Munyika Mumakemikari mune zvakasiyana-siyana zviitiko uye zvinhu zvinogona kuva enigmatic kune vakawanda. Imwe yacho ndeye colloids, kirasi yakakosha yemasanganiswa ayo anoratidzirwa hunhu hwayo vanhu uye maitiro avo akasiyana. Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora marudzi akasiyana-siyana e-colloids aripo uye kuongorora mimwe mienzaniso zvakakosha zvechikamu ichi chinonakidza chezvinhu. Kuburikidza nemaitiro ehunyanzvi uye asina kwaakarerekera, isu tichatsvaga kuzama zvakadzama mumusoro wenyaya, tichipa muono wakajeka uye mupfupi wemacolloids uye kukosha kwawo mundima dzakasiyana dzesainzi uye tekinoroji.
1. Nhanganyaya kune colloids: zvavari, mhando uye mienzaniso
Colloids masisitimu akaparadzirwa ari pakati pepakati pemhinduro dzechokwadi uye kumiswa. Iwo anoratidzirwa nekuumbwa neakapararira zvidimbu zvehukuru husina microscopic, izvo zvakamiswa mumhepo inoparadzira. Zvimedu izvi zvinogona kusiyana muchimiro uye saizi, kubva ku nanoparticles kusvika kune hombe zvidimbu, uye inogona kuve yakasimba, mvura kana gasi.
Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana emacolloid, ayo anorongwa maererano nechikamu chechikamu chakapararira uye icho chepakati pekuparadzira. Mamwe emhando dzinonyanyo zivikanwa ndeye liquid-liquid colloids, solid-liquid colloids, uye gas-liquid colloids. Imwe neimwe mhando ye colloid ine akasiyana zvivakwa uye hunhu, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha mune dzakasiyana siyana tekinoroji nesainzi mashandisiro.
Kuti unzwisise zviri nani kuti colloids chii, zvinobatsira kuziva mimwe mienzaniso yecolloids inowanikwa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Mimwe mienzaniso yakajairika inosanganisira mukaka, mayonnaise, mhute, utsi, uye plasma yeropa. Iyi mienzaniso inoratidza kuti macolloid aripo sei munzvimbo dzakasiyana uye kuti zvimiro zvavo zvinovaita sei zvakakosha mumamiriro akasiyana.
2. Tsanangudzo yecolloids uye maitiro avo makuru
Colloids ndiwo masisitimu akaparadzirwa umo zvidimbu zvakapararira zvine saizi pakati pe 1 nanometer uye 1 micrometer. Idzi zvidimbu zvakaparadzirwa zvinogona kusimba, mvura kana gasi, uye zvinoparadzirwa mune inoenderera svikiro. Kupararira kwezvikamu zviri mumhepo inoenderera ndiko kunosiyanisa colloid kubva kune mamwe masanganiswa, senge mhinduro uye kumiswa. Kupararira kwakagadzikana nekuda kwekubatana kwemasimba pakati pezvikamu zvakapararira, izvo zvinovadzivirira kubva pakugadzirisa kana kupera.
Imwe yemhando huru ye colloids kugona kwavo kuparadzira mwenje. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti zvidimbu zvakapararira zvakakura zvekukwanisa kudyidzana nechiedza, asi hazvina kukura zvekukwanisa kuparadzira zvachose. Kupararira uku yechiedza Izvi ndizvo zvinopa mhedzisiro yeTyndall, iyo inotibvumira kuona nzira yechiedza kuburikidza ne colloid. Chimwe hunhu hwakakosha ndiko kugona kwemacolloid kuumba gels, ane muchinjiko-akabatanidzwa matatu-dimensional chimiro chinoteya chinoenderera svikiro mukati.
Colloids inoratidzawo electrochemical properties, sezvo zvimedu zvakaparadzirwa zvinogona kuwana mutero wemagetsi nekuda kwekushambadza kweionic marudzi kubva pakati. Aya machaji emagetsi anogona kuve akanaka kana akaipa, uye anokanganisa kudyidzana pakati pezvimedu zvakapararira. Electrostatic repulsion pakati pezvimedu zvakajairwa zvechiratidzo chimwe chete inovadzivirira kubva pakusangana, izvo zvinobatsira mukugadzikana kwecolloids. Kune rimwe divi, iyo electrostatic kukwezva pakati pezvimedu zvinochajiswa zvezviratidzo zvakapesana zvinogona kutungamira mukuumbwa kweaggregates. Aya maelectrochemical properties akakosha mukushandisa kwakawanda kwecolloids, senge mumaindasitiri ezvekudya, zvekuzora uye mishonga.
3. Kurongwa kwemacolloids maererano nekupararira kwavo
Iyo yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: sol, gel uye emulsion.
Chekutanga, sol-mhando colloids inoratidzwa nekuve nezvimedu zvakaparadzirwa mumvura yepakati. Zvimedu izvi zvine microscopic muhukuru uye zviri mukumiswa, zvinoreva kuti hazvina kuiswa negiravhiti. Maonda anogona kuva chikamu chezuva, asi anofanira kunge ari muchimiro chezvimedu zvakanaka kwazvo uye haakwanise kunyungudika zvachose mumvura. Muenzaniso wakajairika we sol colloid iropa, uko masero eropa anoparadzirwa muplasma.
Chechipiri, gel-mhando colloids inoratidzwa nekuve neatatu-dimensional chimiro umo iyo yemvura yepakati inoramba yakabatwa. pane network yakasimba. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nechinhu chakaita semi-rigid chine hunhu hwesese mvura uye yakasimba. Gels inoumbwa apo colloidal particles inoungana pamwe chete uye inogadzira inoenderera network mukati memvura yemvura. Mienzaniso yegels inosanganisira gelatin, rubber, uye silica gel.
Pakupedzisira, emulsion-type colloids inoumbwa apo zvinwiwa zviviri zvisingagoneki zvinoparadzirwa mukati memumwe nemumwe kuburikidza nekushandisa emulsifying agent. Iyo emulsifying mumiriri inoita sezambuko pakati pezvikamu zviviri zvemvura uye inodzivirira kuti iparadzane. Muenzaniso wakajairika we emulsion ndeye mayonnaise, apo mafuta nevhiniga zvinoumba musanganiswa wakagadzikana nekuda kwemumiriri we emulsifying ane mazai.
4. Colloids yakaparadzirwa mumvura: colloidal solutions
Chirungu (colloid dispersed in a liquid) zvinoreva kuturika kwezvidimbu mumhepo ine mvura. Zvimedu izvi, zvinogona kusimba, mvura kana gasi, zvine saizi ingangoita pakati pe1 ne1000 nanometers, izvo zvinovapa zvimwe zvinhu. Colloidal solutions inoratidzirwa nekupa chitarisiko chakafanana kune ziso rakashama, asi kana ichionekwa pasi pe microscope kupararira kwezvikamu zvinogona kuonekwa.
Kuti uwane mhinduro yecolloidal, nzira dzakasiyana dzekuparadzira dzinogona kushandiswa. Imwe yeanowanzo kugaya, umo zvimedu zvakasimba zvinopwanyika kusvikira zvasvika pakukura kwakakodzera. Izvo zvakare zvinokwanisika kuwana colloidal mhinduro kuburikidza ne condensation, umo zvidimbu zvinoumbwa kubva mumhute. Imwe nzira ndeye emulsion, iyo inosanganisira kuparadzira madonhwe emvura imwe mune imwe immiscible.
Zvakakosha kuchengeta mupfungwa kuti colloidal solutions inogona kugadzikana kana kusagadzikana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvimedu zvinowanzobatana nekuda kwemasimba anoyevedza pakati pawo. Kuti udzivise izvi, zvinokwanisika kushandisa stabilizers, senge surfactants kana mapolymers, izvo zvinodzivirira zvimedu kubva kuagglomerating. Uyezve, kusungirirwa kwezvikamu mukugadzirisa kunokonzerawo kugadzikana kwayo. Mupfungwa iyi, zvakakosha kutevedzera mirairo yemugadziri uye kuita bvunzo dzekugadzikana usati washandisa iyo colloidal mhinduro mumashandisirwo chaiwo.
5. Colloids yakapararira mumagasi: colloidal aerosols
A colloidal aerosol kupararira kwecolloidal particles mugasi. Mumhando iyi yecolloid, yakasimba kana kuti mvura zvidimbu zvinoparadzirwa mumhepo kana chero imwe gasi. Colloidal particles inogona kusiyana muhukuru uye kuumbwa, ichivapa yakasarudzika zvivakwa. Mamwe akajairika colloidal aerosols anosanganisira pendi yekupfapfaidza, deodorants, uye zvigadzirwa zvemumagaba zvinoshandisa propellants.
Kuti uwane colloidal aerosol, nzira dzakasiyana dzekuparadzira dzinoshandiswa. Imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye atomization, umo mvura inoshandurwa kuita zvidimbu zvakanaka uchishandisa kudzvanywa kana ultrasonic simba. Imwe nzira ndeye nebulization, apo mvura inoshandurwa kuita zvidimbu kuburikidza nekuita kwegasi rakamanikidzwa kana mudziyo we ultrasonic.
Zvakakosha, colloidal aerosols ane maapplication mumaindasitiri akasiyana. Semuenzaniso, muindasitiri yemishonga inoshandiswa mukugadzira inhalers kuti ipe mishonga kuburikidza nemhepo. Mukuwedzera, colloidal aerosols inoshandiswawo mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zvekuzora, senge sprays. yebvudzi, iyo inobatsira kuparadzira zvigadzirwa zvakafanana. Muchidimbu, colloidal aerosols a zvinobudirira yekuparadzira colloidal particles mugasi, ine akawanda maapplication munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeindasitiri.
6. Colloids yakapararira mune zvakasimba: colloidal gels
Mu chemistry, colloidal gels imhando yakakosha yecolloids yakapararira mune yakasimba. Aya masisitimu anoumbwa neakasimba particles akamiswa mukati memvura yepakati, achigadzira matatu-dimensional network-yakafanana chimiro. Colloidal gels inoratidzirwa nehupamhi hwavo hwepamusoro uye kugona kuchengetedza yakawanda yemvura.
Muenzaniso wakajairika weiyo colloidal gel is silica gel, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yekubvisa mvura mumagasi uye zvinwiwa, pamwe nekugadzira mishonga uye zvizorwa. Kuti uwane colloidal silica gel, zvinodikanwa kuparadzira silica particles mumvura yakadai semvura kana doro, uye wozobvumira chimiro chejeri kuumba.
Kuumbwa kwejiro colloidal kunosanganisira matanho akati wandei. Kutanga, zvakakosha kusarudza rudzi rwezvimedu zvakasimba zvinoshandiswa, pamwe chete nemvura yakakodzera yekuparadzira. Zvadaro, zvimedu zvinoparadzirwa mumvura, ingave ne mechanical inomutsa, ultrasound kana chero imwe nzira yakakodzera. Kana zvimedu zvapararira, chimiro chegel chinobvumirwa kuumba kuburikidza nekubatana pakati pezvikamu uye mvura. Maitiro aya Zvinogona kutora nguva uye zvinoda kudzora tembiricha uye particle concentration mamiriro.
Muchidimbu, colloidal gels masisitimu ayo akasimba zvimedu zvinoparadzirwa mumvura kuita matatu-dimensional network-yakafanana chimiro. Aya gel ane viscous zvakanyanya uye anokwanisa kuchengetedza yakawanda yemvura. Kuumbwa kwejeri recolloidal kunosanganisira kusarudzwa kwakakodzera kwezvikamu uye kuparadzira mvura, inoteverwa nekupararira kwezvikamu uye kudzorwa kuumbwa kwechimiro chejeri. Aya majiroji ane huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa muindasitiri uye mukugadzira mishonga yemishonga uye yekuzora.
7. Mhando dze colloids: hydrophilic uye hydrophobic
Colloids zvinhu zvinoonekwa nekukwanisa kupararira muzvinonyungudutsa, zvichigadzira chikamu chakasiyana chinonzi colloidal dispersion. Izvi zvinopararira zvinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zviviri zvikuru: hydrophilic colloids uye hydrophobic colloids.
Hydrophilic colloids ndeaya umo chikamu chakapararira chine hukama hweiyo aqueous solvent. Mumhando iyi yecolloids, kupararira kunoumbwa nekuda kwekubatana pakati pemamorekuru echikamu chakapararira uye mamorekuru emushonga. Kudyidzana uku kunofarirwa neiyo polarity zvimiro zvemamorekuru uye inoitika kuburikidza nemaitiro akadai seadsorption kana hydration.
Kune rimwe divi, hydrophobic colloids ndeaya umo chikamu chakapararira chine zvishoma kana kusabatana kweiyo aqueous solvent. Muchiitiko ichi, kupararira kunoumbwa nekuda kwekushayikwa kwekubatana pakati pemamorekuru echikamu chakapararira uye mamorekuru emushonga. Kudzikamisa kupararira uku, kuvepo kweanoshanda-anoshanda maajenti kana ma surfactants anodiwa kuderedza kushushikana kwepamusoro uye kudzivirira kuunganidzwa kwezvikamu.
Mukupfupisa, hydrophilic colloids ine hukama hwemvura, iyo inobvumira kupararira kwezvikamu mune aqueous medium. Kune rimwe divi, hydrophobic colloids haina hukama hwemvura uye inoda kuvepo kwevanogadzira kuti vagadzire yakagadzikana dispersions. Kunzwisisa aya marudzi maviri ecolloid kwakakosha kuti unzwisise maitiro avo mune akasiyana maindasitiri ekushandisa, sekugadzira zvinhu, pharmacology, uye chikafu chemakemikari.
8. Colloids yemvura particles: emulsions uye colloidal suspensions
Iyo liquid particle colloids Ndiwo masisitimu ekuti zvimedu zvidiki zvemvura zvinoparadzirwa mune imwe mvura kana mune yakasimba medium. Emulsions uye colloidal kumiswa marudzi maviri emvura particle colloids anowanzo kuwanikwa muindasitiri uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Las emulsiones Iwo macolloids umo madonhwe madiki eimwe mvura anoparadzirwa mune imwe immiscible fluid. Muenzaniso wakajairika mukaka, umo madonhwe emafuta anoparadzirwa mumvura. Emulsions inogona kugadzikana kana kusagadzikana, zvichienderana nemaitiro emadonhwe ekudonha kana kubatana. Kudzikamisa emulsion, emulsifying agents, senge lecithin kana cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, inogona kushandiswa.
Colloidal kumiswa Iwo masisitimu ayo akapatsanurwa zvakatsetseka zvimedu zvakasimba zvinoparadzirwa mumvura. Izvi zvimedu hazvigadzike zviri nyore nekuda kwehukuru hwazvo hudiki uye magetsi emagetsi ekudzosa pakati pawo. Muenzaniso wakajairika weiyo colloidal suspension is silica gel mumvura, inoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvekudya. kutarisirwa kwemunhu uye muindasitiri yemishonga. Colloidal suspensions inogona kushandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa, senge machira, anonamira uye mishonga yemishonga.
9. Colloids yezvikamu zvakasimba: colloidal dispersions
Solid particle colloids icolloidal dispersions inoumbwa neakakamurwa zvakatsetseka zvimedu zvakaomeswa zvakaparadzirwa mukati memvura. Izvi zvimedu zvakasimba zvine saizi inotangira pakati pe 1 nanometer uye 1 micrometer, iyo inovapa yakakosha uye yakasarudzika zvivakwa.
Imwe yeakanyanya kukosha maitiro eiyo solid particle colloids ndiko kugadzikana kwavo, sezvo zvimedu zvakaomesesa zvinowanzoita agglomerate uye kugadzirisa. Kuchengetedza zvimedu zvakapararira uye kudzivirira sedimentation, nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshandiswa, dzakadai sekuwedzera kwekudzikamisa vamiririri uye kushandiswa kwekukurudzira uye homogenization maitiro.
Muindasitiri, solid particle colloids ine akasiyana maapplication, sekugadzira pendi, machira, zvizorwa, mishonga uye chikafu. Mukugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa izvi, zvakakosha kuti uzive zvimiro uye maitiro eiyo yakasimba particle colloids, pamwe nehunyanzvi hwakakodzera hwekugadzirira kwavo nekudzikamisa. Ruzivo urwu runozotitendera kuwana zvigadzirwa mhando yepamusoro uye nehunhu chaihwo.
Mukupfupisa, solid particle colloids icolloidal dispersions iyo inoumbwa neakakamurwa zvakatsetseka zvimedu zvakaomeswa zvakaparadzirwa mukati memvura. Aya madhipatimendi ane hunhu hwakakosha nekuda kwehukuru hwezvimedu, uye kugadzikana kwavo kwakakosha mumaindasitiri akasiyana. Zvakakosha kuziva maitiro akakodzera ekugadzirira uye kugadzikana kweiyo yakasimba particle colloids, pamwe chete mashandisirwo ayo mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.
10. Mienzaniso yakajairika ye colloids muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva
Colloids masisitimu akaparadzirwa umo zvikamu zvakaparadzirwa zvine chiyero chimwe muhukuru hwepakati pe1 kusvika 1000 nanometers. Aya masisitimu anoita basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva uye anogona kuwanikwa mune dzakasiyana siyana zvigadzirwa uye zviitiko. Pazasi pane mimwe mienzaniso yakajairika ye colloids mu hupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
1. Mukaka: Mukaka muenzaniso chaiwo we colloid. Iyo inoumbwa nemafuta globules akamiswa mune aqueous mhinduro yemapuroteni, lactose uye zvicherwa. Nekuda kwehukuru hwezvimedu zvakapararira uye mabatiro avanoita nechiedza, mukaka une chitarisiko chichena chisina kujeka.
2. Mayonnaise: Mayonnaise mumwe muenzaniso we colloid inowanikwa mukubika. Inoumbwa nemadonhwe maduku emafuta akaparadzirwa mu emulsion yeii yolk nevhiniga. Ichi colloidal chimiro chinopa mayonnaise kurongeka kwayo uye chimiro chakafanana.
3. Ropa: Ropa ndiro colloid inokosha yekushanda kwemuviri. muviri wemunhu. Inoumbwa nemasero eropa (masero matsvuku uye machena eropa) akamiswa mu plasma ine aqueous. Ropa muenzaniso wecolloid nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvimedu zvakapararira uye kugona kwayo kuchengetedza zvimedu izvi zvakamiswa.
Iyi ingori mienzaniso mishoma yemacolloid inowanikwa muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Colloids inobata basa rakakosha mune rakasiyana siyana rekushandisa, kubva pachikafu kuenda kumishonga uye zvizorwa. Kunzwisisa hunhu uye zvivakwa zve colloids kwakakosha kune akawanda maindasitiri nesainzi minda.
11. Maindasitiri ekushandiswa kwecolloids uye kukosha kwawo mune tekinoroji
Maindasitiri ekushandiswa kwecolloids anoita basa rakakosha munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemazuva ano tekinoroji. Imwe yeanonyanya kukosha inoshandiswa ndeyekugadzira pendi uye machira. Colloids inoshanda seanodzikamisa vamiririri, kudzivirira kunaya kwemvura uye kuve nechokwadi chekupararira kweyunifomu ye pigment mupende. Izvi hazvisi kungovandudza kunaka uye kusimba kwekuputira, asiwo kunofambisa kushandiswa kwayo uye kunopa zvinhu zvakadai semvura uye abrasion resistance.
Chimwe chiziviso chekushanda chiri muindasitiri yemishonga. Colloids inoshandiswa mukugadzira zvinodhaka kuvandudza kugadzikana uye bioavailability yeanoshanda makomisheni. Semuenzaniso, lipid colloids inowanzoshandiswa kuvandudza kunyungudika kwemvura-isina kunyungudika zvinodhaka, nokudaro zvichibvumira kunyudzwa kuri nani mumuviri. Uye zvakare, colloids inoshandiswawo mukugadzira topical creams uye lotions, ichipa yakapfava mameseji uye kufambisa kutorwa kweganda kwezvinhu zvinoshanda.
Mumunda zvekudya, colloids inoitawo basa rakakodzera. Iwo anoshandiswa seanosimbisa, thickeners uye emulsifiers muindasitiri yechikafu. Semuenzaniso, maprotein colloids anoshandiswa kudzikamisa furo uye emulsion, nepo starch colloids inoshandiswa seyakakora mumasosi uye zvigadzirwa zvemukaka. Izvi zvinowedzera zvinovandudza magadzirirwo, kugadzikana uye kunaka kwechikafu, zvichibatsira pakukwezva kwavo kwekuona uye kunzwa.
12. Kukosha kwecolloids mumunda wemishonga uye biology
Colloids zvinhu zvine microscopic particles zvakaturikwa mukati, zvichiita colloidal dispersion. Kukosha kwayo mumunda wemishonga uye biology iri mukukwanisa kwayo kuita mabasa akasiyana mumuviri.
Chekutanga, macolloids anoshandiswa semotokari dzekutakura zvinodhaka. Nekuda kwehukuru hwavo uye isiri-sedimenting midziyo, vanogona kutakura mishonga uye kuve nechokwadi chekugovera kwavo yunifomu mumuviri. Iyi ficha inonyanya kukosha mukurapa kunoda kuburitswa kwenguva refu kwezvinhu zvinoshanda, nekudaro kudzivirira kudikanwa kwekugara uchironga.
Mukuwedzera, colloids inoshandiswawo mumunda we regenerative mushonga. Mupfungwa iyi, anoshandiswa kugadzira biological scaffolds anoshanda setsigiro yekukura kwematishu uye nhengo. Izvi colloidal zvinhu zvinopa nharaunda yakakodzera kuti maseru anamate uye akure, achisimudzira kuvandudzwa kwematishu akakuvadzwa.
Chekupedzisira, colloids inoita basa rakakosha mukuongororwa kwekiriniki uye marabhoritari. Iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzirira kwemhinduro uye reagents, kufambisa kushanda kweakasiyana-siyana assays uye kuongororwa bvunzo. Uyezve, kukwanisa kwayo kuumba mafirimu akaonda uye akagadzikana anobvumira kushandiswa kwayo mumaitiro akadai sechromatography uye electrophoresis, inoshandiswa kuparadzanisa uye kuongorora zvikamu zvakasiyana zvemuenzaniso.
Mukupedzisa, colloids zvinhu zvakakosha mumunda wemishonga uye biology nekuda kwekugona kwavo kutakura zvinodhaka, kukurudzira kuvandudzwa kwetishu uye kufambisa kuongororwa kwekiriniki nerabhoritari. Zvinhu izvi zvinovaita maturusi akakosha mukuvandudza marapirwo uye mukutsvagisa kwesainzi munzvimbo idzi. Nekuda kwekuita kwavo kwakasiyana-siyana uye mashandisiro, colloids yave nzvimbo yekudzidza nekusimudzira mukushanduka-shanduka..
13. Zvivakwa uye maitiro e colloids mu colloidal systems
Colloids masisitimu akaparadzirwa anowanikwa mune akasiyana zvinhu uye ane akasiyana zvimiro uye maitiro anoasiyanisa kubva kune zvimwe zvinhu. Musainzi yecolloid, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise hunhu hwemacolloids uye kupindirana kwavo mumacolloidal system. Aya maitiro uye maitiro anogona kutsanangurwa nenzira dzakasiyana.
Chekutanga, macolloid ane saizi yechidimbu inosiyana pakati pe1 kusvika 1000 nanometers, iyo inovapa yakakosha zvivakwa zvakaita sekupararira kwechiedza uye kugadzikana kwakanyanya kurwisa sedimentation. Colloids inogonawo kuratidza kinetic zvimiro, izvo zvinoreva kugona kwavo kuchinja uye kushandura pasi pemamiriro akasiyana emuviri kana makemikari. Iyi kinetic properties inonyanya kukosha mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakadai sependi, zvinonamira nemishonga.
Pamusoro pezvinhu zvemuviri, colloids inoratidzawo akasiyana makemikari zvimiro. Semuenzaniso, nekuda kwehuwandu hwavo hwepamusoro penzvimbo, colloids ine yakakura adsorption kugona kwezvinhu, izvo zvinovatendera kuti vadyidzane nemamwe mamorekuru kana zvimedu munzvimbo yavo. Ichi chivakwa chinoshandiswa mukuchenesa mvura maitiro uye mukushambadza kwezvinosvibisa muindasitiri yezvakatipoteredza. Saizvozvowo, colloids inogona kuve nehanya nekuchinja kwepH kana munyu, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kugadzikana kwavo uye maitiro mumacolloidal system.
14. Mhedziso pane colloids: zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinobatsira uye zvakakosha munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana [END
Colloids zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaparadzirwa mumvura kana yakasimba svikiro inowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesainzi neindasitiri. Kukoshera kwayo kuri mukugona kwayo kuumba yakagadzikana mhinduro uye huwandu hwayo hwakawanda hwekushandisa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi, takaongorora akasiyana siyana aripo colloids uye kubatsira kwawo muzvikamu zvakasiyana.
Chekutanga pane zvese, zvakakosha kuratidza kuti colloids iripo mune dzakasiyana siyana zvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri uye maitiro. Zvinhu izvi zvinoita basa rakakosha mukugadzira chikafu, mishonga, zvekuvakisa nemakemikari, pakati pezvimwe. Nekuda kwekugona kwavo kuparadzira zvimedu mune yepakati, colloids inobvumira kusikwa kwezvigadzirwa zvine maitiro chaiwo, akadai seruvara, viscosity, kugadzikana uye magadzirirwo.
Nekudaro, iyo inobatsira ye colloids haina kuganhurirwa kuindasitiri. Izvi zvinhu zvakare zvinotora basa rakakosha munzvimbo dzakaita senge zvinhu sainzi, mushonga uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza. nharaunda. Muzvidzidzo zvesainzi, macolloid anoshandiswa kugadzira uye kugadziridza nanoparticles ane maapplication mumagetsi, mafotonic, uye catalysis. Mumushonga, macolloids anoshandiswa pakuvandudza masisitimu anodzorwa ekuburitsa zvinodhaka uye kuvandudza kugona kwekuongorora. Uyezve, mukuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, colloids inoshandiswa kubvisa tsvina uye kurapwa kwemvura yakasviba.
Mukupfupisa, colloids masisitimu umo akaparadzirwa submicron-saizi masisitimu anomiswa mune inoparadzira svikiro. Colloids inokamurwa zvichienderana nehukuru hwezvimedu zvakapararira uye kudyidzana kuri pakati pazvo uye svikiro rekuparadzira.
Kune akati wandei marudzi emacolloid, akadai semasols, gels, furo, emulsions uye aerosols, imwe neimwe iine akasiyana maitiro anoatsanangura. Sols imvura inoparadzirwa yeakasimba colloidal particles mune yemvura yepakati, nepo gels ari network-senge colloids umo mvura inovharirwa mukati mechimiro. Mafuro icolloids umo gasi rinoparadzirwa mumvura kana kuti yakasimba, zvichiita kuti pave ne porous structure. Emulsions icolloids umo imwe mvura inoparadzirwa mune imwe immiscible liquid, ichiita musanganiswa wakasiyana-siyana. Aerosols macolloid umo zvimedu zvakasimba kana mvura zvinoparadzirwa mugasi.
Mimwe mienzaniso yakajairika yemacolloid mukaka, ropa, sipo, mayonesi, uye pendi. Iyi mienzaniso inoratidza kusiyana kwemacolloid muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva uye kuti kudzidza kwavo kwakakosha sei kune akasiyana maindasitiri, akadai sechikafu, mishonga uye zvizorwa.
Muchidimbu, kunzwisisa macolloids nemhando dzawo dzakasiyana kwakakosha kuti tinzwisise zviitiko zvemuviri nemakemikari zvinoitika munharaunda yedu. Uyezve, kudzidza kwayo uye kushandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kunotibvumira kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi uye matekinoroji. Naizvozvo, kuramba uchitsvaga uye kuongorora iyi inonakidza ndima yesainzi kwakakosha kuti uenderere mberi nekusimudzira ruzivo nekusimudzira nzanga.
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