupita ku chilengedwe cha extracellular Kupyolera mu exocytosis, ma cell amatha kulumikizana ndi ma cell ena ndikupanga ntchito zazikulu m'thupi.
Exocytosis ikuchitika ndi maphatikizidwe a vesicles zoyendera ndi nembanemba selo. Ma vesicles awa ali ndi zigawo zofunikira kuti ayendetse mapuloteni ndi mamolekyu ena Pamene chizindikiro cha intracellular chimasonyeza kufunikira kotulutsa zomwe zili mu vesicles, zimagwirizanitsa ndi plasma membrane ndikumasula zomwe zili kunja. Kutulutsidwa kumeneku kumachitika kudzera m'mapangidwe apadera otchedwa exocytosis pore, omwe amalola kuti mamolekyu atulutsidwe m'malo opitilira muyeso mowongolera.
Mkati mwa maselo, exocytosis imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo, kutulutsidwa kwa ma neurotransmitters mu neuronal synapses kumawonekera, kulola kufalikira kwa magetsi pakati pa ma cell a mitsempha. Kuonjezera apo, exocytosis imakhudzidwanso ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mahomoni ndi endocrine glands, zomwe zimayambitsa mayankho m'madera osiyanasiyana a thupi. Izi ndizofunikira kuti mukhalebe bwino komanso homeostasis m'thupi la munthu.
Transport zoyanjanitsidwa ndi zonyamulira mapuloteni
Mapuloteni onyamulira ndi ofunikira pamayendedwe apakatikati mkati mwa ma cell. Mapuloteniwa amalola kuti mamolekyu osiyanasiyana azitha kudutsa mu nembanemba ya selo. Ndilofunika ndondomeko yokonza ma cell homeostasis.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapuloteni oyendetsa omwe amagwira ntchito zenizeni mkati mwa selo. Mapuloteni ena oyendetsa ndi omwe amanyamula ayoni monga sodium, potaziyamu kapena calcium, pomwe ena amagwira ntchito yonyamula mamolekyu achilengedwe, monga ma amino acid kapena shuga.
The imachitika kudzera munjira yomanga ndi kutulutsa mamolekyu. Izi zitha kutsogozedwa ndi ma ndende gradient kapena ma gradient amagetsi pa nembanemba. Kuphatikiza apo, mapuloteni ena oyendetsa amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, monga ATP, kuti ayendetse mamolekyu kudutsa nembanemba ya cell.
Njira zoyendera limodzi ndi zotsutsana
Ndi njira zofunika zoyendetsera zinthu kudutsa ma cell membranes. Njirazi zimagwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni oyendera kusuntha mamolekyu motsutsana kapena kuthandizira kutsika kwawo.
Mu cotransport, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti mayendedwe achiwiri, chinthu chomwe chimanyamulidwa chimagwiritsa ntchito kukwera kwa chinthu china ngati gwero lamphamvu. Zoyendera zamtunduwu zitha kuchitika m'njira ziwiri: cotransport / symport ndi countercurrent / antiport.
Cotransport/symport imachitika pamene zinthu ziwirizi zikuyenda molunjika pa nembanemba. Kumbali ina, countercurrent / antiportation imachitika pamene zinthu zikuyenda mosiyanasiyana Njirazi ndizofunikira pakuyamwa kwa michere m'matumbo, kuyamwanso kwa sodium ndi glucose mu impso, pakati pa njira zina zathupi.
Kuwongolera kayendedwe ka cell membrane
ndi njira yochititsa chidwi komanso yovuta kwambiri yomwe imalola ma cell kuti azikhala ndi homeostatic ndikugwira ntchito zake zofunika. bwino. Njira yowongolera iyi ndiyofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti michere yofunika, mamolekyu ozindikiritsa ndi zinyalala zimasamutsidwa mosadukiza mu cell membrane, ndikupatula zinthu zosafunikira. Momwe lamuloli limagwiritsidwira ntchito ndizofunikira kuti zamoyo zigwire bwino ntchito komanso kuti maselo azikhala ndi moyo.
Mu cell membrane, pali njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendera zomwe zimalowerera pakuwongolera njira ya mamolekyu. Chimodzi mwazo ndi zoyendera, zomwe zimachokera ku kayendedwe ka mamolekyu kapena ayoni mokomera gradient yawo, ndiko kuti, kuchokera kudera lapamwamba mpaka lotsika. Mtundu woterewu sufuna mphamvu ndipo ukhoza kuchitika kudzera munjira za ion kapena kufalikira kosavuta. Njira inanso yofunika kwambiri ndi mayendedwe achangu, omwe amaphatikiza kusuntha kwa mamolekyu kapena ayoni motsutsana ndi gradient yawo, yomwe imafunikira ndalama za energy. Zoyendera zamtunduwu zimachitika kudzera pa mapampu a ion ndi uniport, symport ndi antiport transporters.
imalumikizidwanso ndi njira zowongolera mamolekyulu. Mapuloteni oyendetsa ndi njira za ion zomwe zili mu membrane zimakhala ndi malamulo angapo, monga phosphorylation, activation by ligand, ndi kusinthasintha kwa jini lawo. Njirazi zimalola kuti ntchito zonyamula katundu zisinthidwe molingana ndi zosowa za cell ndi chilengedwe cha extracellular. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mapuloteni owongolera omwe amakhala ngati masinthidwe a maselo omwe amasintha ntchito ndi kusankha kwa mayendedwe a ion ndi zonyamula potengera ma siginecha apadera. Pamapeto pake, ndikofunikira kusunga homeostasis ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ma cell akugwira ntchito moyenera m'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya thupi.
Kufunika kwa selectivity mu zoyendera ma cellular
Kusankhidwa kwa zoyendera zama cell ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kugwira ntchito koyenera kwa njira zamoyo. Kapangidwe kameneka kamathandiza kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino mu nembanemba ya maselo, kuonetsetsa kuti mamolekyu ofunikira okhawo ndi amene amalowetsedwa kapena kutulutsidwa. Mwa njira iyi, mkati mwa maselo amasungidwa ndipo zotheka kuwonongeka kapena kusokonezeka kumapewa.
Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira ma cell, pakati pawo:
- Kufalikira kosavuta: kumapangitsa kuti mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono, omwe si a polar azitha kudutsa mu cell membrane.
- Kufalikira kwapang'onopang'ono: kumathandizira kusuntha kwa mamolekyu akulu kapena ayoni kudzera pamapuloteni apadera oyendera.
- Zoyendera zogwira ntchito: zimafunikira mphamvu kuti zisunthire mamolekyu kapena ayoni motsutsana ndi kutsika kwawo.
Chifukwa chake ndikuti njirayi ndiyofunikira pakukonzanso kwa homeostasis ndi magwiridwe antchito a ma cell. Zimalola kulowa kwa zakudya zofunikira, kuchotsa zinyalala ndi poizoni, komanso kulamulira kwamkati kwa ayoni. Kuphatikiza apo, kusankhidwa kwa ma mayendedwe a cell ndikofunikira pakulankhulana kwapakati pa ma cell, popeza mamolekyu ena amangolowa kapena kusiya ma cell kudzera njira zinazake.
Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza zoyendera mu cell membrane
Kuyenda kwa mamolekyu kudutsa nembanemba ya cell ndikofunikira pakukonza homeostasis komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa maselo. Komabe, pali zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingakhudze njirayi yomwe ili m'munsiyi, tidzasanthula zina zazikuluzikulu:
Kukula kwa mamolekyu: Nembanemba ya cell ndiyosavuta kulowa, kutanthauza kuti mamolekyu ena amatha kudutsa momasuka pomwe ena amafunikira mapuloteni oyendetsa kuti alowe kapena kutuluka. Kukula kwa mamolekyu kumatha kukhudza kuthekera kwa mapuloteni oyendetsa kuti awazindikire ndikulola kuti adutse mu membrane.
Chiwerengero cha mamolekyu: Mayendedwe kudutsa nembanemba ya cell amathanso kutengera kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu omwe amapezeka mbali imodzi ya nembanemba poyerekeza ndi inayo. Mwachitsanzo, zoyendera zogwira ntchito zimafunikira mphamvu kuti zisunthire mamolekyu molimbana ndi kukhazikika kwawo, kotero kupezeka kwa mphamvu zochepa kumatha kusokoneza njirayi.
Concentration gradient: Kuyenda kwa mamolekyu kudutsa nembanemba ya cell kumatha kuchitika ndi kapena kutsutsana ndi gradient. Ikatumizidwa pansi pa gradient, imatchedwa passive transport ndipo sichifuna mphamvu zowonjezera. Komabe, mphamvu ikafunika kunyamula mamolekyu polimbana ndi gradient, amatchedwa active transport. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu mkati ndi kunja kwa selo kumatha kukhudza komwe mayendedwe amayendedwe.
Malangizo ophunzirira za mayendedwe ambiri
1. Kafukufuku wokwanira
Musanayambe kuphunzira za kayendedwe ka anthu ambiri, ndikofunikira kuchita kafukufuku wambiri pa mutuwo. Izi zimaphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa deta yoyenera, kusanthula maphunziro am'mbuyomu, ndikuwunikanso ziwerengero zodalirika. Kumvetsetsa bwino kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zabubundundundundundundundu0000000tshatshatshatshapatshapapapapapapapa pa paapa paUNGApapaUNGApaUNGApacha pa wabomwees,'
Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuti mufufuze mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamayendedwe ambiri, monga mabasi, masitima apamtunda, masitima apamtunda ndi masitima apamtunda, ndikuyerekeza zabwino ndi zovuta zawo pokhudzana ndi zinthu monga kuchita bwino, mtengo komanso kukhudzidwa kwachilengedwe. Izi zikuthandizani kuti muwone mwachidule za panorama ndikusankha njira yoyenera kwambiri yophunzirira.
2. Kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kusanthula
Kusonkhanitsa deta yolondola ndi yofunikira ndikofunikira pofufuza za kayendedwe ka anthu ambiri. Choyamba, ndikofunika kusonkhanitsa zambiri zokhudzana ndi kagwiritsidwe kake ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu. Izi zitha kuchitika kudzera mu kafukufuku, kuwerengera anthu okwera, ndi kusanthula mbiri kuchokera kwa oyang'anira zamayendedwe.
Deta ikapezedwa, kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane ndikofunikira kuti muzindikire mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe, komanso kuyesa momwe machitidwe amayendera ambiri. Izi zitha kuphatikizira kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi njira zowerengera, monga kubwereza kwa mizere, kusanthula kwanthawi ndi masamu, kumvetsetsa ndi kulosera zamayendedwe a anthu ambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana.
3. Kuunikira kwakusintha ndi malingaliro
Phunziroli likamalizidwa, ndikofunikira kuwunika koyenera kwa kayendedwe ka anthu ambiri. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuzindikira madera omwe ali ndi vuto, monga kusowa kwa mphamvu, kuchedwa pafupipafupi kapena kukhutira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, ndikupereka njira zothetsera mavutowa.
Ndikofunikira kulingalira malingaliro kutengera kusanthula kwa data ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu kuti titsimikizire kugwira ntchito kwa kuwongolera komwe akufunsidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuganizira zinthu monga bajeti yomwe ilipo komanso kusasunthika kwa chilengedwe popanga malingaliro awa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwachilengedwe kwa njira zoyendera anthu ambiri
Njira zoyendetsera zinthu zambiri ndizofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwachilengedwe m'zamoyo. Makinawa amalola kusuntha kwa mamolekyu ndi zinthu zofunika m'maselo a cell, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana.
Chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsira ntchito njira zoyendera anthu ambiri mu biology ndi kuyamwa kwa michere. Pogwiritsa ntchito zonyamula zapadera, ma cell amatha kugwira ndikutenga michere yofunika kuti ipangitse kagayidwe kawo. Njira zonyamulira zogwira ntchito komanso zopanda pakezi, monga kufalikira komanso zoyendera zoyambira, zimatsimikizira kugawa koyenera kwazinthu zofunikira monga ma amino acid, mavitamini ndi michere m'thupi.
Kuphatikiza pa kuyamwa kwa michere, njira zoyendera anthu ambiri ndizofunikira pakuchotsa zinyalala ndi poizoni. Kupyolera mu exocytosis ndi endocytosis, maselo amatha kuchotsa ndi kusonkhanitsa, motero, mankhwala osafunika. Kuthekera koyendetsa uku kumathandizanso kwambiri kuteteza thupi kuzinthu zoyambitsa matenda, chifukwa zimalola kugwidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa mabakiteriya, ma virus ndi zinthu zina zovulaza.
Kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku wama cellular transport
M’zaka zaposachedwapa, zinthu zofunika kwambiri zachitika, zomwe ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri yomvetsetsa mmene zamoyo zimagwirira ntchito. Zitatu mwazinthu zodziwika bwino pankhaniyi ziperekedwa pansipa:
Kudzipatula ndikuwonera mapuloteni oyendetsa
Kuphunzira kwa mapuloteni oyendera ma cell kwapindula kwambiri ndi kupita patsogolo kwa njira zodzipatula komanso zowonera. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira za electrophoresis ndi chromatography, asayansi atha kuzindikira ndi kulekanitsa mapuloteni osiyanasiyana omwe amatenga nawo mbali mu mayendedwe a mamolekyu kudutsa ma cell membranes. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha njira zapamwamba zowonera ma microscopy monga ma microscopy a fluorescence ndi ma electron microscopy, zakhala zotheka kuwona m'maganizo momwe mapuloteniwa akugwira ntchito, zomwe zapereka chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza kapangidwe kawo ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito.
Kuzindikira njira zoyendera
Chimodzi mwazochita zazikulu kwambiri pakufufuza zoyendera ma cell ndikutanthauzira njira zoyendera za mamolekyu ndi ma ion osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha njira monga mass spectrometry ndi nyukiliya magnetic resonance, asayansi apeza mapuloteni enieni oyendetsa zinthu monga shuga, amino acid, calcium ions, pakati pa ena. Zomwe zatulukirazi zatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino momwe kusankhira kosankhidwa kwa zinthu kudutsa ma cell membrane kumachitikira ndipo kwayala maziko a chitukuko chamankhwala ndi mankhwala omwe amalunjika pamayendedwe awa.
Kufufuza zoyendera ma cellular pazovuta kwambiri
Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kayendedwe ka ma cellular sanangoyang'ana zamoyo zachikhalidwe komanso momwe zinthu zilili, komanso adafufuzanso zoyendera pansi pazovuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka ma cell kumaphunziridwa mu tizilombo tomwe timakhala m'malo okhala ndi mchere wambiri kapena kutentha kwambiri. Momwemonso, adafufuzidwa momwe zoyendera zama cell zimachitikira pakalibe mpweya kapena m'maselo otupa. Maphunzirowa atiwonjezera kumvetsetsa kwathu za malire ndi kusinthika kwa mayendedwe amafoni, ndipo atsegula mwayi watsopano wogwiritsa ntchito zamankhwala ndi biotechnology.
Malingaliro amtsogolo pakuphunzira zamayendedwe a anthu ambiri
Chisinthiko cha kayendedwe ka anthu ambiri ndi mutu wochititsa chidwi womwe ukupitiriza kubweretsa chidwi ndi zovuta zatsopano. Pamene tikuloŵa m’tsogolo, ziyembekezo zosangalatsa zikutseguka za phunziro la gawo lofunika limeneli. M'munsimu muli mbali zitatu zazikulu za kafukufuku zomwe zimalonjeza kusintha kamvedwe kathu ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka kayendedwe ka anthu ambiri.
1. Zipangizo zamakono ndi makina:
Ukadaulo waukadaulo pamayendedwe ambiri uli ndi kuthekera kosinthiratu momwe timayendera. Kuphatikizidwa kwa magalimoto odziyimira pawokha m'mayendedwe apagulu kumalonjeza kuchita bwino komanso chitetezo. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje monga nzeru zochita kupanga ndi intaneti ya zinthu zitha kulola kuwunika kogwira mtima ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a maukonde oyendera. munthawi yeniyeni.
Malingaliro amtsogolo pankhaniyi akuphatikiza kupanga masensa apamwamba, kupanga ma aligorivimu anzeru a kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu, komanso kukhazikitsa njira zolipirira zamagetsi zophatikizika. Ndiukadaulo woyenera, mayendedwe ambiri amatha kukhala omasuka, odalirika komanso okhazikika kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi mizinda.
2. Mphamvu ndi chilengedwe:
Kukhazikika ndi mutu wofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza zamayendedwe ambiri. M'tsogolomu, padzakhala kofunika kupanga njira zochepetsera kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha kayendedwe ka anthu ambiri. Chiyembekezo chimodzi chodalirika ndi kafukufuku waukadaulo woyendetsa bwino, monga magalimoto amagetsi ndi magetsi ongowonjezedwanso kuti azipatsa mphamvu.
Madera ena ofufuza amatha kuthana ndi kapangidwe kabwino ka zomangamanga komanso kukhazikitsa njira zanzeru zamagalimoto ndi kayendetsedwe ka zombo. Kutsata zoyendetsa zotulutsa ziro-ziro zikhala zofunikira kutsimikizira mpweya wabwino ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'mizinda yathu.
3. Zatsopano muzomangamanga:
Kukwezeleza” kwa zomangamanga zosinthidwa kuti zosoweka za mayendedwe ambiri kudzakhala vuto lalikulu mtsogolomu. mitundu yosiyanasiyana Mayendedwe, monga masitima apamtunda, mabasi, ndi njinga za anthu onse, amalumikizidwa bwino.
Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku atha kuyang'ana kwambiri kukhathamiritsa kwa masiteshoni ndi maimidwe, kupanga zida zanzeru komanso kusintha malo akumatauni kuti alimbikitse kuyenda kosatha. Poganizira izi, mayendedwe a anthu ambiri amatha kukhala njira yabwino komanso yosangalatsa yosunthira anthu m'mizinda yamtsogolo.
Mafunso ndi Mayankho
Q: Kodi kunyamula misa mu cell membrane ndi chiyani?
Yankho: Kutumiza kwa cell membrane mass ndi njira yachilengedwe yomwe zinthu zimatumizidwa kudutsa nembanemba ya a cell mochulukira.
Q: Kodi cholinga chonyamula anthu mu cell membrane ndi chiyani?
A: Cholinga cha mayendedwe ambiri mu cell membrane ndikulola kulowa ndikuchotsa moyenera zinthu zofunika kuti cell igwire bwino ntchito, komanso kuwongolera ma cell homeostasis.
Q: Ndi mitundu iti yayikulu yonyamula anthu ambiri mu cell membrane?
A: Mitundu yayikulu yoyendera misa mu cell membrane ndi endocytosis ndi exocytosis. Endocytosis imaphatikizapo kutengedwa kwa mamolekyu kapena tinthu tolimba ndi selo, pomwe exocytosis imatanthawuza kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu kunja kwa selo.
Q: Kodi endocytosis imachitika bwanji?
A: Endocytosis imachitika pamene nembanemba ya selo imazungulira tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena mamolekyu ndikuwalowetsa m'maselo amkati otchedwa endosomes Njirayi ikhoza kukhala yamitundu iwiri: pinocytosis, yomwe ndi endocytosis yamadzimadzi kapena mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono osungunuka; ndi phagocytosis, yomwe ndi endocytosis ya tinthu zazikulu zolimba.
Q: Kodi ntchito ya exocytosis ndi chiyani?
Yankho: Exocytosis imalola kutulutsa kolamulirika kwa zinthu kuchokera mkati mwa selo kupita kunja. Zinthuzo zimayikidwa mkati mwa ma vesicles obisika omwe amalumikizana ndi nembanemba ya cell ndikutulutsa zomwe zili mkati mwa extracellular medium.
Q: Kodi pali njira zina zoyendetsera misa mu cell membrane?
Yankho: Inde, kuwonjezera pa endocytosis ndi exocytosis, pali njira zina zoyendetsera zinthu zambiri mu cell membrane, monga kusamutsa mapuloteni kudutsa nembanemba, katulutsidwe ka mahomoni ndi ma neurotransmitters, komanso kutumiza zinthu kudzera mu njira za ion.
Q: Kodi kunyamula anthu ambiri mu cell membrane ndikofunikira bwanji kuti zamoyo zizikhala ndi moyo?
A: Kuyenda kwa misa mu cell membrane ndikofunikira kuti zamoyo zizikhala ndi moyo, chifukwa zimalola kupeza zakudya, kuchotsa zinyalala ndi kulumikizana kwapakati kudzera pakutulutsa mamolekyu owonetsa.
Q: Kodi ndi kafukufuku wotani omwe akuchitika pakali pano pankhani yonyamula anthu ambiri mu cell membrane?
A: Kafukufuku akuchitika kuti amvetsetse njira zoyendetsera zinthu zambiri mu cell membrane komanso ubale wake ndi matenda osiyanasiyana, monga khansa ndi matenda a neurodegenerative amafufuza kakulidwe kamankhwala atsopano omwe amatha kuwongolera njira izi.
Pomaliza
Mwachidule, kunyamula misa ya cell membrane ndi njira yofunikira kuti ma cell akhale ndi moyo komanso kugwira ntchito moyenera. Kupyolera mu njira monga endocytosis ndi exocytosis, maselo amatha kugwira mamolekyu ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono chilengedwe kapena kutulutsa zinthu kunja. Njirazi zimayendetsedwa moyenera komanso mwadongosolo, kulola maselo kuti akwaniritse. ntchito zake yeniyeni.
Kufufuza kwa njira zoyendera anthu ambiri izi kwakhala nkhani ya kafukufuku wambiri komanso kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi m'zaka zaposachedwa. Mapuloteni ambiri ndi ma enzyme omwe amaphatikizidwa munjirazi azindikirika ndikufotokozedwa, komanso njira zosiyanasiyana komanso zowongolera. Zomwe tapezazi ndizofunikira pakumvetsetsa magwiridwe antchito a ma cell, komanso pakupanga zithandizo ndi chithandizo chamankhwala.
Komabe, pali zambiri zoti zidziwike ndikumvetsetsa za kayendedwe ka cell membrane mass. Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komanso njira zatsopano zowonera ma microscopy ndi mamolekyulu a biology zikutilola kukulitsa chidziwitso chathu pankhaniyi. Chidziwitso chimenechi ndi chofunika kwambiri m'madera monga mankhwala, sayansi ya zachilengedwe ndi biology yopangira, komwe timafuna kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi kuti tipindule ndi anthu.
Pomaliza, ma cell membrane mass transportation ndi njira yovuta komanso yochititsa chidwi yomwe imatenga gawo lofunikira pa moyo ndi magwiridwe antchito a ma cell. Kafukufuku wake akupitilirabe kukhala gawo losangalatsa kwambiri kwa gulu la asayansi, lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Kumvetsetsa njira zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi njirayi kumatifikitsa pafupi ndi kupeza zinsinsi za biology ya maselo ndikutsegula chitseko cha njira zatsopano zochiritsira ndi zamakono.
Ndine Sebastián Vidal, mainjiniya apakompyuta omwe amakonda ukadaulo komanso DIY. Komanso, ine ndine mlengi wa tecnobits.com, komwe ndimagawana nawo maphunziro kuti ukadaulo ukhale wofikirika komanso womveka kwa aliyense.