Zoyenera kuchita ngati Windows ipereka APIPA IP (169.xxx): zifukwa zenizeni ndi yankho lotsimikizika

Chida chanu chikawoneka ndi adilesi ya 169.254.xx ndipo netiweki ikuwonetsa chenjezo lochepa la kulumikizana, ndizotheka kuti ma adilesi a APIPA akugwira ntchito. Makinawa amapereka IP yachangu yam'deralo pamene ndi DHCP falla, kulola kulumikizana kwina pamanetiweki omwewo koma osapeza maukonde ena.

M'nyumba ndi makampani, ndi mutu wobwerezabwereza: makadi mu DHCP omwe salandira yankho ndikugwera mu APIPA, ma laputopu omwe amalumikizana kudzera pa Wi-Fi popanda intaneti, kapena ma seva omwe, chifukwa cha vuto linalake, amasiya kukonzanso kubwereketsa kwawo. Kumvetsetsa kuti APIPA ndi chiyani, momwe imagwirira ntchito, komanso momwe mungaletsere kapena kuizindikira Idzakupulumutsani nthawi ndi mutu.

APIPA ndi chiyani ndipo ndi chiyani?

APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) ndi mawonekedwe a IPv4 omwe amadzikonzera okha mawonekedwe ndi adilesi yochokera ku block 169.254.0.0/16 ngati palibe seva ya DHCP ilipo. Imangopereka adilesi ya IP ndi chigoba 255.255.0.0, popanda chipata kapena DNS, kotero imalola kulumikizana kwanuko pakati pa zida pagawo lomwelo komanso china chilichonse.

Malowa amasungidwa ndi IANA kuti agwirizane ndi maadiresi am'deralo malinga ndi RFC 3927, ndipo amalowa mkati mwazomwe zimatchedwa ulalo-malo am'deralo. Pochita, APIPA imasunga maukonde "amoyo" pamalo amderalo. pomwe palibe kasinthidwe koyenera, koma sichosinthika kapena choyenera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Zofunikira kukhazikitsa malamulo: a RFC 3330 (kenako adalowedwa m'malo ndi RFC 5735) ndi RFC 3927 amatanthauzira kugwiritsa ntchito maadiresi awa. Zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamakompyuta nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku 169.254.1.0 mpaka 169.254.254.255, kusiya mbali zonse ziwiri zosungidwa (169.254.0.x ndi 169.254.255.x) ndikugwiritsa ntchito 169.254.255.255 monga kuwulutsa.

Momwe APIPA imagwirira ntchito mwatsatanetsatane

Pamene mawonekedwe ali mu DHCP ndipo sakulandira yankho, makinawa amatsegula APIPA. Makasitomala amatumiza ma DHCPDISCOVER angapo poyambira; kufotokozera wamba ndikuti imapanga zopempha za 3 kapena 4 mumasekondi pang'ono ndipo, ngati palibe yankho, imayambitsa ulalo-local autoconfiguration.

Panthawi yokonzekera, chipangizochi chimasankha adilesi ya IP yachinyengo mkati mwazololedwa ndikutsimikizira kuti sichikugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ma probe (ARP kapena kuwulutsa) musanayikhazikitse. Ikazindikira kusamvana, imayesa adilesi ina mpaka kuchuluka kwa kuyesa.; Malemba ena amafotokoza mpaka 10 kuyesa asanaleke ngati mikangano ikupitilira.

Akapatsidwa, kasitomala amapitiliza kufufuza seva ya DHCP nthawi ndi nthawi. Pa Windows, mwachitsanzo, zopempha za DHCP zimayesedwanso pafupifupi mphindi zisanu zilizonse.Ngati seva ikuwoneka, stack ya TCP/IP imalowa m'malo mwa APIPA IP ndi kubwereketsa koyenera.

APIPA imagwira ntchito ku IPv4 yokha; Stateless Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu IPv6, yofotokozedwa mu RFC 2462 (yomwe yasinthidwa tsopano ndi RFC 4862), yokhala ndi makina osiyanasiyana ndi ma adilesi am'deralo okhala ndi fe80::/10.

APIPA pa Windows: machitidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Pamakina amakono a Windows, APIPA imayatsidwa mwachisawawa. Akapanda kulandira DHCP, stack imadzipatsa yokha ndikuyesanso kubwereketsaKuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe a media media amafulumizitsa kuyesanso kulumikizidwa kukabweranso.

M'matembenuzidwe akale monga Windows 98, Media Sense kunalibe, zomwe zingachedwetse kulumikizananso pambuyo pa ngozi yakuthupi. Windows 2000, XP, 7, 10 ndipo kenako amaphatikiza Media Sense ndi zina zowonjezera monga ICMP Router Discovery kapena RIP kumvetsera kuti muwongolere maukonde.

Kukhazikitsa kwina kwa Windows kumapanga APIPA IP mwa hashing adilesi ya MAC ya mawonekedwe, kufunafuna bata pambuyo poyambiranso ndikuchepetsa mwayi wobwereza (nthawi zonse ndikuyang'ana kusamvana koyambirira).

Momwe mungadziwire ngati muli mu APIPA

Mu Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003 ndipo kenako, tsegulani mwachangu ndikuyendetsa: ipconfig / onse kuti awonenso chipika cha autoconfigurationNgati kasinthidwe kaootokha kuyatsa ndipo IP ndi 169.254.xy yokhala ndi chigoba 255.255.0.0, muli mu APIPA.

M'makodidwe akale a Windows (Windows 98, Windows Me), chida cha winipcfg chimakulolani kuti muwone ngati adilesi ili mkati mwa 169.254.xx pansi pa chizindikiro cha autoconfiguration. Kuwona IP iyi kukuwonetsa kuti palibe DHCP yobwereketsa yomwe ilipo.

Letsani kapena yambitsani APIPA mu Windows

APIPA ikhoza kuyimitsidwa, kusunga kapena kusagwiritsa ntchito DHCP kutengera mlandu. Izi zimachitika posintha Windows Registry, kusinthasintha njira kutengera mtundu wa dongosolo.

• Mu Windows 98/Me: onjezani cholowera cha DWORD 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled' chokhala ndi mtengo 0x0 ku: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\DHCP.
• Pa Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003: onjezani 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled' (DWORD 0x0) pansi pa mawonekedwe enieni: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\<GUID_del_adaptador>.
• M'matembenuzidwe atsopano (Windows 7/ 8/10/11), mudzawonanso zolemba za TCP/IP global parameter wrapper: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters. Kumbukirani kuti mtengo wa 1 umathandizira APIPA ndipo 0 imayimitsa.

Pambuyo posintha Registry, tikulimbikitsidwa kuyambiranso kuti zosinthazo ziyambe kugwira ntchito. Sungani kaundula wanu musanakhudze chilichonse., makamaka pa zipangizo zofunika kwambiri.

Zochitika zomwe APIPA imawonekera

Yambirani popanda kubwereketsa komanso popanda DHCP: nsapato za kasitomala, zimapereka mauthenga angapo opezeka (3 kapena kupitilira apo) ndi, Ngati palibe yankho, limadzipatsa kalasi B IP mkati mwa 169.254/16. Pitirizani kuyesanso pakapita nthawi.

Ndi kubwereketsa koyambirira komanso popanda DHCP: chipangizocho chimasankha chipata chosasinthika; Ngati iyankha, sungani IP yakaleNgati palibe yankho kapena palibe chipata chomwe chimakonzedwa, APIPA imatsegulidwa ndipo zolakwika zimanenedwa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito.

Kubwereketsa kwatha ndipo palibe DHCP: kasitomala amayesa kukonzanso; Ngati sichipeza seva, imabwerera ku APIPA, imatumiza zidziwitso zingapo ndikubwereza kuzungulira mphindi zingapo zilizonse mpaka seva ibwereranso pa intaneti.

Kuzindikira mwachangu mukawona 169.254.xx

Yambani ndi zofunikira: fufuzani zingwe, maulalo, mawonekedwe a rauta kapena kusinthana, ndi ntchito ya DHCP ya chipangizo chomwe chimapereka (kunyumba, nthawi zambiri ndi rauta). Kuyambiranso koyendetsedwa kwa rauta ndi mawonekedwe a netiweki kumakakamiza kukambirananso.

Pa Windows, yendetsani malamulo awa potsatira lamulo lokweza kuti mukhazikitsenso stack: Ndiwotetezeka ndipo nthawi zambiri amathetsa zochitika pafupipafupi.

netsh int ip reset c:\resetlog.txt
netsh winsock reset
ipconfig /flushdns
ipconfig /registerdns
ipconfig /release
ipconfig /renew

Onaninso kuti ntchito ya 'DHCP Client' ikugwira ntchito (services.msc) ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, Yambitsani DHCP pa Windows 10. Iyenera kukhala mu Start state ndi mtundu woyambira Automatic kotero kuti mawonekedwe amapeza zopereka molondola.

Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito Wi-Fi, yang'anani kuti adapter ikugwirizana ndi chitetezo cha malo olowera (WPA/WPA2, ndi zina) ndi mtundu wa chizindikiro. Kukambirana koyipa kumatha kulepheretsa kupeza IP ngakhale kuona SSID ndi kuyanjana.

DHCP seva kapena rauta cheke

Pamanetiweki omwe ali ndi seva yodzipatulira ya DHCP, ndi lingaliro labwino kuyang'ana zipika ndi momwe zimakhalira. Imachotsa zolemba zotsalira ku 169.254.xx ngati zidasungidwa molakwika ndipo onetsetsani kuti dziwe logwira ntchito silikutha.

Njira zabwino zogwirira ntchito: zimitsani mawonekedwe osagwiritsidwa ntchito, imagawira IP yovomerezeka yokhazikika pamakina oyang'anira, tumizani DHCP pa subnet iliyonse ndikuwunikanso zosankha zapamwamba (monga zowulutsa ngati zingafunike).

M'madera akunyumba, lowani mu mawonekedwe a rauta ndikutsimikizira kuti seva ya DHCP ndiyothandizidwa ndipo ili ndi mipata yokwanira. Kusintha firmware ya rauta kumathandiza kukonza zolakwika zomwe zimadziwika. ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito ndi bata.

Kuthetsa mikangano ndi zotsatira zake

Mikangano ya IP imatha chifukwa cha ntchito zobwereza, zolakwika za DHCP, kapena kusungitsa malo osasamalidwa bwino. Kuzindikira mtundu wa mikangano ndikofunikira pakusankha kukhazikika, kukonzanso zosinthika kapena kuletsa zobwereketsa..

M'mabizinesi, makompyuta awiri omwe ali ndi adilesi yomweyo ya IP amatha kubweretsa ntchito zovuta kuyimilira, makamaka ngati kusamvana kumakhudza ma seva. Kuwunika ndikuwunika maukonde nthawi ndi nthawi kumakupatsani mwayi wowonera mavuto. ndi kuchepetsa nthawi yopuma.

APIPA ndi chitetezo: nkhanza zomwe zingatheke komanso zotsutsana

Magwero ena akuwonetsa kuti kukakamiza APIPA pa Windows mosalekeza kutha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwankhanza, mwachitsanzo posintha zolemba za registry zokhudzana ndi autoconfiguration, DHCP, kapena mawonekedwe amtundu. Cholinga cha wowukira chingakhale kuchotsa kulumikizidwa kwa wolandirayo kukhala pa intaneti. kusintha magawo tcheru.

Mwa makonda omwe atchulidwa munkhaniyi ndi makiyi monga 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled', 'EnableDHCP', 'DhcpConnForceBroadcastFlag' kapena ma metric values ​​of interfaces mu. ...\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\<GUID>. Ngakhale kuwadziwa kumathandiza kuteteza, sikoyenera kuwasintha popanda kuwongolera. chifukwa mutha kuletsa netiweki nokha.

Countermeasures: Chepetsani maudindo oyang'anira, tetezani Registry, limbitsani mfundo zomaliza, Yang'anirani zosintha zachilendo zapaintaneti ndikukhala ndi zolemba zobwezeretsa (TCP/IP reset)Ndipo, zowona, kusunga madalaivala ndi OS kusinthidwa kumachepetsa kuukira.

Linux: Zeroconf, Avahi, ndi Momwe Mungaletsere

Pa GNU/Linux, machitidwe ofananawo amalumikizidwa ndi Zeroconf ndi avahi-autoipd daemon. Ngati simukufuna kuti mawonekedwewo atengere 169.254/16, pali njira zingapo kutengera distro.

M'mabanja akale a Red Hat / CentOS, Zeroconf nthawi zambiri imakhala yolemala powonjezera zotsatirazi pakusinthidwa kwapadziko lonse lapansi: khalani 'NOZEROCONF=yes' ndikuyambitsanso maukonde kupewa njira zolumikizirana zokha zapafupi.

# /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
NOZEROCONF=yes
# Reinicio del servicio
service network restart

Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito Avahi, kuyambitsanso kapena kuletsa daemon yake kungakhale kofunikira kutengera ndondomeko yanu yapaintaneti. Pamakina akale a SysV muwona njira ngati '/etc/init.d/avahi-daemon restart'; sinthani woyang'anira ntchito wa mtundu wanu.

Njira ina ndikutentha-kufufuta njira ya 169.254.0.0/16 ndikukhazikitsa njira zovomerezeka za subnet yanu ndi ip/route. Monga muyeso wolimbikira, mutha kuyankhapo mizere yomwe imawonjezera ulalo-m'deralo muzolemba za avahi-autoipd. ngati kugawa kwanu kumawagwiritsa ntchito.

# Ejemplo orientativo (ajusta a tu entorno)
# Eliminar ruta link-local y forzar gateway de la LAN
ip route del 169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0
ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0 metric 100

Njira zina zothandiza zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandiza

Kukonzanso dalaivala wa adapter ya netiweki (ndi firmware ya router ngati kuli koyenera) kumathetsa kusagwirizana ndi zolephera zokambilana. Ngati palibe mtundu watsopano, kuyikanso dalaivala nthawi zina kumachotsa maiko owonongeka. pambuyo pa miyezi yogwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ngati zinthu zikupitilirabe ndipo mukukayikira kuyika kwadongosolo, kubwezeretsa OS kungakhale njira yachangu kwambiri yopitira. Pangani zosunga zobwezeretsera ndipo ganizirani kukhazikitsa koyera ngati mwaletsa kale zida ndi DHCP..

Pamakina omwe ali ndi zolumikizira zingapo (zakuthupi ndi zenizeni), pendani zoyambira ndi ma metric. Makhadi a Hypervisor amatha kusokoneza ngati metric ili pamwamba pa NIC yakuthupi yomwe iyenera kupita ku LAN.

Kuti muwone tebulo lamayendedwe ndi ma metric ogwirizana nawo pa Windows, gwiritsani ntchito: Mwanjira iyi mudzadziwa mawonekedwe omwe "akupambana" pakupanga zosankha..

netstat -rn

Ngati mukufuna kusintha pamanja ma metric, pitani kuzinthu za TCP/IPv4 za khadiyo, zosankha zapamwamba, ndipo musachonge ma metric odzipangira okha kuti mukhazikitse mtengo wotsika (monga 1) pamawonekedwe akulu. Zina zonse zitha kusiyidwa zokha. kupewa zodabwitsa.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

• Chifukwa chiyani gulu langa limangolankhula ndi ena pa 169.254.xx? Chifukwa APIPA simakonza zipata kapena DNS. Pali cholumikizira cha Layer 3 chokhacho mu ulalo womwewo, ndipo palibe ma router omwe amadutsa.
• Kodi APIPA imachoka yokha? Inde, seva ya DHCP ikayankha ndikupereka ngongole yovomerezeka. Windows imayesanso kupeza seva mphindi zingapo zilizonse ndikulowetsa ulalo wa IP wamba popanda kulowererapo pamanja.
• Kodi ndingagwiritse ntchito 169.254.xx ngati IP yokhazikika "chifukwa imagwira ntchito"? Ili si lingaliro labwino. Ndizosasunthika ndipo zimasemphana ndi cholinga cha ulalo wamalo am'deralo. Imagwiritsa ntchito masinthidwe a RFC1918 pama IP achinsinsi.
• Kodi ndimayimitsa bwanji APIPA popanda kuchotsa DHCP? Sinthani Registry kuti muyike 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled' kukhala 0 pa mawonekedwe ofanana. Mabaibulo akale ali ndi njira zazikulu zosiyana; onani gawo loyimitsa.

Makina owonetsa 169.254.xx pawokha si "vuto", koma ndi chizindikiro chakuti DHCP sichinapezeke. Ndi macheke omwe ali pamwambapa (ntchito ya DHCP, zingwe, madalaivala, zozimitsa moto ndi ma metrics) Chodziwika bwino ndikubwerera ku IP yovomerezeka ndikuyambiranso kulumikizana kwathunthu.