Vertebrate uye invertebrate mhuka vana

Nhanganyaya:

Mhuka dzinoita basa rinokosha mukudzidza nekukura kwevana. Kubva vachiri vadiki, vana vanoongorora uye nekuwana nyika yakavatenderedza, uye mhuka dzine vertebrate uye invertebrate dzinova zvidzidzo zvinonakidza zvekudzidza. Kunzwisisa musiyano uripo pakati peaya mapoka akasiyana emhuka hakungokurudziri ruzivo rwesainzi chete, asiwo kunosimudzira kuda kuziva uye kuremekedza zvinhu zvipenyu. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora zvakadzama pfungwa dzemhuka dze vertebrate uye invertebrate uye kukosha kwazvo mudzidzo yehudiki.

1. Nhanganyaya kune vertebrate uye invertebrate mhuka dzevana

Mhuka dzakaiswa mumapoka makuru maviri: vertebrates uye invertebrates. Mhuka dzine tsinga idzo dzine musana, sehove, shiri, mhuka dzinoyamwisa nezvinokambaira. Nekune rumwe rutivi, mhuka dzisina musana idzo dzisina musana, setumbuyu, crustaceans, mollusks nemakonye.

Mhuka dzeVertebrate dzakashanduka kupfuura invertebrates, sezvo chimiro chemuviri wavo chakanyanya kuoma. Vane skeleton yemukati inovabvumira kuti vafambe zvakanyanya uye zvinobudirira. Pamusoro pezvo, mazhinji acho ane nhengo dzakasarudzika, dzakadai semapapu, moyo uye uropi. Kune rumwe rutivi, mhuka dzisina vertebrate dzine chimiro chakareruka uye dzinotsamira zvakanyanya panharaunda yadzo kuti dzirarame.

Zvakakosha kuti vana vazive mutsauko uripo pakati pemhuka dzine vertebrate neinvertebrate, sezvo zvichivabatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani zvisikwa zvakavapoteredza. Kuburikidza nezviitwa zvekudzidzisa nemitambo inodyidzana, vanogona kudzidza nzira yekuziva mhando yega yega yemhuka uye nekuwana yakasarudzika maitiro. Uyezve, nekunzwisisa kukosha kwemapoka aya emhuka mune ecosystems, vana vanokudziridza ruzivo rwakakura rwezvakatipoteredza. Joinha isu pane iyi inonakidza dhizaini yekuongorora uye kuwanikwa kwevertebrate uye invertebrate mhuka!

2. Chii chinonzi mhuka dzemhuka?

Vertebrate mhuka ndezviya zvipenyu zvine skeleton yemukati inoumbwa nevertebrae. Aya mapfupa emapfupa anopa rubatsiro nekudzivirira kune zvinyoro zvinyoro uye nhengo dzomukati dzemhuka. Uyezve, mhuka dzine vertebrate dzinozivikanwa nekuve ne hurongwa hwetsinga zvakanyanya kusimukira kana zvichienzaniswa nemhuka dzisina mutsipa.

Pakati pemapoka makuru emhuka dzine vertebrate pane zvinoyamwisa, shiri, zvinokambaira, amphibians nehove. Rimwe nerimwe remapoka aya rine maitiro chaiwo anoasiyanisa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe. Somuenzaniso, mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinosiyaniswa nemhuka dzine ropa rinodziya dzinoyamwisa vana vadzo, nepo zvinokambaira imhuka dzine ropa rinotonhora uye dzine makwande paganda radzo.

Kudzidza kwemhuka dzine vertebrate kwakakosha kuti unzwisise kusiyana kwemhando dzehupenyu papasi redu. Vertebrates inoonekwa seyakanyanya kushanduka uye yakaoma zvipenyu. yemhuka. Vanokwanisa kugara marudzi ese yezvakatipoteredza, kubva kumakungwa kusvika kumasango akaomeswa, uye vane kugona kuchinjika kumamiriro ekunze akasiyana. Kusiyana kwavo uye kuchinjika kunoita kuti mhuka dzine vertebrate ive boka rinonakidza resainzi nevadi vezvakasikwa.

3. Hunhu hunokosha hwemhuka dzine vertebrate

Mhuka dzeVertebrate idzo dzine musana, izvo zvinovapa simba nerutsigiro rwechimiro. Ichi chinhu chakakosha chinobvumira mhuka idzi kuchengetedza chimiro chemuviri chakasimba uye kudzivirira nhengo dzemukati dzakakosha. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinosiyanisa mhuka dzine vertebrate ndeyemukati skeletal system, iyo inosanganisira mapfupa, cartilage, uye connective tissues.

Chimwe chinhu chikuru chemhuka dzine vertebrate kugona kwadzo kufamba. zvinobudirira uye coordinated. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuvapo kwemhasuru dzakagadzirwa zvakanaka uye tendons uye yakanyanya kukudziridzwa yepakati tsinga system. Izvi zvinogadziriswa zvinovabvumira kuita zvakasiyana-siyana zvekufamba, kubva pakumhanya nekusvetuka kusvika pakushambira nekubhururuka.

Vertebrate mhuka dzinoratidzawo zvakasiyana-siyana muchimiro chemuviri wavo uye chimiro. Dzinogona kubva kushiri duku, dzakapfava kusvika kumhuka huru, dzine simba dzomugungwa. Pamusoro pezvo, mhuka dzemusango dzinogona kuva nemhando dzakasiyana dzekudya, senge herbivores, carnivores uye omnivores. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvehunhu uye zvigadziriso zvakaita kuti ive boka rakanyanya kubudirira uye rakasiyana mhuka paPasi.

4. Chii chinonzi invertebrate mhuka?

Invertebrate mhuka idzo dzisina musana uye dzinoumba boka rakasiyana-siyana uye rakawanda muumambo hwemhuka. Iri boka rinosanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana zvipenyu, zvakadai sezvipembenene, arachnids, crustaceans, mollusks uye echinoderms, pakati pevamwe.

Chimiro chikuru chemhuka dzeinvertebrate ndiko kusavapo kwechimiro chepfupa chinopa rubatsiro. Panzvimbo pezvo, muviri wayo unogona kudzivirirwa nechifukidziro chokunze chakaoma, chakadai sedeko rezvipembenene, kana kuti nematishu akapfava, anochinjika. Kunyange zvazvo vasina musana, zvipembenene zvakawanda zvine zvimiro zvemukati zvinopa tsigiro uye zvinovabvumira kufamba, zvakadai sema skeletons echinoderms kana hydroskeletons of annelids.

Kusiyana kwemhuka dzeinvertebrate kunoshamisa. Zvimwe zvacho zvinogadzirisa zvakakwana kune zvakatipoteredza, zvakadai sema antennae ezvipembenene zvinovabvumira kuona kunhuhwirira uye ruzha, kana matende emacnidarians avanoshandisa pakudya nekudzivirira. Mamwe ma invertebrates, akadai se mollusks, ane akasiyana siyana ezvimiro uye maitiro, kubva kumakungu egungwa regungwa kusvika kune inodzoreka matende emaoctopus. Uhu hupfumi hwezvimiro uye hunhu hunoita mhuka dzisina vertebrate boka rinonakidza kudzidza nekunzwisisa.

Mukupedzisa, mhuka dzeinvertebrate ndidzo dzisina musana uye dzinoumba huwandu hwemhuka dzakasiyana. Mamiriro emuviri wavo anogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya, kubva pamatehwe ekudzivirira kusvika kumiviri inochinjika, yakapfava. Iko kuchinjika uye kwakasiyana-siyana muzvimiro uye hunhu hwe invertebrates inoita kuti ive boka rinonakidza rekuongorora uye kudzidza zvakawanda nezve mhuka. Kudzidza kwemhuka dzisina vertebrate kwakakosha kuti tinzwisise kusiyana uye kuoma kwehupenyu huri panyika yedu.

5. Hunhu uye kupatsanurwa kwemhuka dzeinvertebrate

Invertebrate mhuka idzo dzisina musana. Mhuka idzi dzinoratidzwa nekuve nemiviri inochinjika uye, kazhinji, exoskeletons ekunze anovapa dziviriro. Kune mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzeinvertebrate, dzine maitiro akasiyana uye maitiro.

Invertebrates inogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvakawanda. Imwe yemhando yakajairika inotarisana nemhando yemuviri yavanayo. Dzimwe mhuka dzisina mutsipa, dzakadai searthropods, dzine miviri yakakamukana uye chivharo chekunze chinonzi exoskeleton. Zvimwe zvipembenene zvisina musana, zvakaita semollusks, zvine miviri yakapfava uye mamwe anogona kunge aine goko rinodzivirira.

Pamusoro pekugadzwa kunoenderana nerudzi rwemuviri, mhuka dzisina vertebrate dzinogona kuverengerwa zvichienderana nekwadzinogara kana kushanda mu ecosystem. Dzimwe mhuka dzisina mutsipa, dzakaita sehonye, ​​dzinogara muvhu uye dzinoita basa rakakosha mukuora nekudzoreredza organic zvinhu. Mamwe ma invertebrates, akadai se echinoderms, anogara pasi pegungwa uye anoita basa rakakosha mumaketani ezvokudya zvemugungwa.

6. Musiyano pakati pemhuka dzine vertebrate neinvertebrate

• Mhuka dzakaiswa mumapoka makuru maviri: vertebrates uye invertebrates. Ose ari maviri anogovana maitiro akafanana, asi zvakare anopa misiyano yakakura.
• Iyo Mhuka dzinochinja-chinja Ndivo avo vane vertebral column kana musana. Ichi chimiro chinopa tsigiro nedziviriro kumusana wemusana, unova une basa rekufambisa tsinga dzetsinga kumuviri wese.
• Kune rumwe rutivi, iyo Invertebrate mhuka Havana musana. Pane kudaro, vane exoskeleton, sezvipembenene, kana endoskeleton, sehonye. Aya maumbirwo anopa dziviriro uye anoumba miviri yavo.

• Imwe mutsauko unokosha ndeye circulatory system. Vertebrate mhuka dzine yakavharwa circulatory system, ine mwoyo inopomba ropa kuburikidza netsinga dzeropa. Pane kudaro, invertebrates inogona kuva nehurongwa hwakazaruka, apo ropa rinoputirwa zvakananga mumakomba emuviri.
• Nezve kuberekana, mavertebrates anogona kubereka zvese pabonde uye sexually, nepo akawanda invertebrates achiberekana pabonde, kunyangwe ivo vachigonawo kuratidza mutsauko mukubereka kwavo.
• Ingave vertebrate kana invertebrate, mhuka dzese idzi dzinoita basa rakakosha mune ecosystem. Kuvapo kwavo nekusiyana-siyana kunobatsira kuchengetedza kuenzanisa kwechisikigo uye zvakakosha pakushanda kwezvipenyu zvepasi uye zvemumvura.

• Muchidimbu, misiyano mikuru pakati pemhuka dze vertebrate uye invertebrate dziri muhupo hwe vertebral column, rudzi rwe skeleton, circulatory system uye kubereka kutenderera. Kunyange zvazvo mhuka dzemuzongoza dzichizivikanwa zviri nani nekuda kwekuvapo kwadzo munzvimbo dzepanyika nemumvura, mhuka dzisina vertebrae dzinoapfuura nekure muhuwandu uye nekusiyana. Mapoka ose ari maviri anoita basa rinokosha muzvisikwa uye vakafanirwa nefariro yedu noruremekedzo.

7. Kukosha kwemhuka dzine vertebrate uye invertebrate mune ecosystems

Vertebrate uye invertebrate mhuka dzinoita basa rakakosha mune ecosystems. Izvi zvipenyu zvinobatsira zvakanyanya kuchengetedza kuenzana uye kugadzikana kwezvakasiyana zvipenyu zviri panyika.

Pfungwa yekutanga yekufunga nezvayo ndeyekusiyana-siyana kunomiririrwa nemhuka dzine vertebrate uye invertebrate. Vertebrates, dzakadai semhuka dzinoyamwisa, shiri, zvinokambaira, amphibians nehove, dzine chimiro chemukati chemapfupa chinopa tsigiro nedziviriro. Kune rumwe rutivi, invertebrates, sezvipembenene, arachnids, mollusks uye echinoderms, inoshaya maitiro emapfupa uye inoratidzirwa nehukuru hwavo hwakasiyana-siyana muhukuru uye maumbirwo. Iko kusanganiswa kwezvikamu zviviri izvi kwakakosha kuchengetedza kuenzana kwezvakatipoteredza.

Pamusoro pekusiyana kwadzo, mhuka dzine vertebrate uye invertebrate dzine mabasa akasiyana mune ecosystem. Vertebrates inoshanda sezvikara, mhuka uye vanoparadzira mbeu, vachibatsira kudzora huwandu hwemamwe marudzi uye kuchengetedza chikafu chekudya. Kune chikamu chavo, invertebrates inotamba mabasa akakosha semapollinator, decomposers uye mafirita, nekudaro zvichibatsira mukuberekana kwechirimwa, kudzoreredza kudya uye kucheneswa kwemvura.

Mukupedzisa, iri mukusiyana kwavo uye mabasa avanoita muzvisikwa. Izvi zvipenyu zvakakosha pakushanda kwakaringana kwezvipenyu, sezvo zvichitora chikamu mumatanho akakosha senge cheni yechikafu, kuberekana kwezvirimwa uye kuchenesa nharaunda. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuti tizivise nezvekuchengetedzwa kwezvipenyu izvi uye kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzadzo kuti dzichengetedze kusiyana-siyana uye kuenzana kwezvipenyu zvedu.

8. Kuchinja kwemhuka dzine vertebrate uye invertebrate kuti dzirarame

Vertebrate uye invertebrate mhuka dzakagadzira akasiyana ekuchinja kuti ararame munzvimbo dzawo. Aya magadzirirwo anovabvumira kutarisana nematambudziko akadai sekutsvaga, kubereka, kudzivirira kubva kune zvikara uye mamiriro ekunze asina kunaka.

Imwe yeanowanzo gadziridzwa mumhuka dzevertebrate kuvepo kwehunyanzvi zvimiro zvelocomotion, semakumbo nemapapiro. Aya maitiro anovabvumira kubva nzira inoshanda uye kuenderana nemhando dzakasiyana dzenzvimbo. Pamusoro pezvo, mamwe mhuka dzine mavertebrates ane magadzirirwo kune adzo masisitimu ekugaya izvo zvinovabvumira kugaya chikafu chakananga, senge mazino ekugaya-nyama emhando dzemhuka.

Kana dziri mhuka dzisina vertebrate, kusiyana kwadzo kunoshamisa uye kunouya nenhamba yakawanda yezvigadziriso zvinovatendera kurarama. Zvimwe zvipembenene zvisingaite sezvipembenene zvine mapapiro anozvibvumira kubhururuka uye kuongorora nzvimbo dzakasiyana mukutsvaga chikafu nepekugara. Mamwe ma invertebrates, senge cephalopods, ane advanced camouflage masisitimu ekuzvidzivirira kubva kune zvikara. Pamusoro pazvo, mhuka dzakawanda dzisina vertebrate dzine mapfupa ekunze kana exoskeletons anopa dziviriro nerutsigiro.

Muchidimbu, mhuka dzese dzine vertebrate uye invertebrate dzakagadzira magadzirirwo chaiwo kuti vararame munzvimbo yavo. Aya magadzirirwo anosanganisira akasarudzika zvimiro zvelocomotion, kudya-akagadziridzwa masisitimu, nzira dzekudzivirira, uye camouflage masisitimu. Aya magadzirirwo akakosha pakurarama uye kubudirira kwemarudzi akasiyana munzvimbo dzawo dzechisikigo. Kuziva kugadziridzwa kwemhuka kwakakosha kuti unzwisise zviri nani maitiro adzo nenzvimbo yadzo mumasikirwo.

9. Mimwe mienzaniso yemhuka dzine vertebrate dzinogona kuwanikwa nevana

- Vana vanowanzofarira mhuka, kunyanya idzo dzine vertebrates. Vertebrate mhuka idzo dzine vertebral column kana musana. Zvadaro, zvicharatidzwa mimwe mienzaniso yemhuka dzine vertebrate dzinogona kuwanikwa nevana munharaunda yavo.

– Zvinokambaira iboka remhuka dzine vertebrate dzinosanganisira nyoka, madzvinyu nekamba. Mhuka idzi, dzinoonekwa neganda radzo rakaoma uye rine makwapa, kazhinji dzinogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana semasango, magwenga kana mvura. Muenzaniso wechikara chinozivikanwa ikamba, iyo ine goko rinoidzivirira kubva kuzvikara.

– Imwe kirasi yemhuka dzine vertebrate ihove. Zvisikwa zvemumvura izvi zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvinogona kuwanikwa munzizi, madhamu nemakungwa pasi rose. Hove dzine zvimbi zvinodzibvumira kufamba mumvura uye magill kufema. pasi pemvura. Muenzaniso wehove yakajairika ihove yegoridhe, iyo inowanzochengetwa sechipfuyo mumakungwa nemadziva.

10. Kuongorora mapoka akasiyana emhuka dzisina vertebrate

Invertebrate mhuka dzinomiririra huwandu hwakawanda hwemhuka dzepasi redu. Ndivo avo vasina musana uye vakakamurwa kuva mapoka akasiyana, rimwe nerimwe rine maitiro akasiyana. Kuongorora nekunzwisisa mapoka aya kwakakosha pakunzwisisa kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu nekushanda kwezvipenyu. Tevere, isu tichatsanangura mamwe emapoka makuru emhuka dzisina vertebrate:

annelids

Annelids iboka rezvipembenene zvisingaverengeki zvinosanganisira makonye nemaleeches. Iwo anoratidzirwa nekuva nemuviri wakakamukana uye chifukidziro chekunze chakapfava uye chinochinjika chinonzi cuticle. Mhuka idzi dzakakoshera ivhu, sezvo dzichibatsira kuodza organic matter nekuvandudza kubereka kwadzo. Mamwe marudzi eannelids anogona zvakare kushandiswa mukurapa, nekuda kweawo anticoagulant zvinhu.

Arthropods

Arthropods ndiro boka rakasiyana-siyana uye rakawanda remhuka dzeinvertebrate. Inosanganisira zvipembenene, arachnids, crustaceans uye myriapods. Vane exoskeleton yakaoma iyo inopa dziviriro nerutsigiro, pamwe chete nemaapendages akataurwa anovabvumira kufamba. Mhuka idzi dzinoita basa rakakosha muzvinhu zvipenyu, sezvo dzichiita mukume, kudzora tupukanana uye kudzoreredza organic matter. Mukuwedzera, ma<em>arthropods akawanda anokosha zvikuru mune zvoupfumi, zvakadai setumbuyu tunotakura mukume ne<em>crustaceans zvinoshandiswa muindasitiri yezvokudya.

11. Kutarisa kune vertebrate uye invertebrate mhuka muhupenyu hwemazuva ese

Vertebrate uye invertebrate mhuka dziripo muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva munzira dzakasiyana. Kunyange zvazvo tisingagari tichiziva kuvapo kwavo, tinopindirana navo panguva dzakasiyana-siyana nenzvimbo. Muenzaniso wakajairika kuvepo kwezvipembenene, senhunzi uye umhutu, izvo zvinowanikwa munzvimbo yedu uye zvinogona kunetsa. Pamusoro pezvo, isu tinokwanisa zvakare kuona mhuka dzine vertebrates seshiri kana mhuka dzinovaraidza dziri chikamu chehupenyu hwedu.

Muhupenyu hwedu hwemazuva ese, vertebrate uye invertebrate mhuka dzinogona zvakare kuve sosi yekudya. Vazhinji zvekudya Zvatinodya zvinobva kumhuka dzine vertebrate, sehuku, nyama yemombe kana hove. Mukuwedzera, zvigadzirwa zvakatorwa kubva kumhuka dzisina vertebrate, zvakadai seuchi uye caviar, zvinodyiwawo nevanhu vakawanda pasi rose.

Kune rimwe divi, vertebrate uye invertebrate mhuka dzinoshandiswa zvakare mune zvehutano uye tsvakurudzo yesayenzi. Munzvimbo yezvokurapa, mhuka dzine vertebrate uye invertebrate dzinoshandiswa semienzaniso yekudzidza kunzwisisa zvirwere uye kuyedza kushanda kwemishonga mitsva. Pamusoro pezvo, ongororo dzemhuka dzemugungwa dzisingaite, dzakaita semakorari, dzakakosha pakutsvagisa mubhaibheri remugungwa uye nekuchengetedza zvipenyu zvemugungwa.

Muchidimbu, mhuka dze vertebrate uye invertebrate dziripo muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva nenzira dzakasiyana, ingave shamwari dzemhuri, zvekudya, kana zvidzidzo zvesainzi. Ziva kukosha kwayo mune yedu hupenyu hwezuva nezuva Zvinotibatsira kukoshesa uye kunzwisisa zviri nani basa rinokosha ravanoita munyika yedu.

12. Mhuka huru pane dzose munyika ndeipi? A vertebrate kana invertebrate

13. Waizviziva here? Kuda kuziva nezve vertebrate uye invertebrate mhuka dzevana

Mhuka dzakakamurwa kuita mapoka makuru maviri: vertebrates uye invertebrates. Vertebrates ndeiya ine musana uye yakakamurwa kuita makirasi mashanu: hove, amphibians, zvinokambaira, shiri nemhuka dzinoyamwisa. Kune rumwe rutivi, invertebrates ndeavo vasina musana uye vanomiririra kupfuura 95% yemarudzi ose anozivikanwa emhuka.

Pane zvakawanda zvinonakidza chokwadi pamusoro pemapoka maviri aya emhuka anogona kunakidza kuvana. Semuenzaniso, waiziva here kuti mhuka dzekare dzekare ndedze kukirasi dzehove? Hove imhuka dzemumvura dzinofema nemumagill uye zhinji dzacho dzine makwande paganda kuti dzizvidzivirire. Mamwe marudzi ehove, akadai seshaki, anoonekwa sezvikara zvakakura mumakungwa.

Kune rumwe rutivi, invertebrates dzine maitiro anoshamisa. Imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa invertebrates ishavishavi. Wanga uchiziva here kuti butterflies dzinopfuura nemushanduko inonzi metamorphosis? Izvi zvinoreva kuti, padanho radzo remakonye, ​​dzinodya pamashizha uye dzobva dzaita pupate kuti pakupedzisira dzibude semashavishavi akura. Uyezve, mamwe mashavishavi anogona kufamba madaro marefu panguva yekutama kwavo!

Izvi zvinongova zvimwe zvezvido zvingaita kuti vana vafarire mhuka dzine vertebrate nemhuka dzisina mapfupa. Kudzidza zvakawanda nezvekusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu uye machinjiro azvinoita kunharaunda yazvo kunogona kubatsira vana kunzwisisa zviri nani zvinhu zvakasikwa zvakavapoteredza. Nguva dzose yeuka kukurudzira kuda kuziva uye kuremekedza marudzi ose ehupenyu muvana vaduku. Iwe hauzive kuti ndezvipi zvitsva uye zvinonakidza curiosities zvaungawana pamwechete!

14. Mhedziso: Kusiyana kunonakidza kwemhuka dzine vertebrate uye invertebrate kune vana

Mhuka dzeVertebrate uye invertebrate dzinonakidza kuvana, sezvo dzichimiririra kusiyanisa kunoshamisa muhumambo hwemhuka. Vertebrates, dzakadai sehove, amphibians, zvinokambaira, shiri nemhuka dzinoyamwisa, dzinoonekwa nekuve ne vertebral column kana chimiro chakafanana. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvipembenene, zvakadai sezvipembenene, crustaceans, mollusks, uye echinoderms, hazvina musana uye zvine maitiro akasiyana-siyana.

Mhuka dzeVertebrate ndidzo dzinonyanya kujaira kuvana, sezvo dzichisanganisira mhando dzakawanda dzinowanikwa dzakavapoteredza, sembwa, katsi, uye shiri. Mhuka idzi dzine miviri yakaoma uye inogona kunge iine hunyanzvi, kubhururuka kana kushambira. Pamusoro pezvo, ma vertebrates ane mamwe masisitimu emukati, akadai sekufema, circulatory uye nervous system, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuchinjika kune akasiyana nharaunda.

Kune rumwe rutivi, mhuka dzisina vertebrate dzinomiririra huwandu hwakawanda hwemhuka dziri panyika. Iwo akasiyana zvakanyanya muchimiro, saizi uye pekugara. Zvipembenene, semuenzaniso, ndiro boka guru rezvipembenene uye rinogona kuwanikwa mumakondinendi ose. Kuchinja-chinja kwavo uye kugona kubereka nekukurumidza kunoita kuti vave chikamu chakakosha chezvipenyu. Zvimwe zvipembenene zvisina musana, zvakaita semollusks, zvinosanganisira hozhwa, octopus uye squid, izvo zvine zvakasiyana-siyana zvimiro uye kugona.

Muchidimbu, kusiyana kwemhuka dzevertebrate uye invertebrate zvinonakidza kuvana, sezvo boka rega rega rine maitiro akasiyana uye rinoita basa rakakosha mune zvakasikwa. Vertebrates yakanyanya kuomarara muchimiro nekushanda, nepo invertebrates akasiyana zvakanyanya uye anowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana. Kudzidza nezvemapoka akasiyana emhuka aya kunoita kuti vana vaone kupfuma nekusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu zviri paNyika.

Muchidimbu, mhuka dzine vertebrate uye invertebrate chikamu chakakosha chemhuka uye dzine hunhu hwakasiyana hunovasiyanisa kubva kune mumwe. Vertebrates ine musana wemuzongoza unovapa tsigiro yezvimiro uye inovabvumira mwero wepamusoro wekufamba uye kuoma muchimiro chavo. Zvichakadaro, invertebrates inoshaya musana uye inogadzirisa kune dzakasiyana siyana nharaunda nekushanduka masisitimu akasiyana uye zvimiro.

Kune vana, kudzidza nezve vertebrate uye invertebrate mhuka zvinogona kunakidza, zvichivapa mukana wekuongorora nekunzwisisa kusiyana kwehupenyu hwemhuka. Kunzwisisa uku kuchavabvumira kuona kukosha kweboka rega rega uye kuti vanodyidzana sei nenharaunda yavo.

Izvo zvakakosha kuratidza kuti kudzidza kwemhuka dzine vertebrate uye invertebrate hakusi kungonakidza chete, asiwo kune zvakakosha mundima dzakadai sebiology, ecology uye kuchengetedza mhuka. Nokuziva pfungwa idzi kubvira vachiri vaduku, vana vanogona kukoshesa zvikuru zvinhu zvakasikwa zvakavapoteredza.

Pakupedzisira, dzidzo pamusoro pemhuka dzine vertebrate uye invertebrate inokosha mukusimudzira kuchengetedza nekuremekedza marudzi ose ehupenyu huri panyika yedu. Kupa vana hwaro hwakasimba hweruzivo mundima iyi kuchavabatsira kunzwisisa kukosha kunokosha kwezvakasiyana-siyana zvipenyu uye kuvakurudzira kutarisira nekudzivirira nyika yedu inokosha yechisikigo nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera.