Iyo cell membrane, inozivikanwawo se plasma membrane, chimiro chakakosha chinotenderedza maseru ese uye chinogadzirisa kuchinjana kwezvinhu pakati pemukati nekunze kwawo. Basa rayo guru riri mukuchengetedza kutendeseka kwesero uye nekusarudza kudzora mafambiro emamorekuru nemaion. Muchinyorwa chino, isu tichaongorora zvakadzama zvikamu zvakasiyana uye mazita e membrane yesero, kuitira kuti tinzwisise zviri nani chimiro uye basa rayo mubiological process.
Chimiro che cell membrane
The cell membrane is a very dynamic structure inowanikwa mumasero mapenyu ose. Iyo inonyanya kuumbwa ne lipids uye mapuroteni ayo anoipa iyo yakasarudzika uye yakakosha zvimiro zvekupona kwesero. Hunhu hukuru hwechigadzirwa hunotsanangurwa pazasi:
- phospholipids: Ivo vanoumba lipid bilayerinoumba hwaro hwekuumbwa kwesero membrane. Aya lipids ane hydrophilic polar musoro uye maviri hydrophobic miswe. Kurongeka kwaro mubilayer kunobvumira kuumbwa kwepid barrier iyo inodzora kuyerera kwemamorekuru kupinda nekubuda musero.
- Mapuroteni akazara: Iwo mamorekuru akaiswa musero membrane uye anoita mabasa akasiyana. Aya mapuroteni anogona kuva vatakuri, receptors, enzymatic kana adhesion mapuroteni, pakati pevamwe. Kuvapo kwaro kwakakosha pakutaurirana uye kuchinjana kwezvinhu pakati nesero nenharaunda yaro.
- Makabhohaidhiretsi: Macarbohydrates anowanikwa akabatanidzwa kune lipids kana mapuroteni e membrane, achigadzira glycolipids uye glycoproteins. Aya maumbirwo, anozivikanwa se glycocalyx, anoita mabasa akakosha mukuzivikanwa kwesero, kunamatira kwesero, uye kudzivirira kubva kune tupukanana uye chepfu.
Pamusoro pezvikamu zvakataurwa, iyo cell membrane inogona zvakare kuunza cholesterol mamorekuru anoipa kugadzikana uye kuchinjika. Saizvozvowo, kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana emapuroteni emapuroteni ayo ari pamusoro pe membrane uye anotora chikamu mukusaina sero. Izvo zvakakosha pakushanda kwesero, sezvo inodzora kufamba kwezvinhu, inobvumira kudyidzana nenharaunda yayo uye inobatsira kuchengetedza homeostasis.
Lipid zvikamu zve cell membrane
Masero membranes, akakosha pakushanda kwemaseru, anoumbwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvelipid izvo zvinovapa zvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakosha pakuumbwa uye kushanda kwemembrane, zvichibvumira kudzora kuyerera kwezvinhu uye kutaurirana pakati pemasero.
Iwo akanyanya anosanganisira:
- phospholipids: Ndiwo akanyanya kuwanda lipids musero membrane. Iwo anosanganisira polar musoro uye maviri hydrophobic miswe. Phospholipids inorongwa kuita lipid bilayer, ine misoro kunze uye miswe iri mukati me membrane.
- Sphingolipids: Aya lipids anoumbwa ne sphingosine molecule yakabatana nemafuta acid. Sphingolipids inoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa membrane permeability uye cell signing.
- Cholesterol: Kunyangwe isiri lipid, cholesterol chinhu chakakosha chesero membrane. Inobatsira kuchengetedza fluidity ye membrane uye inobatsira pakugadzikana kwayo kwemaitiro.
Iko kusanganiswa kweaya lipid components, pamwe chete nemapuroteni uye makabhohaidhiretsi, inoumba yakanyanya simba uye inoshanda sero membrane. Kurongeka kwayo uye chaiyo lipid kuumbwa kwakakosha mukugonesa akakosha cellular maitiro senge endocytosis, exocytosis uye chiratidzo chekufambisa.
Phospholipids: hwaro hwesero membrane
Phospholipids akakosha mamorekuru muchimiro chesero membrane. Aya lipids anoumbwa nemusoro wepolar uye maviri hydrophobic miswe iyo yakarongeka mune lipid bilayer. Kuvapo kwayo kunobvumira kusikwa kwehafu-inopindirwa chipingamupinyi chinogadzirisa zvese kupinda nekubuda kwezvinhu musero.
Musoro wepolar wephospholipids, wakaumbwa neboka rephosphate uye glycerol molecule, inonzi hydrophilic, zvinoreva kuti ine hukama hwemvura. Kune rumwe rutivi, hydrophobic miswe, inoumbwa nemafuta acids, inodzingwa nemvura asi inosunga kune imwe neimwe nekuda kweiyo hydrophobic properties. Ichi chimiro chinobvumira phospholipids kuronga nenzira yakarongeka, kuumba lipid bilayer apo misoro ye polar inosangana nemhepo ine mvura uye miswe yakananga mukati kure nemvura.
Kuvapo kwephospholipids musero membrane yakakosha pakushanda kwayo Pamusoro pekupa chimiro chinodiwa chesero, aya lipids anoitawo mamwe mabasa akakosha, sekutakura zvinhu kuyambuka membrane uchishandisa mapuroteni ekufambisa. Aya mapuroteni, aripo mu lipid bilayer, anobvumira kusarudzwa kweiyoni, kudya uye mamwe mamorekuru anodiwa pakushanda chaiko kwesero. Nenzira iyi, phospholipids yakakosha kuchengetedza cellular homeostasis uye ive nechokwadi chekupona uye kushanda kwayo.
Glycolipids: imwe nhanho yekudzivirira
Glycolipids ikirasi ye lipids inowanikwa mumasero membranes, uye vanoita basa rakakosha mukupa imwe nhanho yekudzivirira. Aya makomponi anoratidzwa nekuve nemusoro wepolar wakagadzirwa nemacarbohydrates akabatana neketani yeasiri-polar fatty acids. Musanganiswa weaya maviri anoshanda mapoka anopa glycolipids akasiyana zvivakwa maererano nechimiro uye basa.
Rimwe remabasa makuru eglycolipids ndeyekudzivirira kwesero membrane kubva kune ekunze kana emukati maajenti anogona kuikuvadza. Kuvapo kwaro mu membrane kunoumba chipingamupinyi chinoshanda kurwisa zvinhu zvinokuvadza, senge chepfu kana pathogenic enzymes, kudzivirira kupinda kwavo muchitokisi. Iyi yekuwedzera dhizaini yedziviriro inobatsirawo kudzivirira kupera mvura mumuviri uye inoita sechipingamupinyi chisingapindiki kune mamwe makomisheni anonyungudika nemvura.
Mukuwedzera kune basa ravo mukuchengetedzwa kwesero, glycolipids inoita basa rinokosha mukuzivikanwa kwesero uye intercellular communication. Maketani emakhabhohaidhiretsi, aripo muglycolipids anoita sezviratidzo zvekuzivikanwa, achibvumira kuwirirana pakati pemasero. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha mukudzivirira muviri, uko glycolipids inofambisa kuzivikanwa kwemasero ekunze uye mhinduro yekudzivirira yemuviri. Saizvozvo, kuvapo kweglycolipids musero membrane kunobatsira pakuumbwa kwemicrodomain inozivikanwa se lipid rafts, iyo inoita basa muhurongwa uye kupatsanurwa kwemapuroteni mukati me membrane.
Integral cell membrane mapuroteni
Iyo zvinhu zvakakosha zvekushanda kwakanaka kwemaseru. Aya mapuroteni akaiswa mu lipid bilayer ye membrane, achivabvumira kuita zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakosha mabasa.
Rimwe remabasa akanyanya kukosha eakabatanidzwa membrane mapuroteni kutakura mamorekuru nemaion kuyambuka membrane. Aya mapuroteni anoita sematanho kana vatakuri, achibvumira kusarudzwa kwezvinhu kuburikidza nesero membrane.
Rimwe basa rakakosha remasero nderekugamuchira masaini kubva kune extracellular nharaunda uye nekuaendesa mukati mesero. Aya mapuroteni anoita seanogamuchira chiratidzo, achiziva chaiwo mamorekuru uye achikonzera intracellular "mhinduro." Nenzira iyi, masero anogona kuchinjika uye kupindura kune shanduko munharaunda yavo, kuve nechokwadi chekupona kwavo uye kushanda kwakakodzera.
Peripheral mapuroteni emusero membrane
Iro seti yemapuroteni akabatanidzwa ne plasma membrane, asi haana kubatanidzwa mairi semapuroteni akabatanidzwa. Aya mapuroteni ari muchikamu chekunze che lipid bilayer uye anotamba akasiyana siyana emabasa akakosha mukutaurirana nekuchengetedza chimiro che cellular. Nzvimbo yavo yeperipheral inovabvumira kudyidzana nemamwe mapuroteni uye lipids mumembrane, pamwe nenzvimbo yekunze.
Rimwe remabasa akatanhamara epaperipheral mapuroteni kuita sema enzymes mukuita kwemetabolism kunoitika pachisero. Aya ma enzymes anogona kukonzeresa maitiro akasiyana, senge synthesis yebioactive mamorekuru kana kushatiswa kwezvinhu zvine chepfu. Mukuwedzera, mamwe mapuroteni emapuroteni anobatanidzwa mukushandurwa kwechiratidzo, ndiko kuti, mukuendeswa kwemasero information. Semuenzaniso, vanogona kuita semareceptors emahomoni kana neurotransmitters, vachitumira chiratidzo kuburikidza nekuchinja kwekuchinja muchimiro chavo.
Peripheral mapuroteni anobatanidzwawo mukunamatira kwesero, zvichibatsira pakuumbwa kwesero-sero uye cell-extracellular matrix junctions. Mibatanidzwa iyi yakakosha pakuchengetedza tissue chimiro uye intercellular communication. Mamwe mapuroteni emumativi anoshanda semapuroteni ekuzivikanwa, achibvumira kupindirana kwakananga pakati pemasero kana pakati pemasero nemamorekuru ekunze. Kudyidzana uku kwakakosha mumatanho akadai sekufamba kwesero, kusiyanisa uye kukura kwe embryonic.
Sero membrane inoshanda
Izvo zvakakosha pakurarama uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemaseru. Ichi semipermeable chimiro chinoshanda sechidziviso chekusarudza, chinodzora kuyerera kwezvinhu kupinda nekubuda musero. Kuburikidza nenhevedzano yemaitiro, iyo cell membrane inodzora osmotic chiyero, inochengetedza homeostasis, uye inobvumira kutaurirana kweserura. Pazasi pane mamwe emabasa makuru e cell membrane:
-Kutakurwa kwezvinhu: Sero membrane inofambisa kutakura kwezvinovaka muviri, ions, uye mamwe makomisheni kuburikidza nesero. Izvi zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nemaitiro maviri makuru: kungopfuura chokufambisa uye chekufambisa chinoshanda. Mukufambisa kusinganzwisisi, zvinhu zvinodzika pasi gradient yazvo, nepo mukufambisa kunoshanda simba rinodiwa kufambisa zvinhu zvinopesana negradient yazvo. Aya maitiro ekufambisa anosanganisira nyore kupararira, kufambisa kupararira, endocytosis, uye exocytosis.
-Kuzivikanwa kwesero: Iyo cell membrane ine basa rekuzivikanwa uye kudyidzana pakati pemasero. Kuburikidza nemamorekuru ari pamusoro pawo, anonzi mapuroteni ekuzivikanwa, masero anogona kutaurirana. Mapuroteni aya anobvumira kunamatira kwesero, kuzivikanwa kwenyama yako neyekunze, uye kuumbwa kwekubatana nemamwe maseru. Serura kuzivikanwa kwakakosha mu the immune system, kusangana uye kukura kwe embryo.
- Signal transduction: Sero membrane inobatawo basa rinokosha mukushandurwa kwechiratidzo, ichibvumira sero kuti ripindure kune zvinokurudzira zvekunze uye kuronga mabasa ayo emukati kuburikidza nemapuroteni ekugamuchira ari mu membrane, Masero anogona kuona zviratidzo zvemamolekemu, zvakadai sehomoni kana neurotransmitters. Aya mapuroteni ekugamuchira anobata intracellular signing cascades, zvichikonzera nhevedzano yezviitiko zvinogadzirisa metabolism, kukura uye kusiyanisa kwemasero.
Muchidimbu, membrane yesero chinhu chakakosha chinoita mabasa akawanda mukati memasero. Kuwedzera kune kudzora kutakurwa kwezvinhu, inobvumira kucherechedzwa kweserura uye kutapurirana kwechiratidzo. Kugona kwayo kudzora kuyerera kwemamorekuru uye kurongedza kudyidzana kweserura kunobatsira kuhupenyu nekushanda kwakanaka kwezvipenyu.
Kufambisa kuburikidza nesero membrane
Iyo Sero membrane inhengo isingapindike inoita basa rakakosha mukufambisa kwe zvinhu mukati nekubuda musero Iyi, inozivikanwa se , inoitwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinobvumira kupinda nekubuda kwemamorekuru zvichienderana ne. zvinodiwa nesero.
Kune mhando mbiri huru dze: kufambiswa kusingaite uye kufambisa kunoshanda hakudi simba uye kunobva pane yekumisikidza gradient yemamorekuru Murudzi urwu rwekufambisa, mamorekuru anofamba achifarira gradient nharaunda yehuwandu hwepamusoro kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo yehutano yakaderera.
Nekune rimwe divi, kufambisa kunoshanda kunoda simba muchimiro cheATP uye kunogona kufambisa mamorekuru achipikisa gradient yavo, zvichireva kuti anosimuka kubva kunharaunda ye low concentration kuenda kudunhu rine yakanyanya. Iyi mhando yekutakura inoitwa nemapuroteni ekufambisa, akadai sesodium-potassium pombi, anoshandisa simba reATP kutakura maion kuyambuka membrane. Pamusoro pezvo, kune chechipiri chinoshanda chekufambisa, uko gradient yakagadzirwa nepombi inoshandiswa kutakura imwe molekuru ichipikisana negradient yayo.
Membrane-mediated cellular communication
Iyi inzira yakakosha yekushanda kwezvipenyu zvese. Kuburikidza nemasisitimu akaomarara uye akasarudzika, maseru anogona kuchinjana ruzivo nezviratidzo, nokudaro achironga mabasa akasiyana uye maitiro anoitika mukati mavo. Kukurukurirana uku kunoitwa kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye mamorekuru anoita pamusoro pesero membrane.
Imwe nzira yakajairika ndeye kuburikidza nepamusoro receptor mapuroteni. Aya mapuroteni akaiswa mu membrane uye ane kugona kuziva uye kusunga kune kusaina mamorekuru aripo munzvimbo ye extracellular. Kamwe chete siginecha molecule inosunga kune receptor, nhevedzano yezviitiko zve intracellular zvinokonzereswa izvo zvinoumba inonongedza cascade, ichiendesa ruzivo musero rese.
Imwe nzira yakakosha yekutaurirana kwemaserura ndiko kuumbwa kwesero junctions uye kubatana nemaseru ari pedyo. Aya mabatanidzi, anonzi gap junctions, anobvumira kuchinjana kwemamorekuru madiki uye makemikari anoyananisa pakati pemasero. Uku kukwanisa kutaurirana kwakananga kwakakosha pakurongeka kwezviitwa zvemaserura, senge tsandanyama kubvongodzwa, kupararira kwetsinga dzetsinga, uye mhinduro yemuviri wedziviriro Kuburikidza nekubatana uku, masero anogona kushanda pamwechete, achigadzira matishu uye miviri yakasarudzika.
Serura receptors: kiyi yekusaina
Mu cell biology, cell receptors inoita basa rakakosha mukusaina sero. Aya mamorekuru anowanikwa pamusoro pemaseru uye ane basa rekuona zvinokurudzira kubva kune zvakatipoteredza uye kuendesa chiratidzo mukati mesero chimiro chavo chinovabvumira kuziva chaiwo mamorekuru uye kukonzeresa mhinduro.
Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzemaserura receptors, imwe neimwe iine chaiyo basa uye masaini meshini. Mamwe emhando dzakajairika anosanganisira:
- Membrane receptors: anowanikwa pamusoro pesero uye anobatanidzwa mukufambiswa kwemasaini ekunze mukati mesero. Inogona kuva G protein-coupled receptors, ionotropic receptors, kana enzyme receptors.
- Nuclear receptors: anowanikwa mukati memusero wesero uye anobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kweiyo gene kutaura. Kuita kwayo kunobvumira kunyorwa kwemajini chaiwo uye kugadzirwa kwemapuroteni anodiwa kune akasiyana cellular maitiro.
- Immune response receptors: Iwo anowanikwa mumaseru e immune system uye ane basa rekuziva mamorekuru ekunze, senge utachiona kana maseru ane hutachiona, uye zvichikonzera mhinduro yakakodzera yemuviri.
Basa rema cellular receptors rakakosha pakugadzirisa kwemaitiro emasero akadai sekukura, kusiyanisa uye kupona kwesero. Kudzidza kwayo nekunzwisisa kwakakosha kufambisira mberi ruzivo rwesero biology uye kugadzira marapirwo matsva uye marapirwo ezvirwere zvakasiyana.
Kugadziriswa kwesero membrane kutendeseka
Izvo zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakaringana kwemasero. Iyo cell membrane inoshanda seyekudzivirira uye yakasarudzika chipinganidzo chinogadzirisa mafambiro ezvinhu mukati nekubuda musero Pazasi pane zvimwe zvakakosha uye maitiro anobatanidzwa mukuchengetedza kuvimbika kweserura.
-Membrane fluidity: Iyo lipid kuumbwa kwesero membrane inobvumira kuti ive mvura, iyo yakakosha pakushanda kwayo nemazvo. Iyo phospholipids uye cholesterol iripo mu membrane inobatsira kuchengetedza fluidity, kufambisa kufamba kwemapuroteni uye zvimwe zvikamu mukati mesero.
-Kutakurwa kwezvinhu: Sero membrane inoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana dzekufambisa kudzora mafambiro ezvinhu kuburikidza nazvo. Kupararira kwakareruka, kufambiswa kunofambiswa, uye kufambisa kunoshanda ndedzimwe nzira dzinobatanidzwa mukuchengetedza cellular homeostasis uye kupindura kune zvekunze zvinokurudzira masero kutora zvinovaka muviri, kubvisa tsvina, uye Ivo vanodzora kuwanda kwezvinhu munzvimbo yavo.
- Dziviriro kupokana kukuvadzwa: Iyo sero membrane inoitawo basa rakakosha mukudzivirira sero kubva pakukuvara kwekunze. Kuburikidza nekuvapo kweaoxidant mamorekuru akadai sevhitamini E, iyo membrane yesero inogona kumisa mahara radicals uye mamwe maoxidizing agents anogona kukuvadza ma cell cell. Uyezve, mapuroteni e membrane, akadai se integrins, anoita sezvitsigiro zvinochengetedza chimiro uye kunamatira kwesero, kudzivirira membrane kuputika.
Muchidimbu, el inzira yakaoma uye yakakosha yekushanda kwakanaka kwe maseru. Kuyerera kweMembrane, kutakurwa kwezvinhu uye kuchengetedzwa kubva mukukuvadzwa ndezvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakosha zvinobatanidzwa mukuita uku. Kunzwisisa maitiro aya kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti masero anochengetedza sei kutendeseka uye kugadzirisa nharaunda yavo yemukati kuchengetedza homeostasis.
Kudzora kwemukati nekunze kwemukati mesero
Iyo inzira yakakosha yekuchengetedza homeostasis uye kushanda chaiko kwezvipenyu zvese. Uyu murairo unosanganisira intracellular mechanisms inodzora kuenzana kwezvinhu uye kutaurirana nekunze kwekunze kuburikidza nehurongwa hwemaserura.
Mukati mesero, kudzorwa kwematabolites nemamorekuru kwakakosha pakushanda kwayo kwakaringana kunoitika. Izvi zvinosanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuderedzwa kweakasiyana makomisheni, senge nucleic acids, mapuroteni, uye lipids. Sero rinoshandisa nzira dzakadai sekunyora uye dudziro yemajini kugadzira mapuroteni anodiwa uye ma enzymes ane basa rekukonzeresa metabolic reaction.
Nekune rimwe divi, sero rinofanirawo kudzora nharaunda yaro yekunze kuti ive nechokwadi chekutsinhana kwakakwana kwezvinhu nemhoteredzo. nharaunda. Kune izvi, maseru membranes anoita basa rakakosha. Aya lipid maumbirwo anobvumira nzira yakasarudzika yemamorekuru nemaion kuburikidza nesero, nekudaro kutonga kupinda nekubuda kwezvinhu zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemaserura. Uye zvakare, kutaurirana kwekunze kunoitwa kuburikidza nemasaini emakemikari, senge mahormone uye neurotransmitters, anogona kumisa kana kuvharidzira akasiyana cellular maitiro.
Kukosha kwesero membrane mune homeostasis
Iyo cell membrane inoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza homeostasis mune zvipenyu. Ichi chakatetepa, chinochinjika chimiro chakatenderedza maseru ese uye chinoshanda sechinhu chinosarudzika chinogadzirisa mafambiro ezvinhu kupinda nekubuda musero. Kuburikidza nenhevedzano yemaitiro, iyo cell membrane inobatsira kudzora kuunganidzwa kweion, zvinovaka muviri uye tsvina zvigadzirwa, kuve nechokwadi chemukati memukati nharaunda yekushanda kweserura.
Rimwe remabasa makuru emusero membrane ndiyo hurongwa hwekutakurwa kwezvinhu. Kuburikidza nekuvapo kwemapuroteni ekufambisa, sero membrane inofambisa kupinda uye kubuda kwemamorekuru chaiwo, kuchengetedza chiyero mumazinga ezvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita semvura, okisijeni, glucose uye ayoni akadai sodium, potassium uye calcium. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo cellular cellular membrane inoitawo basa rakakosha mukufambisa kunoshanda uye kungoita zvifambiso, maitiro anotendera kuyerera kwezvinhu kuyambuka membrane pasina kuda simba kana kushandisa cellular simba, zvakateerana.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chesero membrane mune homeostasis kugona kwayo kuona uye kupindura kune zvinokurudzira kubva kunharaunda. Kuburikidza nekuvapo kwemareceptors pamusoro payo, sero membrane inogona kuziva masaini emakemikari kana emuviri uye kukonzeresa mhinduro dzenharembozha. kana kuchinja kwe membrane permeability, pakati pedzimwe nzira. Muchidimbu, iyo membrane yesero inoita basa rakakosha muhomeostasis, kuve nechokwadi chekuvimbika uye kushanda kwakanaka kwemaseru pasi pekuchinja kwemamiriro.
Mazano ekutarisira uye kuchengetedza kwesero membrane
Kutarisira uye kuchengetedza kwesero membrane kwakakosha kuti ive nechokwadi chekushanda kwayo uye kuvimbisa hutano hwemasero edu. Pano tinopa mamwe mazano akakosha kuchengetedza kutendeseka kweichi chimiro chakakosha mumuviri wedu:
1. Dzivisa oxidative kusagadzikana: Kugara kuratidzwa kune mahara radicals kunogona kukonzera oxidation uye kukuvadzwa kwesero membrane. Kuti uzvidzivirire, zvinokurudzirwa kudya chikafu chakapfuma mune antioxidants semichero nemiriwo, pamwe nekudzivirira kunwa doro zvakanyanya uye kuputa.
2. Chengetedza mvura yakakwana: Sero membrane inoda kuenzana kwakaringana kwemvura kuti ishande zvakanaka Iva nechokwadi chekuti unonwa mvura yakakwana zuva rese kuti uchengetedze mvura uye uve nechokwadi chekutakura chikafu uye kubvisa tsvina.
3. Chengetedza kana uchibata lipids: Lipids zvinhu zvakakosha zve cell membrane. Dzivisa kusangana nemakemikari ane hasha anogona kuvakuvadza, senge zvinonyungudutsa zvakasimba. Mukuwedzera, zvakakosha kuchengetedza kudya kwakakwana kunopa mafuta anokosha anokosha anodiwa pakuumbwa kwehutano hwesero membrane.
Mibvunzo neMhinduro
Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi cell membrane?
A: Iyo maseru membrane, semipermeable chipingamupinyi chinotenderedza nekudzivirira maseru, kudzora kuyerera kwezvinhu mukati nekubuda mazviri.
Mubvunzo: Ndezvipi zvikamu zvikuru zvesero membrane?
A: Sero membrane inonyanya kuumbwa ne lipids, mapuroteni uye makhahydrates. Lipids, senge phospholipids, inoumba bilayer inopa chimiro kune membrane.
Mubvunzo: Ndeipi basa re lipids musero membrane?
A: Lipids yakakosha muchimiro chesero membrane, ichipa chinovharira chisingapindiki kumamorekuru anonyungudika nemvura uye kudzora kuyerera kwayo.
Mubvunzo: Ndeapi makuru maseru membrane mapuroteni?
A: Mapuroteni eSero membrane akakamurwa kuita mapoka makuru maviri: mapuroteni akabatanidzwa uye mapuroteni epakati. Integral mapuroteni anoyambuka membrane yese, nepo mapuroteni emukati akasungirirwa kunze kana mukati mayo.
Mubvunzo: Ndeipi basa remapuroteni ari musero membrane?
A: Mapuroteni eSero membrane anoita mabasa akasiyana siyana, sekutakura mamorekuru kuyambuka membrane, kugamuchira masaini emakemikari, uye ma enzymes anobatanidzwa mukuchinja kwemetabolism.
Mubvunzo: Ndeipi basa rinoitwa nemacarbohydrates mu cell membrane?
A: Makabhohaidhiretsi ari musero membrane anotora chikamu mukuzivikanwa kwesero uye adhesion, mukuwedzera pakuita semareceptors emasaini ekunze.
Mubvunzo: Pane here chimwe chimiro chakakodzera kana chikamu mune cell membrane?
A: Kuwedzera kune lipids, mapuroteni uye makabhohaidhiretsi, sero membrane inewo zvimwe zvikamu zvakaita secholesterol, iyo inogadzirisa kuyerera kwayo, uye marudzi akasiyana eakakosha lipids, akadai se glycolipids.
Mubvunzo: Ndeipi kukosha kwekunzwisisa mazita uye mabasa ezvikamu zvesero membrane?
A: Kuziva kwemazita nemashandiro ezvikamu zvesero membrane kwakakosha kuti unzwisise mashandiro anoita maseru uye kuti anodyidzana sei. Pamusoro pezvo, kunzwisisa uku kwakakosha mukutsvagisa kwesainzi uye nekuvandudza marapirwo ekurapa.
Maonero Eramangwana
Mukupedzisa, takaongorora membrane yesero uye zvikamu zvayo zvakakosha zvakadzama. Kubva kune phospholipids inogadzira iyo lipid bilayer, kusvika kune akakosha uye eperipheral mapuroteni anoita basa rakakosha mukutonga kwezvinhu uye kudyidzana nekunze kwezvakatipoteredza.
Saizvozvo, takakurukura nezve akasiyana marudzi emalipids aripo musero membrane uye kuti asymmetric kurongeka kwavo kunopa sei kushanda uye kugadzikana kwesero.
Uyezve, takaratidza kukosha kwemakhahydrates mu membrane yesero, ingave iri muchimiro che glycolipids kana glycoproteins, sezvinhu zvekuzivikanwa uye zviratidzo zvekuzivikanwa kwema cellular.
Pakupedzisira, kunzwisisa kuomarara kwesero membrane nemazita aro kwakakosha pa kudzidza kwesero biology uye kunzwisisa maitiro akakosha anoitika mukati masero. Kurongeka kwayo uye kuumbwa kwayo kunoita kuti ive chinhu chakakosha mukushanda nekupona kwezvipenyu.
Tinovimba kuti chinyorwa chino chapa yakadzama uye yakajeka maonero esero membrane uye mazita avo, zvichikubatsira kuwana ruzivo rwakadzama mune ino inonakidza ndima yekudzidza.
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