Chimiro cheserura ipfungwa yakakosha mubiology, iyo inosanganisira kudzidza kwesangano uye kushanda kwemaseru, iwo mayuniti akakosha ehupenyu. Chirango ichi chinotarisa pakuongorora zvikamu zvakasiyana zvinoumba sero, pamwe nekudyidzana kwavo uye nemabasa chaiwo mumaitiro ebhayoloji. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora chimiro chesero nekukosha kwaro zvakadzama, tichipa ruzivo rwehunyanzvi uye rwakarerekera mune ino inonakidza ndima yekutsvagisa.
Chimiro chesero: Ongororo yakadzama yemukati memukati wemasero
Kuti unzwisise zvizere kushanda kwezvisikwa zvipenyu, zvinodikanwa kuita ongororo yakadzama yemukati mezvikamu zvemasero. Iyo cellular dhizaini yakaoma uye inonakidza dhizaini, inoumbwa nenhevedzano ye organelles uye biomolecules yakakosha kuhupenyu. Muchikamu chino, tichagadzirisa chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi uye kuongorora mabasa ayo uye hunhu.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha muchimiro cheserura ndeye plasma membranes. Izvi zvinoganhura nzvimbo yemukati mesero, zvichibvumira kuchinjana kwezvinhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwezviri mukati maro. Uyezve, plasma membranes inoumbwa ne lipid bilayer ine akasiyana mapuroteni uye akasarudzika lipids, ayo anoita basa rakakosha mukufambisa kwezvinhu uye kutaurirana kwepakati.
Imwe organelle yakakosha mune cellular chimiro ndiyo nucleus. Izvi zvinowanzowanikwa pakati pesero uye inogara iyo genetic material, inozivikanwa seDNA. Iyo nucleus yakakomberedzwa nehamvuropu yenyukireya, kaviri membrane ine pores inobvumira kuchinjana kwemamorekuru pakati peiyo nucleus necytoplasm. Mukati, mune zvimiro zvakasiyana, senge chromatin, nucleoli uye chromosomes, imwe neimwe iine chaiwo mabasa mukutonga kwejini kutaura uye kudzokorora kweDNA.
Iyo cell membrane: Basa rayo rinokosha uye mamwe mabasa
Sero membrane chimiro chakakosha pakurarama kwemaseru ese. Iyo yakatetepa uye inochinjika dhizaini inoumbwa nekaviri layer ye phospholipids uye mapuroteni anotenderedza uye anodzivirira zviri mukati meserura. Basa rayo guru nderokugadzirisa kufamba kwezvinhu mukati uye kunze kwesero, kuchengetedza nzvimbo yakagadzikana yemukati uye kuwedzera kuwirirana nekunze kwekunze.
Pakati peakanyanya mabasa eiyo cell membrane, isu tinogona kuratidza:
1. Chidziviso chekusarudza: Sero membrane inoshanda semivhariyo isingapindike inodzora kufamba kwezvinhu kupinda nekubuda musero. Inobvumira kupinda kwezvinhu zvakakosha uye kubviswa kwemarara emagetsi, nekudzivirira kupinda kwezvinhu zvine chepfu kana zvisingadiwi.
2. Kukurukurirana kwesero: Sero membrane rine zvinogamuchirika uye mamorekuru ekusaina anobvumira kutaurirana pakati pemasero. Aya mareceptor anogona kuziva chaiwo mamorekuru uye kukonzeresa mhinduro dzemaserura senge kupatsanura, kusiyanisa kana apoptosis.
3. Kufambisa uye kungoita zvifambiso: Sero membrane inofambisa kufamba kwezvinhu mumativi ese kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana. Kutakura kunoitika pasina kushandisa simba uye kunogona kuve nyore, kufambiswa kupararira kana osmosis. Kune rimwe divi, kufambisa kunoshanda kunoda kushandiswa kwesimba uye kunogona kuyananidzwa nemapuroteni ekufambisa kana nemavhesi.
Iyo cell membrane inoita basa rakakosha muhomeostasis uye cellular function. Kuburikidza nechimiro chayo uye mabasa, inobvumira maseru kuchinjika kunharaunda yavo uye kuita mabasa avo emetabolism. zvinobudirira. Zvinoshamisa kuti iyi nhete ye phospholipids uye mapuroteni inogona kupa kurongeka kwakawanda uye kudzivirira kumasero edu.
Iyo cell nucleus: Central control uye kuchengetedza ruzivo rwemajini
Iyo sero nucleus inhengo yakakosha muchitokisi, ine basa rekudzora nekuchengetedza ruzivo rwemajini runodiwa pakushanda chaiko kwechipenyu. Inowanikwa mumasero ose eukaryotic uye yakakosha zvikuru kuchengetedza kugadzikana uye kuberekana kwezvisikwa zvipenyu.
Rimwe remabasa makuru eiyo nucleus kudzora kutaura kwemajini, ndiko kuti, kutonga kuti ndeapi majini anobatiswa uye kana achinyorerwa kuita mapuroteni. Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza nemaitiro akaomarara ekudzora anovimbisa kudzokororwa kwakaringana uye kutapurirana ruzivo rwemajini kubva kune rimwe sero chizvarwa kuenda kune rimwe.
Mukuwedzera, iyo nucleus yesero inoshanda senzvimbo yekuchengetedza ruzivo rwemajini, uko makromosomes aripo, zvimiro zvakarongeka zvine DNA. Aya mamorekuru eDNA ari mukudyidzana nguva dzose neakasiyana mapuroteni, ayo anove nechokwadi kuti iwo akakwana compaction, condensation uye kudzokorora. Kutenda kune iyi yakaoma network yekudyidzana, iyo nucleus inovimbisa kutendeseka uye kugadzikana kweiyo genome, kudzivirira kurasikirwa kana kukuvara kweruzivo rwakakosha.
- Inodzora kutaura kwemajini uye inoronga kunyorwa kwemajini.
- Ndiyo nzvimbo yekuchengetera ruzivo rwemajini.
- Inobvumira kudzokorora kwakaringana uye kutapurirana kweruzivo rwemajini.
Mukupedzisa, iyo cell nucleus inoumba yepakati kutonga uye dura reruzivo rwemajini muchitokisi. Chimiro chayo chakaomarara uye kudyidzana neDNA nemapuroteni zvinopa kugadzikana uye kutonga kumaserura maitiro akakosha kuhupenyu. Kunzwisisa kushanda kwayo uye kudzora kwakakosha kufambisira mberi ruzivo rwedu rwesero biology uye kushandiswa kwayo munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesainzi nemushonga.
Iyo cytoplasm: Zvikamu uye organelles zvakakosha pakushanda kweserura
Iyo cytoplasm inzvimbo yakakosha pakushanda kwemasero, inowanikwa mukati memembra yeplasma uye yakatenderedza nucleus. Iyi gelatinous fluid ine maitiro akasiyana uye inogara akawanda organelles akakosha kune metabolism uye kuchengetedza kwesero. Macompartments uye organelles aripo mucytoplasm akanyatso kurongeka kuita mabasa chaiwo anobvumira kurarama uye kukura kwesero.
Iyo cytoplasm inonyanya kuumbwa nezvinhu zvitatu: cytosol, organelles uye inclusions. Iyo cytosol ndiyo intracellular fluid umo zvinhu zvakaita semapuroteni, enzymes, ions, metabolites uye non-membranous organelles zvinoparadzirwa. Iyo ine aqueous medium inobvumira kutenderera kwemamorekuru uye kuchinjana kwekudya uye marara. Organelles, senge endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, uye chloroplasts, inonyudzwa mu cytosol uye inoita mabasa akakosha ekushanda kweserura. Chekupedzisira, inclusions zvimedu zvenguva pfupi zvinogona kubva kubva kune zvinovaka muviri granules kusvika kune zvinorasa zvigadzirwa.
Essential organelles inowanikwa mu cytoplasm inosanganisira endoplasmic reticulum, iyo basa racho ndiro synthesis uye kutakura kweprotein uye lipids; midziyo yeGolgi, ine basa rekugadzirisa, kurongedza uye kugovera mamorekuru mukati nekunze kwesero; mitochondria, inokonzera kugadzirwa kwesimba kuburikidza nekufema kwemasero; uye ma chloroplasts, anotora chikamu mu photosynthesis mumasero ezvirimwa uye algae. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo cytoplasm inovaka zvimiro zvakaita senge microtubules uye actin filaments, izvo zvakakosha parutsigiro rwechimiro chesero uye sero kufamba.
Iyo endoplasmic reticulum: mupiro wayo kuprotein synthesis uye lipid metabolism
Iyo endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular organelle inoita basa rakakosha muprotein synthesis uye lipid metabolism. Inowanikwa mucytoplasm yemasero eukaryotic uye yakakamurwa kuita matunhu maviri akasiyana: rough endoplasmic reticulum uye yakatsetseka endoplasmic reticulum.
Iyo rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) inoratidzwa nekuvapo kweribosomes yakanamatira pamusoro payo. Aya ma ribosomes anoshingairira kutora chikamu muprotein synthesis, sezvo ari iwo ane basa rekushandura genetic meseji kubva kumutumwa RNA (mRNA) muamino acid inoteedzana yemapuroteni. Iyo RER ine basa rekubatanidza mapuroteni akagadzirirwa kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kana kuumba chikamu chesero membrane.
Kune rimwe divi, iyo yakatsetseka endoplasmic reticulum (SRE) inobatanidzwa mumabasa akasiyana ane chekuita nelipid metabolism. Pakati pemabasa ayo makuru ndeyekuumbwa kwe lipids, kusanganisira phospholipids iyo iri chikamu chesero membranes, detoxification yemakemikari zvinhu uye kudzora carbohydrate metabolism. REL inoitawo basa rinokosha pakugadzirisa intracellular calcium, kuichengeta uye kuisunungura kana ichidiwa.
Iyo Golgi zvishandiso: Kugadzira uye kurongedza kwemamorekuru ekutakura
Iyo Golgi apparatus chinhu kiyi cellular chimiro mukugadzirisa uye kurongedza kwemamorekuru ekufambisa kupinda nekubuda muchitokisi. Inoumbwa nemabhegi akati sandarara, anonzi matangi, akaturikidzana pamusoro peimwe. Tangi yega yega ine mabasa akasiyana uye pamwe chete vanogadzira yakanyanya kurongeka system.
Basa guru remidziyo yeGolgi ndere kushandura mamorekuru anogadzirwa mune rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Izvi zvinosanganisira kuwedzera kwemakemikari mapoka, akadai seshuga kana lipids, kana kubviswa kwezvimwe zvikamu zveprotein. Idzi gadziridzo dzakakosha pakushanda chaiko kwemamorekuru munzvimbo yawo yekupedzisira.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha pamidziyo yeGolgi kugona kwayo kurongedza mamorekuru mumavhesi ekutakura. Aya mavesicles madiki membranous maumbirwo anoumbwa kubva kuGolgi cisternae uye ane mamorekuru akagadziriswa. Kana zvaputirwa, mavhesi aya anofamba nemu cytoplasm kuti asanganise ne plasma membrane kana kuenda kune mamwe ma cell organelles, kwaanoburitsa zvirimo nenzira chaiyo uye inodzorwa.
Mitochondria: Magetsi masosi uye basa ravo muchizvarwa cheATP
Mitochondria ndiwo organelles aripo mumasero ese eukaryotic anoita basa rakakosha mukugadzira simba rekushanda kweserura. Kuburikidza nemaitiro anozivikanwa se cellular respiration, mitochondria inogadzira adenosine triphosphate (ATP), iro guru resimba rinoshandiswa nemasero. ATP inodiwa kuita akawanda cellular mabasa, akadai seanoshanda kutakura, protein synthesis, uye tsandanyama contraction.
Mitochondria inowana simba rinodiwa pakugadzirwa kweATP kuburikidza neiyo oxidation yema organic molecules, senge fatty acids uye makabhohaidhiretsi. Mishonga iyi yakaputsika mukati memitochondria kuburikidza nenhevedzano yemaitiro ebiochemical anoburitsa maerekitironi. Aya maerekitironi anoendeswa kumaprotein complexes anonzi chain yekufema, uko kuyerera kweproton kunoitika kuburikidza nemukati mitochondrial membrane. Kuyerera kweproton uku kunounza mutsauko muchaji yemagetsi inoshandiswa neATP synthase kugadzira mamorekuru eATP.
Pamusoro pebasa ravo mukugadzira ATP, mitochondria inoitawo mamwe mabasa akakosha muchitokisi. Semuyenzaniso, ivo vanobatsira pachiyero che intracellular calcium, kudzora kusungirirwa kweion iyi mu cytosol. Ivo zvakare vanotora chikamu muapoptosis, maitiro ezvakarongwa sero kufa kunoitika kana sero rakuvadzwa kana kusafanira. Mitochondria inoburitsa mamwe maprotein ayo anomisikidza inosaina cascade inoguma nekudzora sero kufa. Muchidimbu, mitochondria yakakosha pakugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi uye inoita basa rakakosha mune akasiyana metabolic uye cellular regulatory process.
Lysosomes: Yavo intracellular digestion uye mabasa ekubvisa tsvina
Lysosomes akakosha organelles aripo mueukaryotic masero anoita basa rakakosha mu intracellular digestion uye kubvisa tsvina. Aya ma "enzyme sacs" ane membrane inoaparadzanisa kubva kune yese yesero, kudzivirira kuburitswa kwema enzymes ekugaya mucytoplasm.
Basa guru re lysosomes kugaya kwemamorekuru, sezvo ane boka rakasiyana rema enzymes anonzi hydrolases. Aya ma enzymes anokwanisa kuputsa zvinhu zvakasiyana, senge mapuroteni, lipids uye makabhohaidhiretsi, muzvikamu zvavo zvakakosha. Izvi zvinobvumira ma lysosomes kuve akakosha mumatanho akadai sekuderedzwa kwemapuroteni akakuvadzwa kana asina kushandiswa, kutorwa kwezvinovaka muviri, uye kudzokororwa kwezvikamu zvemasero.
Rimwe basa rinokosha re lysosomes ndiko kubviswa kwemarara emasero uye zvirwere. Kana sero rinofa kana kukuvara, lysosomes inobatana nesero membrane uye inoburitsa ma enzymes kuti iparadze marara emasero. Uyezve, lysosomes inoita basa rakakosha mukubviswa kwebhakitiriya uye mamwe ma microorganisms phagocytosed nemasero. Iri basa rekubvisa tsvina uye hutachiona hwakakosha kuchengetedza homeostasis uye kudzivirira hutachiona hunogona kuitika kana zvirwere.
Peroxisomes: Kukosha kwavo mumasero detoxification uye lipid metabolism
Peroxisomes ndiwo akakosha organelles mumasero eukaryotic anoita basa rakakosha muserura detoxification uye lipid metabolism. Aya mamembranous maumbirwo anowanikwa akawandisa mumatishu akasiyana, kunyanya muchiropa neitsvo, uko basa rawo guru nderokubvisa chepfu uye metabolize refu-cheni fatty acids.
Chinhu chinocherechedzwa cheperoxisomes kugona kwavo kuputsa mafuta asidhi mumaketani mapfupi kuburikidza ne-β-oxidation, chirongwa chakakosha pakugadzira simba. β-oxidation inoitika mumatanho mana uye inogadzira acetyl-CoA, iyo inobva yadyisa Krebs kutenderera uye cheni yekufema yekugadzira ATP. Nenzira iyi, peroxisomes inoshingairira kutora chikamu mune simba metabolism yemasero uye inobatsira mukuchengetedza cellular homeostasis.
Rimwe basa rinokosha re peroxisomes is cellular detoxification. Kutenda kune zvirimo zveantioxidant enzymes, zvimiro izvi zvinokwanisa kudzikamisa radicals emahara uye reactive okisijeni mhando, nekudaro kudzivirira maseru kubva kune inogona kukuvara oxidative. Pamusoro pezvo, peroxisomes inoitawo basa rakakosha mukuora uye kubviswa kwezvinhu zvine chepfu senge hydrogen peroxide, uric acid uye akasiyana xenobiotics, vachishandira pamwe mukuchengetedza kuvimbika kweserura.
Centrosomes uye cilia: Basa ravo mukufamba kwemaserura uye kurongeka
Centrosomes uye cilia zvimiro zvakakosha mukufamba kwemaserura uye kurongeka, kutamba mabasa akakosha mune akawanda biological process. Iyo centrosome, iri padyo nenyucleus, inoumbwa maviri centrioles perpendicular kune mumwe nemumwe uye pericentriolar array. Inoshanda se "nzvimbo yesangano" yesero, iine mutoro wekuumbwa kwemitotic spindle panguva yekupatsanurwa kwesero uye kutora chikamu mukurongeka kwema microtubules e cytoskeleton. Saizvozvovo, iyo centrosome inoita basa rakakosha mukutama kwesero, kutyaira polarity uye kutungamira panguva yekufamba.
Kune rimwe divi, cilia zvimiro zvisingaonekwi zviripo pamusoro peanenge ese eukaryotic masero. Primary cilia yakasiyana uye inowanikwa pamasero akawanda mumuviri womunhu. Izvo zvakakosha pakuona kwekunzwa uye kushanda kwemotokari, kutora chikamu mukutaurirana kwepakati uye kutakura kwezvinhu. Aya ekutanga cilia anobva ku centrioles ye centrosome, achigadzira cylindrical chimiro chinoumbwa nemamicrotubules anonzi axoneme. Iko kurongeka kwekufamba kwe cilia kunoita basa rakakosha mugwara uye kufamba munzira dzakasiyana, sekutakurwa kwemazai, kufamba kwesperm, uye kubviswa kwezvimedu munzira yekufema uye lymphatic system.
Kusashanda zvakanaka mu centrosomes uye cilia kunogona kukonzeresa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvemajini zvinonzi ciliopathies, izvo zvinoratidzwa nekushandurwa kwekufamba kwesero uye kushanda. Mienzaniso yezvirwere izvi inosanganisira itsvo dysplasia, retinitis pigmentosa, polycystic itsvo chirwere, uye Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Tsvagiridzo yemazuva ano yakanangana nekunyatsonzwisisa chimiro uye basa remacentrosomes uye cilia, sezvo hukama hwavo neciliopathies hunogona kuvhura mikana mitsva yekuvandudzwa kwekuongororwa kunoshanda uye marapirwo mune ramangwana.
Iyo cytoskeleton: Chimiro uye simba rinotsigira sero chimiro uye kufamba
Iyo cytoskeleton ndeye matatu-dimensional network yemapuroteni inopa tsigiro yechimiro uye inobvumira kufamba kwesero mune eukaryotic organisms. Ichi chimiro chakaoma kunzwisisa chinoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: actin microfilaments, microtubules, uye intermediate filaments. Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi chinoita basa rinokosha mukuumbwa uye kufamba kwesero.
Actin microfilaments maprotein filaments akaonda akarongwa kuita network uye anobatsira mukudzikama uye kudonha kwesero. Iyi filaments inogona kugadzira protrusions inonzi lamelipodia uye filopodia, iyo inobvumira sero kufamba uye kuchinja chimiro. Uyezve, actin microfilaments inobatanidzwawo mukuparadzaniswa kwesero uye intracellular kutakura kwemavesicles uye organelles.
Kune rimwe divi, ma microtubules akakora tubular zvimiro kupfuura actin microfilaments. Aya anoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza chimiro chesero, kutakura organelle, uye kupatsanurwa kwechromosome panguva yekuparadzaniswa kwesero. Uyezve, ma microtubules anoumba achromatic spindle ne centrosome, iyo yakakosha pakuumbwa kwemitotic apparatus uye kugoverwa kwakarurama kwemakromosome panguva ye mitosis. Microtubules inopawo nzira dzekutakurwa kwemukati memukati yevhesi uye mapuroteni, kuburikidza nemamorekuru mota senge dyneins uye kinesins.
Cell junctions: Kukurukurirana pakati pemasero uye kuchengetedza kwehutano hwematishu
Masero junctions zvimiro zvehunyanzvi zvinobvumira kutaurirana pakati pemaseru uye kuchengetedza kwetishu kuperera. Aya majekiseni anoita basa rakakosha mumatishu homeostasis, sezvo achibvumira kutapurirana kwemasaini uye kurongeka kwemabasa pakati pemasero akavakidzana.
Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekubatanidza masero, rimwe nerimwe rine basa chairo. Mimwe mienzaniso inosanganisira:
- Tight junctions: Aya majoini anoumba zvipingamupinyi zvisingapindiki pakati pemasero, zvichidzivirira kufamba kwezvinhu pakati pawo. Izvo zvinonyanya kukosha mumatishu akadai semudumbu, kwavanodzivirira kusefa kwebhakitiriya uye chepfu.
- Gap junctions: Aya majenji anobvumira kupfuura kwemamorekuru madiki uye masaini emagetsi pakati pemasero. Izvo zvakakosha mumiviri yakadai semoyo, kwavanovimbisa kurongeka kwekubatana kwemhasuru.
- Adherens junctions: Aya majoini ane basa rekunamatira pakati pemasero akavakidzana, kuchengetedza kubatana kwetishu. Mukuwedzera, ivo vanobatanidzwa mukufambiswa kwezviratidzo zve intracellular izvo zvinogadzirisa kutama kwesero uye kusiyanisa.
Muchidimbu, majekiseni emasero anoita basa rakakosha mukutaurirana nekuchengetedza kuvimbika kwetishu. Kushanda kwayo chaiko kwakakosha kune tishu homeostasis uye hutano hwese. Kunzwisisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemasero junctions uye mabasa awo chaiwo kwakakosha kufambisira mberi tsvakiridzo yebiomedical uye kusimudzira kweanonangwa marapirwo.
Sero chimiro uye chirwere: Clinical zvinoreva uye tsvagiridzo yeramangwana
Kudzidza kwemaserura dhizaini uye hukama hwayo nezvirwere kwave kwakakosha pakunzwisisa ari pasi pemaitiro akasiyana siyana pathologies. Sero ndicho chikamu chakakosha chehupenyu uye kushanda kwayo kwakanaka kwakakosha kuchengetedza hutano hwehupenyu. Mupfungwa iyi, tsvakiridzo mundima iyi yaita kuti zvikwanise kuona shanduko mumaserura maitiro anogona kukonzeresa uye kubatsira mukukura kwezvirwere.
Muenzaniso weizvi inyaya yezvirwere zvemajini, uko kuchinja kwakawanikwa mune chaiwo majini anokanganisa chimiro uye kushanda kwemasero. Aya machinjiro anogona kukonzera kuzvarwa malformations, metabolic kusagadzikana kana degenerative zvirwere. Pamusoro pezvo, chidzidzo chechimiro chemasero chakaratidzawo kukosha kwezvimwe zvikamu, senge cell membranes, izvo zvinoita basa rakakosha mukutsinhana kwezvinhu uye kutaurirana pakati pemasero.
Nezvemakiriniki ezvinoreva, ruzivo rwemaserura maitiro akabvumira kugadzirwa kweanonangwa marapirwo, ayo anoita zvakanyanya pane shanduko dzinoonekwa mumasero anorwara. Iri zano rekurapa rakasandura marapirwo ezvirwere zvakaita segomarara, uko mishonga yakagadziridzwa inovharira masaini chaiwo emamorekuru mumaseru akaipa. Pamusoro pezvo, kuenderera mberi nekutsvaga mundima iyi kunovhura maonero matsva ekutanga kuongororwa kwezvirwere kuburikidza nemaserura ekufungidzira maitiro uye nekuvandudza nzira dzekurapa dzezvirwere zvisingarapike parizvino.
Kurudziro yekudzidza uye kunzwisisa kweiyo cellular chimiro
Paunenge uchidzidza uye nekunzwisisa cellular chimiro, zvakakosha kutevedzera mamwe kurudziro inofambisira maitiro ekudzidza nekunzwisisa iyi yakakosha musoro mubiology. Kuti uite izvi, zvinokurudzirwa:
- Ronga zvinyorwa zvekudzidza: zvakakosha kuve nezviwanikwa zvese zvinodiwa kuti udzidze cellular chimiro. Izvi zvinosanganisira mabhuku ezvinyorwa, zvinyorwa, zvinyorwa uye zvishandiso zvedhijitari. Kuronga zvinhu izvi mumaforodha kana padhijitari papuratifomu zvichabatsira kuve nekukurumidza uye nekurongeka kuwana ruzivo.
- Gadzira zvirongwa nemadhayagiramu: a zvinobudirira Kunzwisisa cellular chimiro kuburikidza negraphical kuona. Kuita zvirongwa uye madhayagiramu anomiririra zvikamu zvakasiyana zvesero, senge membrane, nucleus uye organelles, zvichabatsira kurondedzera uye kurangarira chimwe nechimwe chikamu zviri nani.
- Dzidzira mibvunzo yekudzokorora: chinhu chakakosha kusanganisa ruzivo kuita nguva dzose. Kubvunza mibvunzo yekuongorora nezve chimiro chesero kunozobatsira kubatanidza kudzidza uye kuona zvingangoitika muruzivo.
Mukupedzisa, kudzidza uye kunzwisisa kweiyo cellular chimiro kunoda kurongeka, graphic visualization uye kugara uchidzidzira. Kutevera kurudziro idzi kunofambisa maitiro ekudzidza uye kusimbisa ruzivo rwakawanikwa pane iyi yakakosha musoro mubiology.
Mibvunzo neMhinduro
Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi cell structure?
A: Chimiro cheserura zvinoreva kurongeka uye kuumbwa kwemaseru, anove zvikamu zvakakosha zvezvisikwa zvipenyu.
Mubvunzo: Ndezvipi zvikamu zvikuru zvesero?
A: Masero anogadzirwa ne zvikamu zvakati wandei yakakosha, pakati payo pane cell membrane, cytoplasm uye nucleus.
Mubvunzo: Ndeipi basa rinoshandiswa nesero membrane?
A: Sero membrane inokomberedza uye inodzivirira sero, ichidzora mafambiro ezvinhu mukati nekubuda mairi. Mukuwedzera, inobatanidzwawo mukukurukurirana uye kuzivikanwa pakati pemasero.
Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi cytoplasm?
A: Cytoplasm is gelatinous substance inowanikwa mukati mesero. Iine zvimiro zvakasiyana, senge endoplasmic reticulum, iyo Golgi apparatus, ribosomes uye mitochondria, pakati pevamwe.
Mubvunzo: Ndeipi basa re kernel?
A: Iyo nucleus ndiyo inodzora sero. Iyo ine genetic zvinhu, senge DNA, uye inotungamira ese cellular zviitiko.
Mubvunzo: Kune marudzi akasiyana emasero here?
A: Hongu, kune akati wandei marudzi emasero muzvisikwa zvipenyu. Mimwe mienzaniso inosanganisira masero emhuka, masero ezvirimwa, masero etsinga, uye masero eropa, rimwe nerimwe riine hunhu uye mabasa.
Mubvunzo: Masero ane hukama sei kune mumwe nemumwe?
A: Masero anogona kuumba matishu, nhengo, uye masisitimu mune multicellular organism. Masero aya anoshanda pamwe chete kuita mabasa chaiwo, achibvumira muviri kushanda zvakanaka.
Mubvunzo: Chii chakakosha kunzwisisa sero chimiro?
A: Kudzidza kwemaitiro emasero kwakakosha kuti unzwisise maitiro ehupenyu muzvisikwa zvipenyu. Zvinotibvumira kuti tinzwisise kuti zvipenyu zvinoshanda sei pachikamu chemolecular uye kuti zvikamu zvazvo zvinopindirana sei. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakakosha pakuvandudzwa kwesero biology uye mushonga.
Mashoko Ekupedzisira
Muchidimbu, isu tinogona kugumisa kuti cellular dhizaini ipfungwa yakakosha mubiology, yanga iri nyaya yekudzidza uye kuongororwa mumakore apfuura. Kuburikidza nekuona masero nezvikamu zvinoaumba, masayendisiti akakwanisa kunzwisisa kuti anoshanda sei uye kuti akarongwa sei muzvinhu zvipenyu zvakasiyana. Kubva kumamembrane anotema perimeter yayo, kune organelles uye masisitimu ekufambisa anobvumira kuchinjana kwezvinhu uye kuita kwemabasa akakosha, chimiro che cellular chakakosha muhupenyu. Sezvo tsvakiridzo iri kufambira mberi mundima iyi, kudyidzana kutsva uye hukama mukati mesero zviri kuwedzera kuwanwa, izvo zvinowedzera ruzivo rwedu nezvekushanda kwezvisikwa zvipenyu. Nekudaro, kuchine akawanda maficha ekuongorora uye kunzwisisa. Chimiro chesero inzvimbo inonakidza uye inogara ichishanduka yekudzidza, iyo pasina mubvunzo icharamba ichipa zvitsva zvakawanikwa uye zvakakosha zvesainzi.
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